The soil represents the loose layer at the Earth’s surface which, over time, has acquired its main characteristic—fertility—through the simultaneous and long-term action of natural pedogenetic factors. Originally, the Earth’s crust was compact and unsuitable for plant development, consisting solely of rocks and minerals. Continuous interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and later the biosphere led to the disintegration and alteration of rocks, transforming the hard and compact mass into a loosened material capable of supporting plant life. This transformation marks the beginning of soil formation, during which processes such as the accumulation of organic matter, eluviation, and illuviation gradually shape the structure and properties of the soil. The importance of soil is fundamental for all life on Earth, considering that over 90% of human and animal food originates directly or indirectly from it. The continuous reduction of arable land per capita—estimated to decrease to only 0.10 ha by the year 2150—highlights the need for innovative and sustainable technologies that can prevent soil degradation and maintain its productive capacity. Soil is regarded as the essential natural resource of efficient and sustainable agricultural systems and as the “heart” of terrestrial ecosystems due to its role as a reservoir of energy, water, and nutrients, as well as its direct influence on the process of photosynthesis. Humanity’s relationship with soil dates back to ancient times, representing the foundation of the first agricultural revolution and the development of early agriculture, emphasizing the decisive role of soil in the evolution of human society.

Fertility, Soil, Sustainability, Soil structure, Mineralization processes

environmental engineering

Presentation: poster