Rjas

Vol 48, No 1 (2016)

COVER pag. 1-2

Vol. 48 (1) 1 – 235 (2016)

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Vol. 48 (1) 1 – 235 (2016)

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LAND DEGRADATION: FROM DRYNESS TO DESERTIFICATION pag. 3-9

Armaş Andrei / Man Teodor Eugen / Mazăre Veaceslav / Beilicci Robert / Cuzic Ovidiu/ Adrian Şmuleac

The main purpose of this paper is to illustrate the profound connection between dryness, drought and desertification. Causes and characteristics that lead to the occurrence of the three phenomena are discussed as well as the medium and long term effects. First of all, in the beginning of the draught a forerunner period of dryness can be observed that usually appears in the air; these two are considered distinct stages in which the intensity with which plants fell the need for water is differentiated. A more complex phenomenon is desertification, the result of a few extremely long drought periods. Desertification is also a phenomenon that involves biological productivity losses and land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry-sub-humid areas, having as main causes human activity, climatic variation especially drought. The paper also discusses drought vulnerability of some soil categories as well as their traits that are of major importance in determining negative effects over land degradation. Climatic data from the last century reveal a progressive atmospheric warming a reduction of rainfall quantities and a strong land degradation became limitative factors for the growing, development and ecosystem`s productivity (agricultural, forestry, aquatic, etc) from certain geographic areas of the country and restrictive factors for assigning and using water reserves. The results reveal that firstly the lack in time and space of rainfall quantities generates such dryness processes and if they persist, drought will install itself. The paper ends with a Discussion section where it is claimed without doubt that when elaborating the strategies for water resources management it is imperative for these extremely harmful phenomena to be taken into account. It is also necessary a clear establishment of the institutional responsibilities in drought conditions in an integrator and efficient manner.

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dryness, drought, desertification, degradation, land

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IRRIGATION INFLUENCE ON CATCHMENT HYDROLOGY MODELLING WITH ADVANCED HYDROINFORMATIC TOOLS pag. 10-20

Erika Beilicci, Robert Beilicci

Agriculture is a significant user of water resources in Europe, accounting for around 30 per cent of total water use. Because water is essential to plant growth, irrigation is essentially to overcome deficiencies in rainfall for growing crops. Irrigation is a basic determinant of agriculture because its inadequacies are the most powerful constraints on the increase of agricultural production. Irrigation was recognized for its protective role of insurance against the vagaries of rainfall and drought. But the irrigation, besides the positive effects, has a significant environmental impact. The environmental impacts of irrigation are variable and not well-documented; some environmental impacts can be very severe. The main types of environmental impact arising from irrigation appear to be: water pollution from nutrients and pesticides; damage to habitats and aquifer exhaustion by abstraction of irrigation water; intensive forms of irrigated agriculture displacing formerly high value semi-natural ecosystems; gains to biodiversity and landscape from certain traditional or ‘leaky’ irrigation systems in some localized areas; increased erosion of cultivated soils on slopes; salinization, or contamination of water by minerals, of groundwater sources; both negative and positive effects of large scale water transfers, associated with irrigation projects. Minor irrigation schemes within a catchment will normally have negligible influence on the catchment hydrology, unless transfer of water over catchment boundaries is involved. Large irrigation schemes may significantly affect the runoff and the groundwater recharge through local increases in evapotranspiration and infiltration as well as through operational and field losses. To study the some effects of irrigation can be used advanced hydroinformatic tools, like MIKE11 by DHI, Rainfall – Runoff module, NAM methods. NAM method is a lumped, conceptual rainfall-runoff model, simulating the overland-, inter- flow, and base-flow components as a function of the moisture contents in four storages. The irrigation module of NAM may be applied to describe the effect of irrigation on the following aspects: the overall water balance of the catchment; local infiltration and groundwater recharge in irrigated areas; the distribution of catchment runoff amongst different runoff components (overland flow, interflow, base flow). This paper present and analyze the irrigation influence on catchment hydrology modeling with advanced hydroinformatic tools. It is performed and a case study, regarding to modeling these influences with MIKE11 software.

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irrigation, hydrology, modelling, hydroinformatic tools

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BLACKBERRY LEAF AND FRUIT DISEASES IN WILD FLORA FROM SOUTH WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 21-26

BORCEAN A., COLCEA Mihaela, NITA Simona

Even if it could be considered a secondary crop from the agriculture economy point of view, blackberries could have an important role in the health balance of peoples who suffer of some anemias or of those who have different cardiovascular affections, some intestinal affections or even some intoxications. This is because blackberries contain important amounts of vitamins, microelements and very important, serious amounts of antioxidant substances but in the same time, this fruits have a very low caloric content. Dried fruits and leaves could be used for aromatic tea, with high content in antioxidant substances. Blackberry plantations pathogens have obviously their origins on blackberry plants from wild flora. This is the reason why we bring on attention the infectious pressure of some of the most important blackberry’s pathogens, the fruits grey mold produced by fungus Botrytis cinerea and the leaf rust produced by fungus Phragmidium violaceum. Generaly speaking the Rubus species of blackberry from wild flora are very tolerant to this pathogens, but when we take in consideration the possibility of severe infections on blackberry plantation where are used varieties and hybrids of Rubus fructicosus L. It is in our interest to observe that this species have a lot of relatives in wild flora, as there are Rubus sulcatus, Rubus procerus, Rubus banaticus, Rubus thyrsanthus, Rubus argenteus, Rubus tomentosa, Rubus hirtus and Rubus caesius. From this point of view it is important that all these species could be infected by both fungi and so they contribute to the infectious pressure, which have effects also on cultivated blackberry from different plantations. In the present paper are presented data concerning both pathogen agents in the area of Nera Canyon National Park. Results of this analyze have extremely importance on the epidemiology model of some cultivated plants pathogens which have relative host species on wild flora.

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blackberry, leaf diseases, fruit diseases

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DISEASES OF PLANTS FROM MALVACEAE FAMILY FROM SPONTANEOUS FLORA IN THE SOUTH WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 27-30

BORCEAN A., COLCEA Mihaela, DAVID Gh.

As principle, spontaneous plant species related to those used as crops constitute the intermediate hosts for most pathogens especially where the pathogens, from epidemiological point of view, have a large number of vectors and forms of dissemination. In the case of plants from Malvaceae family, most common species in the wild flora of the reference area are Althea officinalis and Malva silvestris. Both species are used as herbs but one that is cultivated as a medicinal plant is Althea officinalis. Also both species are in significant populations in the wild flora of Nera Canyon National Park, which is area where the observations were made. This area has a high variety of herbs species and populations due to the rugged terrain. The observations were made between 2013 and 2015. In present paper we present the situation of the one of the most important pathogens from the populations of Althea officinalis and Malva silvestris which we considered to be rust (Puccinia malvacearum). This leaf pathogen was present over all observation period in all populations where observations was carried out. Important to know is that from mallow plants there are known from antiquity till today to be used roots and leaves and flowers for different pharmaceutical preparations, from simple teas to complex tinctures and also they could be used directly in food (from simple salads to more complex dishes, boiled or fried). The pathogen affects leaves, the attack on plants can produce significant losses of leaf area and so they can compromise their quality for use as pharmaceutical or nutrition purposes. Secondary, the loss of leaf area due to pathogens attack significantly affects both the number of flowers and seeds quantity produced on this plants because the attacks starts before the development of floral buds. In present paper we present results regarding leaf rust (Puccinia malvacearum) attack between 2013 and 2015.

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Althea officinalis, Malva silvestris, Puccinia malvacearum INTRODUCTION

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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE WATER QUALITY IN THE WAST LANDING PLATFORM OF ARAD pag. 31-36

Ioan calinovici

The research was carried out on a ground placed under the waste landing platform located in Câmpul Liniştii street from the town of Arad, referring to its physical characteristics and their influence on groundwater pollution level. In this respect there were made four drillings at different depths, in the four cardinal points to groundwater level and the granulometric composition of the soil profile was established. The analysis of soil and water make evident different values concerning the soil texture on depth and the water quality factors.

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Soil, sand, dust, clay, phreatic water pollution

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RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF SOME TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION OF AMARANTHUS SP. OBTAINED IN TEIUȘ AREA, ALBA DISTRICT pag. 37-39

Cioanca B., E. Luca, Felicia Bumb, Adela Hoble, R. Chiuhan.

Introduction: Amaranthus sp. can be used as a cereal for grains, or as a vegetable for leaves, and it has great potential as fodder plant. It has high content of protein, carbohydrates and fats. Aims: The experience aims to test the productivity of some varieties of Amaranthus sp., in order to integrate successfully in agricultural technologies, varieties like Amont Golden Giant, Hopi Red Dye and Plenitude, in the climatic conditions of Teius, Alba district. Materials and Methods: The results obtained describe experimental culture founded near the town of Teiuş area, positioned in the central eastern Alba district. The average annual temperature is 9,7o C with maximum values recorded in July. In the experiment four species of Amaranthus were used: Amont (Amaranthus cruenthus), Golden Giant (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), Hopi Red Dye (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), Plenitude (Amaranthus hypochondriacus). The experimental design is of trifactorial type (2x3x4), placed in three repetitions. Results: The analysis of productions had in view the interpretation of the values determined and obtained depending on the individual influence of tehnological factors considered, as well as on the influences caused by the interaction of factors. The Plenitude sort records the greatest production increases, 1344,99 kg/ha, in irrigation conditions, whereas the Golden Giant sort, in irrigation conditions, records a decrease in production of 360,73kg/ha. Conclusion: Variety Plenitude recorded the highest increases (60.2%) under irrigation, and the Golden Giant sorts, under irrigation conditions, recorded a decrease of 15.2% of production. The fertilizer complex brings no significant increase of production at the Hopi Red Dye sort, and in the case of the sort Plenitude the fertilizer intake decreases production with 54.41 kg / ha if fertilized with the complex (NPK), and 972.56 kg / ha when fertilized with organic stable manure.

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Amaranthus, fertilization, irrigation, production.

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YIELD RESPONSE OF BEAN TO DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN ITS RHIZOSPHERE pag. 40-45

Simonida ĐURIĆ, Dragana STAMENOV , Timea HAJNAL-JAFARI, Bojana PETROVIĆ, Mirjana VASIĆ

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of organic and conventional production on yield parameters of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as well as on the number of rhizospheric microorganisms. Studies were conducted at two sites on chernosem soil. Organic production was conducted on the field in the village Pivnice, while conventional production was conducted in the village Čurug, Serbia during 2014. Varieties of Balkan, Zlatko, Belko, Sremac, Slavonac, Maksa, and 20-tica were used. Before sowing, the bean seeds were inoculated by biofertilizers NS-Nitragin for beans and faba beans. NS- Nitragin contains a mixture of selected strains of symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. Laboratory measurements were performed in microbiological laboratories of Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad and in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. The height and mass of the plant, the number and weight of the bean seeds per plant as well as the number of microorganisms in its rhizosphere (the total number, number of azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi) were determined. In this research, the average values of all examined parameters of plant yields were lower in the organic production compared to conventional, except for variety Slavonac. In this case it was obtained a statistically significant increas of plant mass, number and weight of seeds per plant in organic production compared to conventional. Those results indicate that the variety Slavonac should be grown in organic production. The results showed that inoculation can have a positive effect on the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of the bean. The number of the investigated groups of microorganisms, apart from actinomycetes, increased in the organic production, where microbiological fertilizers were applied. In average, statistical analises showed that inoculation did not have a statistically significant impact on the number of the investigated groups of microorganisms.

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bean, yield, microbial activity, organic, conventional production

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PERSPECTIVES OF INTEGRATING HIGH-SCHOOL GRADUATES LIVING IN RURAL AREAS INTO AGRICULTURAL HIGHER EDUCATION pag. 46-50

Codruţa GAVRILĂ 1, Cristina TULBURE 1, Alina-Lidia MĂRGHITAN1 BUASVM ,,King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara

The paper discusses a particularly acute problem of the higher education in Romania, concerning the relatively low percentage of young people from rural areas who, after finishing secondary school, choose to continue their studies at an academic level. A study by the World Bank and The Ministry of Education and Research in 2008 revealed worrying results: only 3.7 % of the young people between 25 and 29 years of age who lived in rural areas had graduated from university; by comparison, the percentage of university graduates from urban areas was 27.2%. This disquieting reality draws attention on the necessity of implementing psychopedagogical and social programs for facilitating access to higher education for young people from disadvantaged areas. In this context, the aim of the present study is, firstly, to make an inventory of the factors that lead to the low insertion of highschool graduates from rural areas into higher education. Secondly, starting from this analysis, we want to highlight some courses of action for improving the access to higher education for young people from disadvantaged social environments. It is our belief that a democratic society based on equity in integration must implement public policies meant to alleviate the discrepancies among the opportunities that young people coming from different social environments have, in what access to education is concerned.

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integration, access, equity, rural area, higher education

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MOISTURE LOSS DYNAMICS IN SOME INBRED LINES, PARENTAL FORMS OF MAIZE HYBRIDS, CREATED AT ARDS TURDA pag. 51-56

Al. GHEŢE, Ana COPÂNDEAN, I. HAŞ, M. DUDA, Voichița HAȘ, Emilia TINCA, Roxana E. CĂLUGĂR, A. VARGA, Cristina MOLDOVAN

The main purpose of the research was to characterize the inbred lines from the capacity of moisture loss point of view, in the shortest amount of time after the cob reached maturity. Recently the search for hybrids that have the capacity to lose a lot of moisture in a short amount of time has increased, the research in the field being more focused in the favor of harvest and storage at lower costs. The originality and the degree of novelty of the research made are derived from the lack of research on the dynamics of moisture loss in maize inbred lines, from the existent germplasm at ARDS-TURDA. The limiting factor of research was represented by the weather conditions that can negatively influence the experience. The biological material taken into the study was represented by five inbred maize lines, parental forms, created at ARDS Turda , current lines used to obtain hybrids that show a high potential in creating new hybrids. The experiment was conducted in the form of an observation field. The determination of moisture loss was made in dynamic after 5 measurements were made at different time dates. Moisture loss in the biological material studied was measured using the Granomat device. The date obtained from the determination was analyzed and interpreted using a specialized software. Three different lines were noted that presented a good moisture loss rhythm, one being an early line and another a late line compared to the average of the studied inbred lines. The obtained results can be useful, especially in the improvement of maize lines and in creating new hybrids that can reach a high level of competitiveness on the agricultural market. Creating new hybrids that have a good moisture loss rhythm is very important because a high rate of drying in the field can reduce the costs of production for farmers and growers, meaning reduced costs in artificial drying and reducing economic loss due to late harvest. Alongside the economic loss there is also the added loss of impairments in seed quality.

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inbred lines, maize, hybrids, moisture loss, dynamics

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RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON SPRING OATS YIELD pag. 57-62

RAREŞ HUZA, MARCEL DUDA, ROZALIA KADAR

In our country, in recent years, spring oats was the most cultivated small grain cereal. The crops surface were around 200 thousand hectares in 2012 (194.500 ha). The aim of our field experiences was to improve the quality and production of spring oats crop. Therefore, this study assesses this crop technology in terms of number of sowing seeds correlated with a rational fertilization. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, a three factorial experience was set up with two different seed density per square meter, two fertilizers doses and 25 varieties of spring oats in 3 replications. Numbers of sowing seeds were: 250 germinated seeds/m2 and 500 germinated seeds/m2. Tested varieties were originated from Romania, Germany, Czech Republic and USA. Different doses of fertilizers were used: N50P50K0, N100P50K0. Results were tested with Fisher test and Duncan test with Polifact program. The varieties Mureşana from Romania and Gramena from Germany with an average production of 6 tones/hectare were the most productive studied crops. In conclusion, the experiment showed that there are differences between spring oat genetic varieties in terms of production.

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Spring oats, number of seeds/square meter, doses of fertilize

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EARLY AND MID-EARLY GRAIN MAIZE HYBRIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOUTHERN DOBROGEA. pag. 63-69

Hristofor KIRCHEV

Abstract: The experiment was conducted through the period 2007 - 2009 in the region of the town Gen. Toshevo, Dobrogea, Bulgaria. The test was conducted in block method in four repetitions with size of the experimental plot - 25 m2. The tested corn hybrids are divided into 2 groups – early (FAO 200-299) and mid-early (FAO 300-399). In years with unfavorable weather conditions, grain yields were almost equal in both maize groups. In years with favorable conditions for development of the crop, yields on mid-early hybrids have proven different, but early hybrids did not show different productivity. The height of formation of the first cob is affected to a greater extent on the conditions of the year. At high temperatures and drought, due to the early development of the culture, the index is at lower values. In comparison with a year, where the genotype has less influence. Early hybrids released moisture more rapidly, especially in hot and dry conditions and are harvested at a lower moisture level than the standard. Middle-early hybrids were harvested at higher moisture than standard 13%.

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maize, Dobrogea, yield, grain moisture

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THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON SOME PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF MAIZE HYBRIDS pag. 70-74

Dragana LALEVIĆ1, Milan BIBERDŽIĆ1, Saša BARAĆ1, Dragoljub BEKOVIĆ1, Zoran JOVOVIĆ2,

Abstract: Tillage is a very important agricultural measure that ensures the appropriate conditions for germination, emergence and growth of plants and it has a great significance in the productivity of cultivated plants. The soils which have a heavy mechanical composition, demand a cultivation system that prevents the degradation processes in the soil and that will preserve the natural fertility of soils. The paper presents the results of some morphological and productive traits of maize depending on the tillage system. The experiment was carried out in the vicinity of Pozega during 2014 and 2015 on the smonitza soil type. The experiment included four tillage systems (CT – Conventional Tillage: autumn plowing + disc harrowing + seedbed conditioner),; RT – Reduced Tillage: disc harrowing + seedbed conditioner),; RT 1 – disc harrowing ; NT- Direct seeding – No tillage) and three maize hybrids (ZP 427; ZP 555 and AS 603). Hybrids were sown in optimal densities. The experiment was set up in a randomized block system with three replications. The following parameters were monitored: the number of plants at harvest, the absolute grain mass and grain yield with 14% humidity. The Number of plants in harvest was determined just before the harvest, counting plants with 14.28 m and multiplying by 1,000 in 5 repetitions.The Results are presented as a two-year average, they were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and the statistical significance was assessed by an LSD test. Research results show that the number of plants at harvest and yield significantly varied depending on the tillage system, the absolute grain mass showed significantly less variation. The highest average yield (8.87 t ha-1) was achieved with conventional tillage, and the lowest (5.41 t ha-1) with direct seeding (no tillage). Hybrids ZP 555 and AS 603 had statistically significant differences in grain yield in all tillage systems.

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conventional tillage, reduced tillage, direct seeding, maize, productive traits

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HAZELNUT (CORYLUS AVELLANA L.) RESPONSE TO MICROSPRINKLER IRRIGATION IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF VOJVODINA PROVINCE pag. 75-81

Ksenija, MAČKIĆ, B. PEJIĆ, M. BELIĆ, D. JANKOVIĆ, L. PAVLOVIĆ

In order to investigate how hazelnut responds to microsprinkler irrigation, a field experiment was conducted on three and four year’s old trees, during the 2013 and 2014. The experiment was conducted on a private household located on the southern slopes of Fruska gora mountain, a narrow, island mountain in Pannonia plain, with favorable microclimatic conditions for orchard production. Prior to orchard establishment the soil pit was dug in order to assess the water-physical characteristics at the investigation site. The hazelnut was grown on Colluvic Calcaric Regosol (Loamic), according to WRB classification. A bush type of hazelnut, Istarski dugi variety was used. Plants were spaced 3 m apart within the row and 4 m apart between rows. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance, using the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients. ETo was calculated daily by FAO 56 Penman-Monteith method and the amount of precipitation was measured by rain gauge. The irrigation was conducted with microsprinklers, with irrigation rate of 50 mm. The control, rainfed variant was also included. Analyzes of yield and yield components were carried out in the Laboratory for the analysis of plant material and pedology and water regime of soil, the Department of Field and Vegetable Crops at the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad. The study design featured six replications per variant. Yield was registered per tree on both irrigated and nonirrigated variant and parameters of vegetative growth (plant height, cross-section of a tree, the crown volume) were also analyzed. The relationship between the kernel and the shell was determined. Vegetative growth and yield characters were positively affected by irrigation. Number and weight of nut per tree and percentage of kernel were slightly increased on irrigated variant. However, the irrigation effect highly depends on weather conditions, which confirms its supplementary character. Irrigation primarily reduces the number and weight of empty and defected nuts, which were higher under rainfed conditions. Calculated values of water used on evapotranspiration, which amounted about 478 mm, in average, could be considered as the season water requirements of hazelnut, in initial years, for climate conditions of the region. The results indicate the necessity of irrigation of hazelnut in agroecological conditions of Vojvodina.

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hazelnut, irrigation, yield, water use

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EVALUATION AND REDUCES NOISE FROM ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT AN INDUSTRIAL UNIT pag. 82-90

Elena Marica and Lector univ. dr. ing. M.T. Corches

Abstract: Although noise, like other types of pollution has negative effects on the human body, it is neglected. With industrialization producing artificial noise sources have increased, this process was stressed lately because of the progress of automation and increased traffic. The population is exposed to noise, all the time, and those who are working in an environment where noise levels exceed permitted limits, namely 75dB are at risk of losing their hearing, to suffer from insomnia, stress, fatigue, pain headache, mental disorders, heart disorders, hypertension etc. The purpose of this paper is to find a solution to reduce or stop the noise from a factory porcelain produced by the devices used in the manufacture of porcelain objects, bringing added convenience to employees First they were identified sources of noise in the factory producing and using a sound meter measured noise both at source and the receiver, both during breaks and at work. Using formulas were calculated sound pressure level, the level of daily noise exposure, uncertainty coefficient of sensitivity. It has been found that the difference between the noise level and the level during the work produced during breaks noise is about 4 dB. We analyzed three ways to combat noise: noise abatement at source, combating noise propagation path and receiver noise abatement. The most effective of the three methods is the first namely to combat noise at source achieved by: installing noise source (machinery, equipment) elements vibroinsulator, attaching silencers, modifying equipment and technologies, insulation components vibrating using a machine that emit lower noise levels

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noise pollution, reduction of noise, noise sources. methods to combat noise.

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THE RESEARCH ON THE CAVITY RESISTANCE OF THE X20CR13 STEEL pag. 91-95

Lavinia Madalina MICU

Taking into account that in the construction of steam boilers or pumps the stainless steel X20Cr13 is used due to the acquisition cost, which is low enough the aim of this research was to identify the resistance to cavitation by erosion of this material.Tests for determining the quality of anticorrosive steel X20Cr13 were performed on annealed and improved samples and the results were compared with the standard OH12NDL steel, used in making steel Kaplan turbine blades within the Iron Gates hydro power plant from Romania. Losses reported in accumulated mass, show that the resistance to cavitation of the X20Cr13 improved steel increased by about 86% compared to the standard steel and 26% respectively compared to the nonheat-treated samples of the X20Cr13 steel.

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X20Cr13, resistance to cavitation, mass losses, erosion rate

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LYTHRUM SALICARIA L. IN THE HUMID AREA VEGETATION pag. 96-105

Alina NEACȘU, G.-G. ARSENE, Ilinca IMBREA, Alma NICOLIN, F. FAUR

The paper discusses the Lythrum salicaria L. species systemic, biology, ecology and distribution, its ecologic impact, given by the quick ability to colonize new habitats, as well as current uses. The purple loosestrife is a common species in the Romanian flora, frequently occurring in the shoreline vegetation of humid areas, as well as in other biotypes (e.g. agricultural crops, road sides, ditches). A European native species, widely spread. The current research discuss not only control methods for areas where it is not native and where its spread is out of control (HIGHT, 1988, KNEZEVIC et al. 2004, RUSSELL-MERCIER & SARGENT 2015), but also its medicinal potential, in relation to the species possibilities (PIWOWARSKI et al., 2015) or its importance in apiculture, considering the large flower number on its inflorescence, the nectar quantity they produce and the long lasting plant bloom (BENVENUTI et al., 2016). The plant use in ameliorating the quality of eutrophic saline waters represents another option (ZHAO et al., 2014). Under certain prevention measures, it can be used ornamentally. In our country, the species is encountered in the vegetation of the following classes: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937, Phragmitetea Tx. et Prsg. 1942, Salicetea purpureae Morr 1958, Alnetea glutinosae Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al., 1946, Bidentetea Tx., Lohm. et Prsg. 1950. During the study of humid area vegetation, we identified Lythrum salicaria L. in 28 phytocoenoses of the following palustrine associations: Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, Typhaetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953, Typhaetum latifoliae G. Lang 1973, Glycerietum maximae Hueck 1931, Iretum pseudacori Eggler 1933, Eleocharidetum palustris Schennikow 1919, Phalaridetum arundinaceae (Horvatič 1931) Libbert 1931, Caricetum ripario-acutiformis Kobenza 1930, Bidentetum tripartiti W. Koch 1926, Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l., Rubo-Salicetum cinereae Sonasak 1963. The species does not pose invasion problems in the habitats where we discovered it, being considered in the context of the overall cormophyte flora diversity as a part of the above mentioned associations floral composition. As a result of our investigations, we believe a reconsideration of this species is in order, in the habitats where its presence may bring about beneficial implications.

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Lythrum salicaria L., humid areas, Banat, invasive potential, usage possibilities

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SAKER FALCON (FALCO CHERRUG, GRAY ) AND ITS RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL LAND SLOVAKIA pag. 106-113

Veronika TRGALOVÁ1, J. CHAVKO 2

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to monitor, assess and evaluate breeding success of one of the most important representatives of the birds of prey, which is the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug, J.E.Gray, 1834), in an orogfraphic unit Trnavská pahorkatina hills, which is located in western Slovakia. The bird is important for nature and for humans, the system IUCN categorized it as ,, endangered species ". Saker Falcon therefore includes the right to the natural wealth of Slovakia, and deserves not only admiration, but also protection both in Slovakia, as well as globally. In this work, we evaluated the differences in the composition of the nourishment in different years, the most common causes and of factors that threaten its population, the most preferred type of an occupied nest and the development of population abundance from 2001 to 2013. Based on the observed results, we pointed out that in the past the Saker Falcon nested mainly in the mountains and alluvial forests of Slovakia, but due to human interference in its habitat, especially in the mountains of Malé Karpaty Mountains, this predator population gradually moved to the agricultural landscape. The main cause of resettlement of the population of Saker Falcon from mountains to agicultural landscape was a human impact, especially for forest activities. A huge influence on population size reduction of Saker Falcon has illegal nest robbery, disturbance of nesting pairs by forestal and agricultural activities. The major factor which contributes to diminishing its population is annually changing weather conditions and lack of food. In the past, the main prey were the European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus,L). Affected by the disposal of many pastures and intensive agriculture, its occurrence habitats nearly disappeared. In recent years, as a result of adaptation to new environment conditions, Saker Falcon dietary prefers especially pigeons. Increased incidence of Saker Falcon can therefore be seen near granaries and peri-urban areas. However, for nesting they mainly use manmade nests that one creates in the agricultural land on utility poles. Although mankind almost caused its extinction, the rescue of the entire population of Saker Falcon depend on humans.

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Saker Falcon , agricultural land, Slovakia , threatening factors

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE FOREGOING PLANT AND OF THE SOWING DENSITY ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF DURUM WHEAT TRITICUM TURGIDUM (L.) THELL, SUBSP. TURGIDUM CONV. DURUM (DEST.)M.K. pag. 114-120

Ioana Maria PAVĂL, Gheorghe DAVID

The study was carried out in Banat’s lowland, on the plain between the rivers Mureș and Bega. According to the map of climate types existing on the territory of Romania, the area where the researches were carried out belongs to the moderate continental climate type, the sector of climate province with Mediterranean influences. According to Kӧppen, this area is part of the e.f.b.x. climate province. The soil of the experimental filed is a typical carbonate light chernozem, moderate eroded, with a light alkaline reaction (pH 8,2), having an argillaceous texture. The studies variety is Grandur. The crop results for the four seeding densities and for the crop rotation wheat – repeated culture show an average crop of 5499 kg/ha, for the crop rotation wheat after corn an average crop of 6114 kg/ha, and for the crop rotation soy - wheat an average crop of 6300 kg/ha. As regarding the seeding densities, the largest crop - 6277 kg/ha (the average for the three foregoing plants) - was obtained when seeding 650 germinable grains/m2. An increase of density up to 750 germinable seeds /m2 is not justifiable. The plant loss results determined in the area the researches were carried out were of between 10/14% from plant sprouting and until the end of winter, the variety Grandur being a variety adapted to this region. The mass of 1000 grains varied between 38.7 and 41.6 g, and the hectolitre mass between 77.7 and 80.9 kg/hl. The gross protein value was high, exceeding 15% for the crop rotation soy – wheat when seeding 450, 550 and 650 germinable seeds/m2, and the wet gluten content was of between 28.5 – 29.4% for the same seeding density variants.

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Durum wheat, crop rotation and crop density.

Presentation: oral

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FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE PENTACHLOROPHENOL EXPOSED GREEN ALGA CHLORELLA FUSCA pag. 121-129

C-M PETRESCU, I. STANA, C-V MIHALI, V. TURCUȘ, D. BRATOSIN

Pentachlorophenol is a synthetic substance, made from other chemicals, and does not occur naturally in the environment Pentachlorophenol is released to the air by evaporation from treated wood surfaces and factory disposal. It enters surface water and groundwater from factories, wood-treatment facilities, and hazardous waste sites. It also enters the soil as a result of spills, disposal at hazardous waste sites, and its use as a pesticide. The disturbance of aquatic ecosystems provoked by heavy metals pollution from industrial and domestic sources, has as consequence the loss of biological diversity, as well as increased bioaccumulation and magnification of toxicants in the food chain. The aim of this study was to track the induced changes of Chlorella fusca microalgae after exposure to various concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) using flow cytometry, optical and ESEM microscopy. In particular, we investigated the effect of PCP on the induction of ROS and the metabolic activity based on the level of esterases activity assessed with Calcein-AM. Results indicated that cell size, cell granularity and internal complexity were influenced by Pentachlorophenol, confirming earlier findings on ultrastructural changes on exposed microalgae. Our results show a high toxicity of pentachlorophenol which translates by the existence of very small algal colonies and many chlorotic cells, or even of some solitary algae in the extracellular matrix, showing strong influence of PCP's on photosynthesis and cellular metabolism. These changes were observed by FL3/FSC system flow cytometric analysis. The morphological changes observed by ESEM scanning microscopy at different CFP concentrations and different times of incubation, lead to the occurrence of a particular phenotype at a concentration of 0.079 g/L (0.3 mM PCP/L), where the cells have the appearance of boiling cells, phenotype characteristic of eukaryotic animal cells in apoptosis, and described by us under the influence of heavy metals in the scientific literature. The action of PCP's induces in algal cells production of ROS influenced by the concentrations and times of incubation. The metabolic activity of the algae Chlorella fusca determined with Calcein-AM is deeply affected, being maximal inhibited after 6 days of incubation, when the morphological changes were the deeper. Our results demonstrate that although very rarely used in ecotoxicology, flow cytometry is a quick and convenient technique to assess toxic effects that can generate mechanistic information on the mode of action of contaminants.

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pentachlorophenol, algae, flow cytometry, toxicity.

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THE USE OF LIDAR REMOTE-SENSING DATA TO OPTIMISE ROUTES IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS pag. 130-141

C.A. POPESCU*, A. ŞMULEAC*, M. HERBEI*

This paper deals with LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), a laser-scanning technology with a definite characteristic: it can acquire, process and deliver data in digital format. LIDAR is an optical remote-sensing method of extracting information about remote objects by measuring the properties of light scattered on the objects. LIDAR provides unlimited potential in infrastructure projects and is applied in an increasing range of fields. LIDAR uses the same principle as RADAR, the difference between the two methods lying in the electromagnetic radiation wavelength. LIDAR is based on three systems: laser scanning for precise distance measuring, the positioning system (GPS) and the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for orientation measuring. To obtain data on field topology, the LIDAR system receives laser impulses in the 1040–1060 nm wavelength range (near infrared band).The advantage of this technology is that the laser beam penetrates the vegetation, no matter how dense it may be. The present paper uses 3D satellite images and their applications. It also speaks about the main aspects of altimetry data quality assessment of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) obtained through laser scanning. The altimetry data were collected in the Vârful Căpăţînii area, in the south, and Zănoaga, up to the limit of Gorj and Hunedoara Counties in the north. The route covers about 4 km and the ground level is between 1474 m at Zănoaga and 1565 m above the Black Sea level at Vârful Căpăţînii. LIDAR technology helps creating numerous data sets that are useful for a wide range of applications. The quantitative and qualitative data obtained with LIDAR technology provide additional information about the condition of the vegetation, the quality of the environment (pollution), drainage basins (flood impact estimation), special constructions (pipes, bridges, high voltages transmission lines), studies about forest fire risk, infrastructure management (road, railway and telephone networks) and land inventory. The LIDAR-type satellite images were used with Global Mapper versions 15.2 and 16.1. For the 15.2 version we used the data set "ASTER GDEM (Global Digital Elevation Model) Worldwide Elevation Data (1.5 arc-second resolution). For the 16.1 version we used the data set "ASTER GDEM (Global Digital Elevation Model) version 2 – Worldwide Elevation Data (1 arc-second resolution), which was released on October 17th 2011. The first version was released in June 2009 and was generated with stereo pair images collected with ASTER instruments. The ASTER GDEM cover is from latitude 83º north to 83º south and includes 99% of the Earth surface.

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LIDAR, 3DModel, GPS, ASTER GDEM2, DTM, Global Mapper, IMU

Presentation: oral

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EFFICIENT USE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR CADASTRAL WORKS pag. 142-146

G. POPESCU, C.A. POPESCU, M. HERBEI, Timeea JUCSOR

Technical utility networks are networks serving housing, social cultural assemblies, institutions , businesses etc. industrial and technical networks in urban areas : utility networks can be installed both on surface and underground. Cadastre edilitary networks- the urban cadastre fund that deals with systematic inventory and tracking of underground and surface facilities in urban built-up area of settlements, both in technical and in terms of quality as well as maintenance and actualization. The objectives of cadaster edilitary networks is aimed at establishing procedures, methods, techniques and means to ensure and define from the technical, economic point of view and legal scope, content and products: General survey in settlements, Cadastre municipal networks, Information ystems of the territory which are based on cadastral data about edilitary networks.

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land register, measurements, cadastre, agricultural cadastre

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MEASURING THE PARAMETERS THAT INFLUENCE THE PHENOMENON OF DISPLACEMENT AND DEFORMATION OF THE GROUND AT MINA LIVEZENI pag. 147-155

G. POPESCU, C.A. POPESCU, M. HERBEI, A. SMULEAC

The phenomenon of displacement and deformation of the surface land, continues to present a wide interest in the implications of environmental problems and protection of existing construction area. The researches in this direction have led to the conclusion that the observations made in the areas affected by underground mining can be done short-term forecasts, medium and long forecasts about the phenomenon analyzed. These forecasts have been particularly important in the sense that future studies can be made for sustainable development of areas affected by underground mining. Throughout the duration of the existence of a mining the topography is an important component. Topo-geodetic methods to study modern methods of tracking the movement of the land surface in the mining areas is a prerequisite for evidence the phenomenon in the future. The paper presents a synthesis of process-time tracking of the sinking land in the process of operating the E.M. Livezeni.

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monitoring, surface deformation, subsidence, displacement.

Presentation: poster

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ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE DRAINAGE IN SOUTHERN BANAT pag. 156-161

Svetlana POTKONJAK, T. ZORANOVIC, Ksenija MACKIC, M. BOZIC

This paper examines efficiency of building drainage system on the territory of Pancevo rit (south Banat). In this case, the research incorporates hydro-technical and economic indicators on which building of drainage systems depends. Analysed area covers over 80 000 ha of agricultural and building land. Hydro-technical solution offers 6 possible alternatives that can be applied in stages. For these alternatives total surface in risk of flood (ha) and total defended surface (ha) have been estimated. In addition to this, potential investments into building (€) and consumption of energy for powering pumping station (kWh) have been calculated for each alternative. Operational expenses of these systems include expenses of energy, expenses of maintenance and expenses of management. Expenses per defended ha, depending on the chosen alternative, amount from 45 to 110 €/ha. The effect of drainage for yield increase was calculated using differential calculation method on the example of corn. The difference in this case (using drainage - without use of drainage) amounted 1.6 t/ha in average or 3.5 million € per year for the entire area. Long-term effects by these systems are especially significant. Neto present value for the period exploitation of the system for 30 years and a discount rate of 6% was about 15,1 million €. Internal rate of return for the same input data was 10,3%,which is more compared to the basic discount rate. Risk assessment using the sensitive analysis showed that such projects are more sensitive on the reduction in income from the project that on increased investment in the construction of the system. Considering the fact that the efficiency of drainage was examined using hydro-technical and economic indicators, the order of building of particular alternative was determined using multi-criteria optimization. In this case, method Electra 2 has been chosen. The input data matrix contained 6 variants and 6 criteria. One criterion regarding defended surface (ha) converged to maximum, while total investment (€), consumed energy (kWh), investment per defended ha (€/ha), operational expenses per defended ha (€/ha), expenses per defended ha (€/ha) to the minimum. The result of ranking coincides with hydro-technical analysis.

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drainage, efficiency, variants, ranking

Presentation: oral

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THE VOCABULARY OF ZOOLOGY: ROMANIAN TERMS OF ARABIC AND TURKISH ORIGIN pag. 162-168

Georgeta Rata

The goal of the paper is to show the direct impact of the Turkish language on Romanian and the indirect impact of the Arabic language on Romanian in the field of zoology. The study is part of a vast research on languages in contact (Turkish and Romanian). The material (Romanian words of Arabic and Turkish origin) has been analysed with the methods specific to linguistics, with focus on history and distribution, lexical fields, routes of transmission, usage restrictions, re-use of linguistic materials, and semantic evolution. This is the first analysis of the Romanian zoological vocabulary of Arabic and Turkish origin. Results show that this vocabulary is rarely perceived as foreign as proven by the large number of derivatives, compound words, and words with shifted semanticism. The research is limited by the uncertainty regarding the etymology of some terms (several sources are indicated). The study contributes to the raising of cultural, multi-cultural and inter-cultural awareness of both students and teaching staff. The study is original in both approach and resources. The importance of the study lies in everything stated previously.

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Zoology, Arabic, Turkish

Presentation: oral

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THE VOCABULARY OF BOTANY: ROMANIAN TERMS OF ARABIC AND TURKISH ORIGIN pag. 169-176

Georgeta Rata

The goal of the paper is to show the direct impact of the Turkish language on Romanian and the indirect impact of the Arabic language on Romanian in the field of botany. The study is part of a vast research on languages in contact (Turkish and Romanian). The material (Romanian words of Arabic and Turkish origin) has been analysed with the methods specific to linguistics, with focus on history and distribution, lexical fields, routes of transmission, usage restrictions, re-use of linguistic materials, and semantic evolution. This is the first analysis of the Romanian botanical vocabulary of Arabic and Turkish origin. Results show that this vocabulary is rarely perceived as foreign as proven by the large number of derivatives, compound words, and words with shifted semanticism. The research is limited by the uncertainty regarding the etymology of some terms (several sources are indicated). The study contributes to the raising of cultural, multi-cultural and inter-cultural awareness of both students and teaching staff. The study is original in both approach and resources. The importance of the study lies in everything stated previously.

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Botany, Arabic, Turkish

Presentation: oral

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YIELD POTENTIAL OF SPRING BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) IN THE CONDITIONS OF WESTERN SLOVAKIA pag. 177-181

Jozef Smatana, Marta Andrejčíková, Milan Macák

Spring barley and barley products belong to the important products in Slovakia, resulting mainly from the fact that Slovakia has in Europe after Germany, France and the Czech Republic the most suitable conditions for growing. The field trial was carried out over the period 2011 - 2012 on the experimental base of the Central Controlling and Testing Institute in Agriculture at Testing station Veľké Ripňany. Yield potential of eight genotypes of spring barley was tested after two forecrop (sugar beet and spring barley) on moderate brown soil with clayey loam subsoil. The evaluated year created very different agro climatic condition for spring barley in Slovakia. Warmer but very dry condition in 2012 mainly during Mai an June created very unfavourable condition for yield expression of evaluated genotypes. Average yield of all evaluated genotypes was significantly higher in 2011 (7.51 t ha-1) with comparison to 2012 (4.247 t ha-1).The all evaluated factor significantly influence the variability of yield in order of importance: year, forecrop, and genotype. Interaction of forecrop with year condition contributed significantly to the overall variability of yield. Better forecrop value of spring barley with comparison to sugar beet was confirmed in both evaluated year. Even in favourable year 2011, yield of spring barley growing after sugar beet has been significantly reduced by 0.84 t ha-1.The environmental conditions in 2011 - 2012, accounted for 58.5% of the total variability and different fore crop value participated with 20.5%of total variability of grain yield. On the average yield of grain the tested varieties were divided into two groups. The highest yield reached varieties Danielle, Salome and Calcule reached significantly higher yield of grain in both very different year conditions of 2011 - 2012 in range of 6.39 - 6.66 t ha-1. The second group of evaluated varieties Slaven, Signora, Wiebke and Petrus also revealed very high yield potential in narrow range of 6.05 - 6.08 t ha-1. All evaluated varieties are very adaptable on Slovak agricultural condition and also are disseminated to the agricultural praxis.

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spring barley, forecrop, yield

Presentation: oral

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IMPLEMENTING TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES IN SYSTEMATIC BUILDING REGISTERING, COMMUNE OF SÂNANDREI, TIMIȘ COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 182-193

C.A. POPESCU*, A. ŞMULEAC*, Gabriela POPESCU*

Because of the need for clear legal and economic registering of buildings in Romania, we need to pay proper attention to systematic registering works. The goal of this study was to develop a clear database relying on systematic registering works that cover economic technical and legal information on each building within an administrative-territorial unit. Another goal was to develop a reference system for a sporadic reference framework; a third goal was to leave for future generations a clear report on property. The importance of systematic registering is of national interest and concerns us all particularly because it involves each of us and will continue to do so because such works are increasing in frequency. Systematic registering works are an opportunity particularly for challenged people whose financial state does not allow improving the buildings they own. Land survey for the systematic registering of buildings was done with two total stations. Leica TCR 805 and Leica TC 407, three GPS equipments with double frequency Leica GPS 1200. Within the systematic registering work, we also used three graphic stations for data processing. Topographic measurements at Sânandrei, Timiş County, Romania, were made on an area of 9,240 ha, of which 492 ha are lands within the localities Sânandrei, Covaci and Carani: they have 6,342 inhabitants and about 1,588 owned buildings of the total 10,230 ones. After analysing the information on the communal administrative limits (file in the Dxf format) overlapped with an orthophotoplan, we could see that is was inconclusive and problematic (it does not totally follow natural, identifiable limits in the field). Inner limits for component localities also are unclear and problematic: they do not correspond to the real situation and sometimes they overlap buildings and constructions in the field. Information regarding the zonal urban plans of Sânandrei, we see that they are only informative urbanistically.

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systematic registering, land surveys, Leica TCR802, Leica TC 407, Leica GPS 1200, dxf

Presentation: oral

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TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE USE OF GPS TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE pag. 194-203

A. ŞMULEAC*, C. POPESCU*, Laura ŞMULEAC*, R. BERTICI*, Gabriela POPESCU*

This paper aims at studying the location of an FM Radio Antenna outside Jebel, Timiş County, Romania. At present, the land is considered ARABLE according to an excerpt from the Real Estate Office no. 403328, issued by the O.C.P.I. Timiş. It concerns the location of a metal pole 51 m high with bars to support radio equipment and it was designed to enlarge the coverage area. The tower was designed to resist strong pressure from wind. The pillar is a metal structure made up of 17 pole segments 3 m each. The segments are triangular and made up of three round pipes installed at 1200. The pipes are stiffened with counter-winds. Once installed and positioned, the pillar will be anchored on the six foundations F2 with steel cables 8 mm diameter, according to the elevation plan. The pillar has as a foundation a bushing of armed steel measuring 1x1x0.9 m in height; it is supported by a concrete block measuring 1.4x1.4x0.7 m. the anchoring of the pillar will be done with six anchoring cables on the six F2 foundations according to the plan. Anchoring cables are of steel Ø8; they will be mounted together with the pillar. The cables will be tensioned at 1 KN. The entire metal collection will be galvanised in the workshop. The first and last three segments of the pillar will be red and the other ones will be white and red alternatively. The site will not produce smoke or artificial fog as described in the Building regime. Works will be done in three steps: Step 1 – ensuring the precinct; Step 2 – infrastructure (de-covering, digging and foundations); Step 3 – supra-structure (mounting the metal pillar). Land survey was done in the field with GPS equipment from Leica, series 1200; the apparatus was downloaded with a Geo Office Combined Leica Programme; the coordinates WGS 1984 were turned into Stereographic 1970 coordinates with the programme TransDatRo; and data were processed with the programmes TopoLT and AutoCAD 2014.

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FM Radio Antena, OCPI, GPS, TransDatRO, WGS 1984, Stereografic 1970, TopoLT, ACad

Presentation: oral

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THE ACTUAL WEED INFESTATION AND SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN SPRING BARLEY pag. 204-210

Štefan Týr

Weeds are not desirable for arable occurrence significantly compete with agricultural crops in claims for nutrients, soil moisture, sunlight and space. The present paper was to evaluate the impact of integrated and organic management farming system and the actual weed infestation spring barley at two variants of fertilization (without fertilization and fertilization) in 2014 and 2015 years. The management had an impact on the occurrence of weed species before regulation. The objective was to quantify and evaluate the actual weed infestation in the crop of spring barley form, in both management systems on soil. We observed two different systems namely amended and unmanured, in organic and integrated farming systems. In the integrated system was provided herbicidal protection by effective substance of appliance Mustang and fungicidal protection by effective substance of appliance Tango Super. In ecological system the chemical regulation wasn´t applied, we used mechanical regulation of weed infestation namely protection of bar shaped gates. The results were evaluated with two methods: a counting and combined counting and mass method. By counting method was evaluated a crop of spring barley in the spring. By counting and mass method was evaluated a crop of weed infestation before harvest of spring barley. The integrated management system unfertilized occurring weed Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Stellaria media, Chenopodium hybridum and others. The integrated system fertilized occurring weeds: Chenopodium album, Atriplex patula, Thlaspi arvense and others. The organic unfertilized system, we recorded the occurrence of weed species Chenopodium album, Atriplex patula, Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Avena fatua and others. In organic system that has been fertilized species Chenopodium album, Atriplex patula, Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Sonchus arvensis and others. The use of fertilizers variant the occurrence of weed species in the monitored repetitions spring barley crops. Use weeders in organic farming systems were not sufficient to regulate occurring perennial weed species. The use of herbicide Mustang in the integrated land management had a positive effect on the frequency and weight of weed species before harvest. In keeping with all cultural and direct measures of weed control is an organic land management system is fully viable as a standalone - sustainable land management farming systems.

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spring barley, weeds, weed control, sustainable farming systems

Presentation: oral

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THE ACTUAL WEED INFESTATION AND SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN WINTER WHEAT pag. 211-216

Štefan Týr

Actual status in relation to the possibilities of growing winter wheat in organic and integrated land management is closely related to the current weed infestation and field crops. In the paper we observed two different management systems. One of the mentioned is called environmental and the second one is called integrated. The research was focused on the actual weed infestation of winter wheat. Small-parcelled experiment was realized in Dolná Malanta near the Nitra in 2014 and 2015 years. The objective was to quantify and evaluate the actual weed infestation in the crop of summer wheat, winter form, in both management systems on land. We observed two different systems namely amended and unmanured, in organic and integrated farming systems. In the integrated system was provided herbicidal protection by effective substance of appliance Mustang and fungicidal protection by effective substance of appliance Tango Super. In ecological system the chemical regulation wasn´t applied, we used mechanical regulation of weed infestation namely protection of bar shaped gates. The results were evaluated with two methods: a counting and combined counting and mass method. By counting method was evaluated a crop of winter wheat in the spring. By counting and mass method was evaluated a crop of weed infestation before harvest of summer wheat, winter form. The unmanured variant had less weed infestation than the amended variant. The weed infestation was higher in the ecological system. The integrated system has reached lower weed infestation, because of the absence of chemicals for regulation of weed infestation. Mechanical operations are not as effective, as herbicide. Important species in ecological system in the spring were, for example, weeds such as Capsela bursa pastoris, Thlaspi arvense, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis and others. In the integrated system has occurred several weed species in the spring such as Medicago sativa, Thlaspi arvense, Stellaria media, and Convolvulus arvensis. In the crops before harvest has occurred in ecological farming system species such as: Tripleurospermum perforatum, Cirsium arvense, Thlaspi arvense and Medicago sativa. In the integrated system before harvest has occurred weed species such as: Medicago sativa, Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis. In the crops of winter wheat was found a variant dependency. Based on the measured values and the observed results we dare to claim, that management systems with fertilization have a significant effect on weed infestation of winter wheat crop.

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winter wheat, weeds, weed control, sustainable systems

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING DENSITY ON CERTAIN PLANT AND COB CHARACTERS ON SOME EARLY MAIZE ( ZEA MAYS L. ) HYBRIDS pag. 217-225

Emilia TINCA, Ana COPÂNDEAN, Voichița V. HAȘ, Roxana E. CĂLUGĂR, A. VARGA, AB. GHEȚE, CG. BĂLAȘ-BACONSCHI, I. HAȘ

In the 2014-2015 years there were studied eight early maize hybrids (Zea mays L.), which were coming from ARDS Turda, and the research goal was to establish interactions between sowing density and certain characters, such as leaf length and width (leaf area) at the main cob insertion, and also cobs length and weight. It is known that leaves above the first cob are primarily considered the "kitchen plant" in the sense that it provides the necessary nutrients for cobs development.Therefore it is important to know, and that represents the stage of the research, whether there are differences between different sowing densities on these characters, and if this are manifested to all studied genotypes. The study was carried out on breeding fields, at three culture densities: first density- 40.000 plants/ha, second density- 60.000 plants/ha and third density- 80.000 plants/ha.Method of settlement of the experience was randomized block, consisting of two experimental years, eight experimental variants and two repetitions. Cob weight is a component of production which is directly correlated with production, therefore knowledge of the sowing density that influenced positively this character, is important and helpful in the process of maize improvement.The research degree of novelty is represent by studying the most recents eight hybrids omologated on ARDS Turda, under low and high densities. In both experimetal years positive correlations were identified for most variants, between sowing density 1 and 2, and the leaf lenght and width of the main cob insertion. Turda 332 hybrid was significantly positive influenced by the sowing densities of 40,000 and 80,000 pl / ha in terms of leaf area. The first and second sowing densities, had a significantly negative influence for this character for Turda 248 hybrid.Turda 248 hybrid was very significantly positive influenced for both weight and length of the cob and its distinct significantly positive influenced for kernel depth.Turda 332 and Marius TD hybrids were also distinctly positive significantly influenced for the cobs weight and kernel depth. Despite heat during pollination in 2015, affected the foliage of the plants, in the case of three early maize hybrids, were registered increased values of the studied vegetative characters. Although the two experimental years were different in terms of environmental conditions, 2014 year has proven to be favorable to maize crop, there can be detached some conclusions on the topic addressed: of the eight studied hybrids at the 3 sowing densities only 3 hybrids were noted: Turda 332, Turda 248 and Turda Favorit for cobs characters, and two hybrids: Turda 332 and Turda 248 for plants characters.

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sowing densities, early maize hybrids, cob weight, leaf area

Presentation: oral

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WEED CONTROL IN ROW CROPS (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L., BETA VULGARIS L. AND ZEA MAYS L.) ON THE INTERFACE OF AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF MAIZE AND SUGAR BEET GROWING REGION pag. 226-235

Jozef Smatana, Milan Macák, ŠtefanTýr

In the experiment, we focused on the occurrence of weed density and weed diversity, in maize and sugar beet growing region and the effectiveness of herbicide treatments on field experiment performed on site Plavé Vozokany and Santovka in canopy of row crops(sunflower – Helianthus annuus L., sugar beet – Beta vulgaris L. and maize - Zea maysL.) in 1998 – 2000. Plavé Vozokany site is located in the south-eastern part of the district Levice in maize growing production region. The average daily air temperature in the region is a 9.6 °C, and the annual amount of rainfall represents 604 mm and 330 mm during the growing season respectively. Santovka, the second experimental site, is located in the north-eastern part of the district of Levice in sugar beet growing region. The average daily air temperature in the region is 9.2 °C and the annual amount of rainfall represents 637 mm and the annual amount of rainfall during the growing season is a 354 mm. Actual weed infestation was carried out by the counting method with a five replication on the control treatments (without herbicide application), as well as on the areas treated with herbicides. The occurrence of weeds in maize was assessed for 3 times per growing season. The evaluated sites were infested on the level of high weed infestation. The total abundance of weeds without herbicidal treatments ranged from 26.60 pcs to 63.50 per m-2. Herbicides application effectively decreased the weed infestation in range from 3.13 pcs to 21.10pcs per m-2. The most dominant weed species were one year late spring weeds as follows: Echinochloa crus – gallI(L.) P. BEAUV, Chenopodium album(L.), Amaranthus retroflexus(L.),Atriplex spp.and Persicaria lapathifolia(RAF. S. F. GRAY) in the canopy ofrow crops. Another most abundant weeds species designated as very dangerous species were Tripleurospermum perforatum (L. SCHULTZ-BIP),Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP., Convolvulus arvensis(L.) Avena fatua(L.) and Elytrigia repens(L. DESV). The average weed density was in negative relationship with the air temperature, but strongly related to rainfall. Higher weed infestation was noted in the growing years when early spring to early summer was warm and humid. Lower weed infestation was observed when this period was dry. Differences in overall weed infestation, as well as the effectiveness of the used herbicides between experimental sites were at the same level of importance.

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row crops, herbicides control, weed density, weed diversity

Presentation: oral

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INTERNAL ZONATION: A DELICATE ISSUE – THE CASE OF NERA GORGES–BEUȘNIȚA NATIONAL PARK (S-W ROMANIA) pag. 236-249

NICOLIN, A.-L., ARSENE, G.-G., PRUNAR, F.V., IMBREA, I.M., ARDELEAN, M., STĂNESCU, D., DUMA, I., BĂDESCU, B., BĂNĂȚEAN-DUNEA, I.

We present considerations about zoning protected areas and the algorithm of zonation of the Nera Gorges – Beușnița, a remarkable national park in S-W Romania. Functional zones of national parks in Romania are established by the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 57/2007 adopted by the Law no. 49/2011. Incidentally, no juridic text gives indications about how to proceed to delimit internal zoning of protected areas, nor an envoi to technical guides or scientific references. Based on field research carried on during the period 2012-2015, we confine the habitats for high conservative important species (large carnivores, bats, rapacious birds). Another criteria we considered are the existent nature reserves within the national park (Nera Gorges -Beușnița, Valea Ciclovei-Ilidia, Ducin, Șușara Gorges, Izvorul Bigăr, and Lisovacea) and the necessity to ensure corridors and connectedness with two neighbouring protected areas: the Semenic – Caraș Gorges National Park, at N, and the Iron Gates Natural Park, at S. Overlapping different thematic maps, we obtained a first variant of the internal functional zonation. Giving the fact that the Nera Gorges – Beușnița National Park is also a Site of Community Importance (with minor differences in their limits), the proposed functional zonation was submit to a public consultation in May 2015, an opportunity for the National Forestry Régie employees in territory to express their opposition; some representatives of local communities disagreed with the internal zonation, invocating vague development projects which could be blocked by the existence of functional zones within the national park. Taking into consideration some interests of local economic agents, we slightly reduced the extent of the integrally protected zone (the second in terms of restrictions imposed to human activities, behind the strictly protected zone) and accordingly increased the area of the sustainable management zone; the sustainable development zone of human activities is limited to human facilities already implanted within the national park. Finally, we proposed a concentric zonation, with a central strictly protected zone (11% of the national park total area), a surrounding integrally protected zone (44.6 % of the national park total area), embeding all nature reserves excepting Nera Gorges - Beușnița which is included in the strictly protected zone, a sustainable management zone and sustainable development zone of human activities. At this moment, the Administration of the National Park itself blocks the approbation of the management plan (including zonation) by the Environment, Waters and Forest Ministry, on the pretext of its „inaplicability”, its capacity to generate conflicts with forest users, and some minor form defaults. Public consultations and subsequent appeals of the proposed management plan revealed deficiencies of Romanian legislation, bareness of technical national guides for nature conservation, poor awareness of local representatives about the potential of the national park for local sustainable development, and finally and unfortunately, the heaviness of short term economic arguments compared to ecological ones.

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Nera Gorges – Beușnița, national park, management plan, conflicts, public acceptance

Presentation: oral

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