Rjas

Vol 53, No 2 (2021)

ECOPEDOLOGICAL PARAMATERS USED IN THE QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE LANDS OF REMETEA MARE pag. 3-10

Alina –Andreea ABRUDAN , D. ŢĂRĂU, D. DICU

The importance of the approached topic derives from the fact that the land properties are extremely differentiated in the territory, due to the variation of pedogenesis factors and conditions, as well as from the fact that in production system of plants, the productive potential of the soil and the judiciously applied humar labour are harmoniously combined. The aim of the research finds its origin in the current scientific and practical concerns of the accumulation of knowledge on pedological and agrochemical characteristics regarding the inventory, grading and classification of soil resources according to the ecological requirements of the main cultivated plants, in order to identify and develops an agronomically, ecologically and conservatively integrated management for the soil and the environment. The presented results are part of the program of doctoral studies and researches (28.09.2015-27.09.2018) having as theme "Research on the ecopedological bases of land productivity in the Lipova Hills and possible pressures on their quality". The approached issue refers to the lands of the territorial administrative unit (ATU) Remetea Mare with an area of 10125 ha, of which 8691 ha represents the agricultural land. The paper offers, through the presented material, basic knowledge and methodological elements for the evaluation and characterization of natural and anthropically induced resources, in the hope that the information obtained will arouse the interest of the decision maker so that in the near future agricultural research and practice, together with environmental protection, to make efforts for the development of interdisciplinary studies, not being able to talk about a healthy environment without a healthy soil.

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relief, hydrography and hydrology, climate, edaphic

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FAVORABILITY OF AGRARIAN LAND OF LIPOVA HILLS FOR THE MAIN GROWN CROPS AND FRUIT TREES* pag. 11-15

Alina –Andreea ABRUDAN , D. ŢĂRĂU

The aim of the research undertaken finds its origin in the current scientific and practical preoccupations more and more assiduous to identify and develop an integrated management of agroecosystems, efficient from an agronomic point of view, with reduced energetic and financial efforts, ecological and conservative for soil and environment. This paper presents a few aspects regarding the edaphic layer structure and its quality, as well as some restrictive features of land quality, features that define their vocation for certain utilities and different favorabilities for certain plants and fruit trees. The geographical area known as the Lipovei Hills, Lipovei Piedmont or Lipova Plateau is positionally located in the western part of the country. As a geographical unit of transition between the orogeny of the Western Carpathians. They are an integral part of the Western Hills, which are well-individualized geomorphological units by the structure of deposits, their location on the periphery and altitude. Favorability is the extent to which a land lot fulfills the life requirements of a plant, in normal climate conditions and within the rational usage of ecological offer. Knowing the natural environment of the ecological potential of land for various purposes is socially and economically important, land as part of the agrarian environment being able to favor a certain usage of it, throughout specific characteristics, studied and defined in time.

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natural, functional,fruit trees,soil

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CURRENT CONDITION AND CONSERVATION OF THE HABITAT 7220* (PETRIFYING SPRINGS WITH TUFA FORMATION) WITHIN NERA GORGES – BEUȘNIȚA NATIONAL PARK AND SITE OF COMMUNITY IMPORTANCE pag. 16-26

G.-G. ARSENE1, Ilinca M. IMBREA1, F. V. PRUNAR1, Alina G. NEACȘU1, B. BĂDESCU2, Silvia PRUNAR1, Alma L. NICOLIN1

Some Natura 2000 habitats, including 7220* (Petrifying springs with tufa formation – Cratoneurion), are sensitive to variations in climatic factors, respectively to the reduction of water intake. This priority habitat, closely related to the limestone rocks, has a linear or punctiform distribution, along the springs and rivers. The patches included in the 7220* habitat represent a significant part of natural patrimony of the Nera Gorges–Beuşnița National Park (NG-BNP), equally (considering some minor differences in their areas) a site of community importance (SCI – code ROSCI0031) and a special protection area (SPA – code ROSPA0020). Subsequent to field researches, conducted under a Sectoral Operational Programme-Environment (SOP-Envi), we present here data about the spatial distribution of 7220* patches, pressures and threats upon them, and conservation measures proposed as a part of a national park, SCI and SPA integrate management plan. The areas of petrifying springs with tufa formation are partially included in nature reserves and represent hot spots of biodiversity. The habitat patches were found as active tufa deposits in the beds of Nera, Miniș, Bei, Șușara, Ducin, Cremenița, Valea Mare and other minor tributaries to these rivers, as well as inactive tufa deposits mainly on Moceriș and Ducin rivers. Threatened at European scale, the habitat in this area was in good condition, until 2016. Since then, the conservation status of the habitat has worsened within the NG-BNP. The pressures and the threats are diverse. The conservation measures, proposed and thenceforth included in the integrate management plan, concern: maintaining the water regime of the streams and rivers, pollution prevention and control, interdiction to tufa (travertine) exploitation, reduction of forestry and agriculture negative impacts on this sensitive habitat. Special attention must be paid to the impact caused by the increasingly intense tourism. The application of conservation measures and habitat monitoring are important, especially for this national park for which springs, rivers, and waterfalls with travertine are the most visible tourist attractions.

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tufa, Natura 2000, 7220*, Nera Gorges–Beuşnița, conservation measures

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MODERN STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN HIGH SCHOOLS pag. 27-30

Snejana BACALU-RUS1, Laura ŞMULEAC2, A. GHIMAN2 , Cristina TULBURE2

This paper brings up for discussion the issue of developing high-school students’ ecological and climate change attitudes and behaviors, from the perspective of raising their awareness concerning the effects upon the environment. Teaching modules on Environmental Protection aims at educating the younger generations in the spirit of care for our natural environment, through direct and responsible involvement in actions that have the effect of promoting a sustainable and healthy life style. The objectives of education for environmental protection may be accomplished through the usage of modern didactic strategies, centered on student and their involvement in building his or her own knowledge. Our longitudinal study was elaborated along two school years, from 2018 to 2020, and involved one high-school having the environmental protection profile from the district of Arad. A number of 48 students attending 10th and 11th grades were included in this study. The methods of research employed there were the psycho-pedagogical experiment and the questionnaire-based inquiry. The research instrument we used was a questionnaire to measure the students’ learning satisfaction and motivation. The experimental intervention included an educational program based on active and interactive strategies, preponderantly modern, which included case studies, projects, and didactic experiments, methods based on investigation, documentation visits and a large scale of complementary evaluation methods. The results of this study highlighted significant differences between pre and post-experimental results: the students’ results at school have consistently improved after their involvement in the experimental program. Also, there was great progress in the area of their learning motivation, as students mentioned having a higher level of satisfaction when studying the modules on Environmental Protection. The study comes to reinforce the modern theories regarding the importance of using quality didactic strategies in order to successfully accomplish the educational objectives and empower the students’ intrinsic motivation.

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environmental protection, teaching-learning modern strategies, learning motivation

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EFFECTS OF RED-AND BLUE-LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON GROWTH AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.* pag. 31-36

Claudia BALINT, Antonia ODAGIU*, S. VÂTCĂ, I. BRAȘOVEAN, P. BURDUHOS, V. IVANCIUC

Providing basic nutritional resources has become a necessity worldwide. For this reason, in order to enhance the food supplying chain there is a real need to identify new methodologies, including unconventional ones. Artificial lighting applied to greenhouses is an innovative agricultural technology that fundamentally changes the concept of agriculture. LED lighting systems are becoming increasingly popular with researchers, engineers, biologists and manufacturers., This study aiming to test the effects of red, blue and red/blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) on Phaseolus vulgaris L., was carried out on the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj – Napoca, Department of Engineering and Environmental Protection, during March-April 2021. The Phaseolus vulgaris L. plantules were grown under different light-emitting diode (LED) treatments: red (610-720 nm) light, blue (400-520 nm) light and combination of red with blue, respectively. Data were statistically processed with STATISTICA v 8.0 Office. In the end of the experiment, at 20 days after sowing, we found superior plantules height, and enhanced chlorophyll synthesis, for blue light exposure. We also found better results concerning plantules height and chlorophyll synthesis, for red light exposure, compared with those obtained in natural light. These results suggest the possibility of extending the use of blue and red LEDs light for large scale cultivation.

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LED lighting, chlorophyll content, Phaseolus vulgaris L

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ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSSES IN SMALL RIVER CATCHMENTS pag. 37-46

Erika BEILICCI, R. BEILICCI

Soil erosion is a key challenge for agriculture. Soil erosion is the phenomenon of removing particles from the upper soil horizon through washing due to runoff water, wind or through farming activities. Soil erosion has three distinct stages – soil detachment, movement and deposition. Topsoil, which is rich in organic matter, with a high rate of fertility, is relocated elsewhere, inside or outside the river catchment; where it is deposited in time or is transported outside the catchment, being able to clog the drainage channels. The most important negative effects of soil erosion are the reduction of cropland productivity and the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes. Serious soil degradation conditions, like soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, and salinization and soil acidity problems contributes to the acceleration of the production intensity of the soil erosion phenomenon. This paper presents the evaluation of soil losses volume in a small river catchment, for one year, considering the influence of soil characteristics, length of catchment slopes, the rainfall intensity, vegetation cover factors, conservation practice factors, the catchment area, soil erodibility factor and slope in percent. For calculus is using the SURFER software, for simulate the topography of catchment and calculate the soil losses volume.

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estimation, soil erosion, soil loss, hydric erosion

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IMPROVEMENT OF THE PRESSURIZATION STATION SPP 44, IRRIGATION SYSTEM OGRADA, ROMANIA pag. 47-52

R. BEILICCI, Erika BEILICCI

In the conditions of the current climatic changes, the increase of temperatures during the summer periods is observed, respectively the accentuation of the drought, which leads to the necessity of irrigating the agricultural surfaces. This involves modernizing, expanding and increasing existing irrigation capacity. Most of the existing irrigation systems in Romania, due to their age and the accentuation of the drought, no longer meet the needs for obtaining a constant agricultural production, respectively an efficient agricultural production. This will be materialized by replacing the irrigation pipes with new pipes made of modern materials with lower roughness that ensure a higher transported flow, the replacement of hydrants and accessories as well as irrigation equipment. Increasing irrigation capacity leads to a substantial increase in water demand, which requires the replacement of existing pumps with new pumps with higher flows and high energy efficiency. This paper presents such a project for the modernization of an irrigation system composed of a pumping station, a network of underground pipes and irrigation equipment serving an area of 1245 ha. The proposed works will be limited to the improvement of the SPP44 pressure pumping station and irrigation system pipe replacement. irrigation system, pumping station, improvement, cost of water supply

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irrigation system, pumping station, improvement, cost of water supply

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STUDY OF COLEOPTERA IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA pag. 53-59

Felicia BÎRZANU 1, I. MITREA2

The order Coleoptera is considered to be the order with the most useful and predatory species. The research was carried out in the Amărăștii de Jos stationary in 2020 in solanaceous vegetable crops (peppers, tomatoes and aubergines). The proposed objectives were to know the current state of research on the useful and harmful fauna of the order Coleoptera in the crops that were studied. The study methods used were: the shaking method, the Barber trap method and the entomological net method. Determination of coleopteran entomofauna was carried out in the Entomology Laboratory of the Faculty of Horticulture within the University of Craiova using coleopteran determinant factors (Bobîrnac B., Stănoiu I., Năstase A., 1994), Chimișliu C., 2002). The insect collection was systematically classified into 6 families as follows: family Cantharidae, family Chrysomelidae, family Coccinelidae, family Carabidae, family Cetoniidae and family Scarabaeidae. In 2020, the results obtained led to the identification of 23 species belonging to the order Coleoptera, species totalling 218 specimens. Of the total number of species collected, a very large number are coleopteran pests, with only 10 useful species. Among the useful species encountered, we find: Coccinella septempunctata, Carabus violaceus, Carabus ulrichi, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella 12-punctata, the species with the highest number of specimens is Harpalus affinis Schrank.

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coleoptera, pests, useful, vegetables

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE INFECTIOUS PRESSURE OF THE FUNGUS ENTOMOSPORIUM MACULATUM IN THE SUBMONTANE AND MOUNTAINOUS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN ROMANIA. pag. 60-65

Adrian BORCEAN, Florin IMBREA

Brown spot is a fairly common disease in quinces and pear trees in the area where the observations were made. As with other pathogens in fruit trees, in order to maintain the level of losses produced by this pathogen at an acceptable level, it is mandatory to know the level of its infectious load in the reference area. To achieve this goal, determinations of the attack parameters for fungus Entomosporium maculatum were performed. All measurements were performed on groups of trees located in locations located in significant areas as location both in distance in space and in terms of altitude. This makes possible an objective determination of the infectious pressure, taking into account the most common climatic and soil conditions in the reference area. All determinations regarding the pathogen were performed by successive evaluation through 4 determinations during the period between June and September of each year of the interval 2018-2020. The locations selected for those determinations to be carried out are grouped in terms of the dominant landforms for the reference area and they are as follows: the first location in Greoni commune, the second location around Răcășdia commune, the third location near Cărbunari commune and the fourth location near the town of Anina.

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Entomosporium maculatum, quince, pear trees

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INFECTIOUS PRESSURE OF THE FUNGUS FUSICLADIUM DENDRITICUM IN APPLE TREES FROM SPONTANEOUS FLORA AND ABANDONED MICRO ORCHARDS, IN THE HILLY AREA BETWEEN THE RIVER CARAŞ AND THE DANUBE pag. 66-72

Borcean Adrian, Simona Niță

Fusicladium dendriticum is a very common pathogen in Europe and Romania is no exception. In limiting the losses caused by this pathogen, which affects leaves, fruits and the wood of the young shoots, it is necessary to accurately assess the reserve of the pathogen in order to make decisions on the tree protection strategy. In order to assess as accurately as possible the infectious pressure of this apple pathogen for the whole area, during last three years we measured the attack degree of the pathogen on groups of apple trees located on significant locations for the limits of the observations defined area. The observations were made in the period 2018-2020, years with a few clear differences in terms of climatic factors. All determinations regarding the pathogen were performed by successive evaluation through 4 determinations during the period between June and September of each year of the time interval between 2018-2020. The locations selected for those determinations to be carried out are grouped in terms of the dominant landforms for the reference area and they are as follows: the first location in Gradinari, the second location around Răcășdia, the third location near Sasca Română and the fourth location near the town of Anina.

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Fusicladium dendriticum, apple trees

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TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL ALFALFA FARMING SYSTEMS IN HILLY AREAS pag. 73-82

Luminiţa Cojocariu1, Loredana Copăcean1*, M. Horablaga1, C. Bostan1

Alfalfa, a plant with multiple uses, is gradually expanding its coverage in Romania, based on the increase of livestock but also subsidies allocated through EU CAP policies. The cultivation of alfalfa is conditioned by several factors: the pedoclimatic conditions, the feeding needs of the animals, for sale (hay, hay flour, granules, silo). In the paper we studied 14 grouped alfalfa plots, from ATU Gurahonţ, analyzing the cultivation schemes and strategies for the establishment and exploitation of alfalfa crops, in traditional systems depending on the technical and financial possibilities of the farmers. The research results show that in the hilly area, where the land areas are divided, the areas cultivated with alfalfa are small, minimum 0.4 ha, maximum 3.55 ha. Alfalfa plots are grouped, making it easier to manage them, in association based on kinship and neighborhood, according to local traditions. The alfalfa productions in the analyzed area, at the level of 2020, were between: 34.6 and 62.5 t/ha-1 green mass, depending on the year in which it is the culture, the culture and exploitation technology but also on the exhibition of the land. Higher biomass production was recorded on the S-E slopes. Depending on the surface and the financial power, in the analyzed area, there are several scenarios of alfalfa cultivation: total mechanization of alfalfa culture, semi-mechanization of the culture (certain technological links are made manually) and entirely manual cultivation encountered on surfaces very small terrain. The elaboration of schemes and strategies for the establishment and exploitation of alfalfa crops, in traditional systems in Gurahonţ, is based on the technical and financial possibilities of the landowners.

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alfalfa, traditional system, biomass, hill areas

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EVALUATION OF SOME ESSENTIAL MINERAL ELEMENTS FROM DIFFERENT INFUSIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS pag. 83-90

Antoanela COZMA1, Alina LATO1, Ariana VELCIOV1, Casiana MIHUT1, Anisoara DUMA-COPCEA1, A. OKROS1, V. MARAZAN2,1, Maria RADA3

Since ancient times, herbal tea is one of the most consumed beverage around the world, after water. Traditional medicinal plants are used to obtain a wide variety of tea types, with beneficial effects on the nutritional and health status of the population. Herbal teas obtained from medicinal plants, depending on the type of plant used for preparation, have multiple therapeutic properties. They can be consumed both in the form of infusions, decoctions and macerated like food or as a natural remedy for many varieties of diseases. The paper describes four common medicinal plants: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), peppermint (Mentha piperita), hypericum (Hypericum perforatum) and linden (Tilia europea) with their physicochemical and therapeutical properties, the way of preparation and administration, also literature data of some macro and microelements content in some herbal teas and their infusions. The main purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of some essential mineral elements from some herbal infusions used more frequently in the preparation of medicinal teas: mint (Mentha piperita), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), hypericum (Hypericum perforatum) and linden flowers (Tilia europea). The concentrations of six bioelements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in the acetylene flame: Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The obtained results show that the analyzed tea infusions contain significant amounts of Ca (6.20 - 12.29 mg / 200 ml) and Mg (1.77 - 2.69 mg / 200 ml) and appreciable Fe (32.72 - 52.02 μg / 200ml), Mn (64.07 - 88.12 μg / 200 ml), Zn (16.67 - 93.80 μg / 200 ml) and Cu (8.75 - 21.91 μg / 200 ml). The results obtained for the evaluation the mineral intake of tea infusions, in the conditions of the present experiment, show that the degree of coverage of the daily mineral requirement, corresponding to a daily consumption of 400 ml of tea, shows low values between: 1.20 - 2.46% - for Ca, 0.86 - 1.70% - for Mg, 0.36 - 1.74% - for Fe, 5.57 - 9.79% - for Mn, 0.30 - 2.34% - for Zn and 1.94 - 4.86% - for Cu. Therefore, these teas cannot be considered as additional sources of essential elements.

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medicinal plants, herbal infusions, esential element, mineral intake

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ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE ISIRO PUBLIC SLAUGHTERHOUSE MARCH TO JUNE 2020 pag. 91-101

L. DANCEA1 , T. M. EPEKO2 , C. STROIA1 , I. GAICA1, V. MAZARE1 , Irina MINAKOVA 3

The purpose of this work is to assess the environmental conditions of the public slaughterhouse in Isiro where its slaughtering practices are carried out of all environmental rules that are permissible according to the rules of the art. Methodologically, this work borrowed Ishikawa's "five M" rule to identify possible causes of unsanitary conditions in this public institution. It assessed the environmental conditions of the slaughterhouse from the Raw Material, the equipment, the middle, the environment and the method used in the slaughter operations. Structured observation, quality interviewing and auditing and, above all, documentation have been associated with this method of collecting data. This work objectively criticized the working conditions in the public slaughterhouse in Isiro and advocated for the public health of the population and the socio-professional conditions of the staff of that establishment. After quality audits during the study period, each time there was slaughter, these were done under the same conditions: absence of technical and sanitary facilities for veterinary samples and examinations, slaughter in unsanitary conditions, slaughter under extreme violence, skinning on bare soil, lack of personal protective equipment, no energy sources and water, presence of people and animals unwanted Etc. On the economic front, we recorded revenues in the order of $2 406, 32 an average of $601, 58 per month collected only by the Town Hall, apart from the DGRHU and the fishing and breeding division that jointly co-managed this institution. The main limit of this work is not to analyze and determine the types of pathogenic germs that could contaminate meat during slaughter in an unsanitary environment.

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Evaluation, environmental conditions, Isiro public slaughterhouse

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THE RED OAK (QUERCUS RUBRA L.) FROM ROMANIA’S WEST PLAIN pag. 102-107

L. DINCĂ ¹, Maria DINCĂ ¹

Red oak is a native North American species that was cultivated in Europe from the XVII century onward firstly in ornamental purposes and then in forest plantations. At present, the species occupies in our country a surface of 2.500 ha and is renowned for its rapid growth. The present paper has characterized red oak stands from the West Plain taking into account their environment and stand conditions. In order to achieve this, data from forest management plans were used from the period 1995-2008 from 13 forest districts located in this area. Red oak stands occupy a surface of 474 ha in this area (4%), especially in Tinca, Oradea, Radna and Săcuieni, and are situated at altitudes between 120-300 m. This species appears in field and slope areas, on preluvisol, luvisol and eutric cambisol soils and in Quercus mixtures, oak stands or Turkey oak stands. Tree pruning is low towards average, while the composition is mixed or in dense clusters. The structure is even-aged and the production class is average and average towards superior. The knowledge of these characteristics is very important for adapting the best practices in forestry and for the protection of best stands of the read oak, especially because this area (the West Plain) is one of the main area where the species is present in Romania.

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red oak, stands, site conditions, soil, pruning, current annual increment

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THE MAIN FOREST SOILS FROM SATU MARE COUNTY AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS pag. 108-114

L. DINCĂ ¹, I. BRATU ²

The present paper analyses forest soils from Satu Mare County based on their main chemical properties and by using data from forest management plans. The study follows the distribution of the main soil types, their development conditions as well as their evolution during three decades, starting with the year 1990. The research methodology is specific to studying forest ecosystem within projects specialized in forest fund characterization, whose result is represented by forest management plans. As such, analysis were realized for pH, humus content, exchange base capacity(Sb), hydrogen exchange capacity (Sh), total cationic exchange capacity (T), base saturation degree(V) and total nitrogen. Luvisol is the most widespread forest soil in this area while the lowest pH values in the first horizon were found for dystric cambisol (4.36), while the highest ones were for eutric cambisol (4.96); pH values increase in the second horizon. The lowest values for the basis degree saturation were also found for dystric cambisol (oligomesobasic soils), while the highest values were for eutric cambisol (eubasic soils). The humus content is high for luvisol and dystric cambysol, while stagnosol, preluvisol and eutric cambisol are moderately humiferous. Nitrogen supply is very good for dystric cambisol, good for eutric cambisol, preluvisol and luvisol and weak for stagnosols. Dystric cambisol has a very large total cationic exchange capacity, while all the other soil types have a large exchange capacity. As such, we can conclude that the values of the main

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eutric cambisol, luvisol, humus, nitrogen, base saturation degree, total cationic exchange capacity

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IS VIRTUAL EDUCATION A SUSTAINABLE OPTION: INSIGHTS FROM ONLINE COMMUNICATION CLASSES pag. 115-119

Alina-Andreea URLICA1, Laura COROAMA DORNEANU1, Iasmina IOSIM1, Iasmina SAVESCU1, M. R. LUNGU1, R. PASCALAU1

The study explores the current digitalization of learning / teaching processes and the learners’ perspectives on this new educational experience as regards communication, as well as benefits and limitations of this emerging trend. The latest developments have transferred education onto electronic devices, leaving many students without voices and / or “faces”, as they remain hidden or self-erased in the new virtual environments. Questionnaires have been applied to students from Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, Romania during the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021. The students who sent in feedback were from various specializations at the faculties of Food Processing, Tourism Management, Biology, Horticulture, and Landscaping. Based on a qualitative analysis from the perspective of ecosemiotics and ecological communication approaches, the paper discusses opportunities for multimodal communicative learning. For this purpose, it proposes to develop multimodal and collaborative competences in language learners inspired by evidence-based insights into the principles provided by ecolinguistics. As a result, we explore the possibility of preserving the ecology of the learning environment in an active, enabling, and participatory manner. We also emphasize some relevant aspects that ought to be considered when implementing distance education, in the light of fostering a sense of a community of practice in a sustainable transformative learning process.

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communication, language learning / teaching, ecolinguistics, ecology of virtual learning environemnts, sustainability

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CULTURE SYSTEM FOR CHICKEN EMBRYOS USING A PLASTIC FILM AS CULTURE VESSELS pag. 120-125

Liana Mihaela FERICEAN, , I. BANATEAN-DUNEA, Mihaela BADILITA, Mihaela IVAN, Olga RADA

The aim of this work was to develop a shell-less culture system for chicken embryos. There were examined the conditions required for embryonic hatching by comparing factors such as the addition of calcium lactate and optimal moisture monitoring, and the plastic wrap along with a glass were used as culture medium. Observations on the development of the chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo were made from day 1 until the hatching age of the chick, day 21. In our study, the embryos were transferred to the artificial environment after different numbers of days, starting on day 0 (without being preincubated), 24, 48, 55 and 72 hours after preincubation. A number of 10 eggs were used in each sample. As study material we used eggs from mixed breed, kept free chickens from private households. The data obtained showed that the pre-incubation period until the transfer of embryos to the culture vessel influenced the viability and success of the embryo. Transfer of embryos to the culture vessel without preincubation is not recommended because the embryos did not survive more than three days. The transfer of the embryos to the culture vessel at 24 hours led to the survival of the embryos until the fifth day, reaching the maximum mortality on the fourth day. The highest viability was obtained at 72 hours of preincubation, and when the embryo was transferred to the culture vessel after 80 hours, it was difficult to transfer without destroying the yolk membrane.

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shell free culture, chichen embryos

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BEHAVIOUR OF CAPTIVE OSTRICH CHICKS FROM 6 WEEKS TO 1 YEAR pag. 126-132

Liana Mihaela FERICEAN, Mihaela OSTAN, Olga RADA, Mihaela IVAN, I. BANATEAN-DUNEA

Observations on behavior of captive ostrich chicks from six weeks to one year were made three times a day: morning, lunch and afternoon, in a extensive farm from Romania. The main categories of behaviors identified at captive ostrich chicks were: feeding behavior, drinking, lithophagia, resting, dancing, walking, socializing, coprophagia and aggression. Regarding the feeding behavior of six weeks-old ostrich chicks, the largest share were fed with green fodder with percentage of 8%. Also, when moving through the paddock, only a small percentage of 1% were ingesting sand. The drinking had a small percentage of 2%. It was observed that refilling the concentrated feed gutters stimulated ostriches to eat. It has also been observed that they pick up stones from the ground or just nibble on the ground as they walk. In 1-year-old chicks, feed is administered several times during a day. If in 6-week-old chicks, coprophagy had a high percentage, in one-year-old chicks, this phenomenon is not common. In 1-year-old ostrich chicks, in resting periods they stay with their eyes closed for periods ranging from thirty seconds to three minutes. The rest in standing position had a weight of about 5%, the very low percentage is due to the overpopulation in the paddock, the animals being often disturbed by those who walk. Understanding the feelings in animals through behavioral observations is a vital step in improving their welfare

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behaviour, ostrich chiks

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MONITORING OF WOOD LEOPARD MOTH (ZEUZERA PYRINA L.) IN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERY (VACCINUM CORYMBOSUM L.) PLANTATION- CASE STUDY pag. 133-140

Maria Marina MERCA (LAIEȘ)1, Veronica SĂRĂȚEANU2, Otilia COTUNA2,3

The aim of the paper is to present a case study regarding the incidence of the attack of the stem borer wood leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina L.) caterpillar in a highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plantation from western Romania. The importance of the work is justified by the poor information from literature referring to the attack of this pest in plantations of highbush blueberry, this type of reference being useful both for the farmers and for the researchers from Romania interested in this topic and by the increase of the area planted with Vaccinium corymbosum L. in our country. Location of the blueberry farm is in Gherteniș (Caraș Severin County, Romania), the geographical coordinates being 45°25′48″N and 21°34′55″E. The plantation was set in 2015. The plantation has four highbush blueberry varieties Duke, Legacy, Hannah’s choice and Elliott that covers different intervals of time due to different fruits ripening periods. There was analysed the incidence of the attack of the stem borer in two years in the condition of current application of the control works (pruning and chemical treatment). The results obtained showed an increase of the attack of wood leopard moth from a year to other in the plantation, even there were applied the current control works, except the variety Legacy that was less attacked in the second year of monitoring. Even the attack values registered during the two experimental years are low, the trend observed was the increase of the incidence of this pest species in the analysed plantation. This pest must to be kept under observation due to the potential of producing severe damages and economic loses in plantations and orchards as it was mentioned for many other ligneous species.

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Vaccinium corymbosum L., Zeuzera pyrina L., stem borer, caterpillar, attack

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RESEARCH REGARDING FRUIT YIELD OF SOME VARIETIES OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY IN THE THIRD HARVESTING YEAR IN THE CONDITIONS OF LOW HILL AREA FROM WESTERN ROMANIA – CASE STUDY pag. 141-147

Maria Marina MERCA (LAIEȘ)1, Veronica SĂRĂȚEANU2, Otilia COTUNA2,3

The purpose of this work is to assess the suitability for cultivation of some varieties of Vaccinium corymbosum L. (highbush blueberry) in the low hill area from Western Romania. The importance of this kind of research is given to the increase of the interest for cultivation of this species in our country there being necessary assessments regarding the proper area for cultivation to help the interested farmers and researchers with recommendations in this topic. The work presents response of the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) yield in the ecological conditions of low hill area from Western Romania (Caraș-Severin County) in 2020. The researches were developed on a highbush blueberry plantation of 22.07 hectares from the locality Gherteniș on three varieties. The plantation was set in 2015. The varieties analysed from the point of view of the yields were Duke, Hannah’s Choice and Elliot. The results were targeted on the analysis of the yield in the third year of harvesting, respectively the fifth year from planting. According with the obtained results the cultivation of highbush blueberry has perspectives in the low hill area from western Romania. The best yield was obtained in the variety Duke, this being the most productive in comparison with the other two analysed varieties from this plantation.

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Vaccinium corymbosum L., highbush blueberry, blueberry yield

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SUPPLY IN NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM OF A PRELUVOSOL FROM GIULVĂZ, TMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILISATION pag. 148-152

Casiana MIHUȚ, A. OKROS, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA, L.D. NIȚĂ L.D., V.D. MIRCOV, Valeria CIOLAC, Antoanela COZMA, M. STROIA

Research was carried out in Giulvăz, Timiş County, in 2018-2020, in a plantation located on a preluvosol. The plantation was established in the autumn of 2017 and has a total area of 3.5 ha: 2 ha with apple, 1 ha with plum and 0.5 ha with a mixture of various species. As fertilizers, 30 t/ha manure was applied in the autumn of 2017, before the plantation was set up. Results show different contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, depending on the vegetation period of the trees: in April, the content is higher compared to September due to consumption of nutrients of the trees during vegetation, a normal consumption because, during this period, the trees need the application of fertilizers in order to be able to fructify. In this respect, research was carried out by the authors of this paper and by other researchers in the field, but concrete results in this respect can only be observed after a number of years since nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the soil is changing continuously as a result of consumption by trees. In Romania, research in this such a complex area is quite limited because of both the rather high cost of organic fertilizers and of the general lack of financial resources necessary to continue research and present results. This paper is original, both in terms of the information it supplies to those interested in the fertility of soils cultivated with trees, as well as in terms of the practical solutions it provides in two important areas: soil science and fruit growing.

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organic fertilizers, supply, soil, sustainable agriculture, fruit plantation

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TEACHING CLIMATE CHANGE IN CLASS, A MUST AND A CHALLENGE* pag. 153-159

R. PAȘCALĂU1, S. STANCIU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, A. ȘMULEAC1, C. SĂLĂȘAN1, Alina- Andreea URLICĂ1, M. BAKLI2

Teachers face a difficult but imperative task. All of them have to figure out how to talk about the complex forces behind climate change and its effects on cultural, safety, prosperity, and progression. They have to teach youngsters their possibility and the community’s ones how to act and become an important pillar in reducing the magnitude and intensity of climate change. Consequently, it is crucial to capitalize the training techniques that education requires for sustainable development, to take learning out of the classroom and into the community. Educators must act in advancing the school’s overall response to climate change, which involves focusing on climate and sustainability in the curriculum. In this regard, it is essential that the program contains strong and clear guidelines for the future. Teachers need to help learners adapt to climate change and the climate conditions of the future. Education has a crucial role to play in this difficult task. Its role is threefold. Firstly, it must play its part in developing social and individual capacities and attitudes towards climate change mitigation in order to prevent maximalist global warming projections in the near future. Secondly, skills development it is crucial as well as capabilities, and attitudes to adapt to the obvious and imminent climate impacts. Thirdly, it carries out a permanent position in stimulating and strengthening understanding and attention to the evident facts of the global warming. The education for the global warming targets a clear strong direction, namely a determinate commitment of the academic community in HEIs. It is also highlighted by the diversity of the variety of educational methods and approaches. Teachers who experience the teacher’s climate change education course will be involved in a wide variety of ways that will use both intelligence and training skills. Their mission is a very complete one and the result must be seen in the consequence of their student’s actions and attitude in the near future.

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teaching, climate change, education, learning, language

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PROTECTING NATURE THROUGH LANGUAGES* pag. 160-165

R. PAȘCALĂU1, S. STANCIU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, A. ȘMULEAC1, C. SĂLĂȘAN1, Alina- Andreea URLICĂ1

At the crossroads of biology, language sciences and anthropology, scientists have wondered whether, speaking of nature, the human species, in the diversity of languages, speaks the same thing. In Europe, we almost all use a variant of the Latin “natura", which becomes "nature” in French and English, "natür" in German, or náttúran »" in Icelandic. These words for “nature” almost always come from liturgical languages (Latin, Arabic, Sanskrit, Pali.) and are therefore defined in specific religious and cultural contexts. The "wilderness" in the United States, for example, emerges in an American context of conquest of the West that shapes the vision of a wilderness, where humans have no place. In South-East Asia, "thoamachat" refers to a nature made up of great cycles, which encompass both the race of the stars as well as that of the seasons or biological cycles. In India, the "prakrti" carries rather the very dynamic idea of a perpetual creative hatching. Thus, protecting “nature," "wilderness," "thoamachat" or "praktri” does not have the same meaning. Thus, understanding the concept hidden behind these words have major implications for conservation policy. They assess that the American hegemonic vision of the wilderness, disseminated around the world and institutionalized by some NGOs, may conflict with the conservation methods of other countries shaped in different cultural contexts. Nature in France, for example, has been built up a lot with man and his pastoral or landscape activities, as demonstrated, among other things, by our conservation policies in the form of regional parks in which fields and villages can be found, which is inconceivable for the concept of "wilderness". All the actors of conservation policies (scientists, rulers, agents of international institutions, even teachers) strives not to participate in the dissemination of the dominant vision, but to propose policies and practices that take into account the natural and cultural substrate of the country in which they would be established.

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nature, protection, language, concepts, diversity

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE ZONING OF FORESTS FROM MINING SURFACE AREAS LOCATED IN THE CURVATURE SUB-CARPATHIANS pag. 166-175

B.I. PLEȘCA1, Ioana-Maria PLEȘCA*1, I. TIMOFTE1, L.C. DINCĂ1

Zoning forests in Romania has become a method used in managing forests during the ‘50-’60. This process allowed forest to have priority protection functions or production functions. Technical norms divide forests from the Ist functional group, namely forests with protection functions, in 5 subgroups. One such subgroup is represented by 1-2-fortests with soil protection functions. Due to the fact that mining areas are also distributed in the national forest fund, the forests that surround them have been classified in the 2J function – Forests from around surface mines and pits located in areas with erosion hazards. The Curvature Sub-Carpathians present three mining areas created around surface mining exploitations (two in Prahova Sub-Carpathians and one in Ialomiței Sub-Carpathians). The stands that create these protection strips are generally composed of species that are specific to the level that is formed in these forests. As such, holm and common beech are predominant, followed by specific species that fight against erosion occurrences such as pine, locust and birch. Forest productivity is average towards weak due to the lithological substratum. The assigned exceptional conservation function causes a low intensity of applied works in order to avoid field movements that are specific to the Sub-Carpatthian area (landslides, muddy leakages, caving, rolling). In addition, they ensure the safe progress of local mining activities.

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mining, pine, Sub-Carpathians, Zoning forests, protection functions

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DATABASING THE ANTHEMIS GENUS STORED IN “ALEXANDRU BELDIE” HERBARIUM pag. 176-184

B.I. PLEȘCA, Ioana-Maria PLEȘCA, Maria DINCĂ

Herbarium repositories have gained in the last year's considerable attention for biodiversity conservation purposes, as well as for scientific researches. “Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium is recognized for its vast amount of specimens, altogether representing historical evidence of the Romanian flora. The herbarium contains both common species as well as rare and endangered ones Anthemis species present in the above-mentioned herbarium represent the object of this study. In order to create an updated database of this genus, 152 vouchers from the botanical collection were inventoried and analyzed. The vouchers were harvested between 1846 and 1993 by renowned Romanian and foreign botanists and have very good conservation status. The final database of Anthemis Genus includes ten different taxa with accepted status. In addition, three species inscribed in the Red List of superior plants from Romania were identified, namely Anthemis macrantha Heuff., Anthemis cretica L. and Anthemis triumfettii (L.) DC. The consulting of international databases has revealed that a part of the inventoried taxa is currently assigned as synonyms for Cota, Achillea and Chamaemelum species. Anthemis Genus has special importance in traditional medicine although it is a plant with reduced fodder value. Moreover, some representatives are agricultural weeds and have a high potential of spreading and causing serious problems in the agroecosystems.

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herbarium, biodiversity, Anthemis, voucher, conservation

Presentation: oral

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EVALUATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARABUS HUNGARICUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) POPULATIONS IN ROMANIA pag. 185-192

F. PRUNAR1, Melanya STAN2, S. DRÉANO3, Silvia PRUNAR1, F. BARLOY-HUBLER3, Alma NICOLIN1

Carabus hungaricus, a species protected by Council Directive 92/43 / EEC and the Berne Convention, is very localized in Romania and has a distribution that seems to have changed compared to the last century and for which recent discoveries show that there are still gaps in knowledge. Over time, there have been reports of the presence of the species in localities where the species is no longer confirmed but the paper presents new locations and reconfirmations of the present species. In Romania, being a species with isolated populations on small areas, there is a real danger of extinction by natural and anthropogenic causes. Carabus hungaricus is a Natura 2000 species present in only 6 of the Community European countries. In each country it has a very limited distribution and an unfavourable state of conservation except for Hungary where it has a wide spread and favourable state of conservation. If it is unanimously accepted that the declining of the distribution area is due to the development of agriculture, the distribution in the field and the limiting factors that determine the isolation of the species in islands at the geographical level are insufficiently known and was never explained by the verifiable indices of the limiting factors. The paper proposes updating the distribution data of the species in Romania, the spatial analysis of the areas where the species was identified and the characterization of the habitats but also the identification of the main pressures and threats. In 2019 we rediscovered the species in South-West of Romania and in July 2020 we discovered two new places in North-West. The discovery of new locations and the absence in others known from historical data show that knowledge of distribution at the national level may have gaps and further detailed studies are needed to know the conservation status of each population.

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Carabus hungaricus, Natura 2000, GIS spatial analysis

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STUDY ABOUT CONTINUOUS DRIP IRRIGATION IN CHERRY SUMMARY 2020* pag. 193-197

S. I. PRUTEANU, D. BUCUR

Proper irrigation is one of the≥key factors ofmaintaining a healthy and≥economical productive cherry orchard. Over irrigation can slow the growth of the roots and can induce excessive vegetative vigor, but applying the deficit irrigation method can result into drough stress. The reproductive response of a ten years≥old cherry trees orchard under the temperate continental climate to deficit irrigation was studied in a private and commercial orchard≥located in the East of Romania for 1 season. Three irrigation treatments were establish: 1) irrigation by control, 1 lateral, 2.3l/h dripper, 0.50 cm spacing, irrigation rate = 1.02; 2) irrigation by low flow, 2 laterals, 0.7 l/h dripper, 1.0 m spacing, irrigation rate = 0.62; 3) irrigation with 2 laterals per row, 2.3l/h dripper, 1.0 m spacing, irrigation rate = 1.02. The phenological phases of sweet cherry trees like flowering, fruit≥and vegetative growth is influenced by the different irrigation methods and after the evaluation these different irrigation strategies resulted reproductive response as fruit size, fruit yield, leaf. Observation indicate that exceedingly low flow irrigation throughout daylight hours may contribute to irrigation efficiency. In the market we can choose to use drippers with low flows that have not yet been introduced into orchards in significant scale wordwide. The purpose of the observation is to evaluate the effect of continuous irrigation method on cherry trees and the applicability of low flow dripper in orchards.

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cherry orchard, low flow dripper, irrigation rate, fruit size, fruit yield, lateral

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CHANGES IN THE VALUES OF SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING DIALYSIS pag. 198-207

Olga-Alina, RADA1, Mihaela OSTAN, Florica ALMĂJAN2, Mihaela Liana FERICEAN

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely monitored due to its high prevalence, the high cost of the renal replacement therapy (RRT) and comorbidities – especially cardiovascular diseases, as well as due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease to advanced stages. The most real method for assessing the performance of renal replacement therapy is the rate of patient survival. In Romania, the treatment through haemodialysis is dominant (80%), while kidney transplant is used to a lower degree (13%). As for their survival, the patients undergoing transplants present the lowest mortality rates, while haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis present similar rates of survival, both lower than the one for transplants. The application of a certain haemodialysis technique and strategy, individualized according to the patient’s particularities, must be strictly guided by clinical and paraclinical parameters. This implies a regular cadence of investigations, differentiated according to the patient’s clinical condition and to how long they have been undergoing dialysis. The results of quantitative determinations from patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, undergoing dialysis, were centralized and analysed. All the biochemical parameters the study was focused on were determined through the usual methods in the clinical laboratory. Serum creatinine revealed an average of about eight times higher in men (9.96 mg/dL±2.54,) and six times in women, respectively (8.23 mg/dL±2.16) than the maximum value of the biological reference range (1.2 mg/dL). Serum urea presented an average of 131.97mg/dL±21.02 (306.90% compared to the maximum value of the reference range) in men and 139.01mg/dL±33.56 in women (323.27% compared to the maximum value of the reference range). The two parameters suggest strong perturbation of the renal function, with a drastic decrease in glomerular filtration. The high serum levels of potassium, highly depressed heart function and decreased alkaline reserve, all point to the same thing. In addition, probably because of the erythropoietin deficit, the haemoglobin values were 78.29% in men and 80.81% in women respectively, compared to the normal biological minimum value that suggests the onset of anaemia in all patients. The distribution of patients by age categories revealed that in men it mostly appeared between the ages of 50 and 59, while in women between 40 and 49.

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Chronic kidney disease, haemodialysis, glomerular filtration, serum creatinine, serum urea

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RESULTS REGARDING THE RECOVERY OF ALKALINE INDUSTRIAL WASTE FOR THE FERTILIZATION OF GREEN OAT PLANTS pag. 208-212

Hortensia RĂDULESCU

The study shows the impact of soil treatment with industrial waste on the nutrient content and growth process of green oat plants. The industrial process of carbon dioxide leaching from dolomites produces magnesium carbonate and oxide and calcium carbonate as waste. Both waste types result in the industrial processes of manufacturing magnesium compounds from dolomites as waste product and deposits on the industrial equipment. Besides calcium carbonate the waste contains magnesium carbonate. The difference between the two waste types lies in the double magnesium content, established for the crusts deposits. The research pursues the result of treating soil with industrial waste, managed as four different doses, on soil features like reaction and calcium-, magnesium content as well as on the nutrition process of oat plants, stand out as growth process and calcium- magnesium uptake. The experimental alternatives consists of treating soil with four different waste doses. The results praise that, after soil treatment with several doses of waste, acid soil becomes neutral, while an increase for calcium and magnesium content in soil was also observed. For green oat plants, the growth process by mean of some vegetation characteristics and essential elements uptake was studied. The impact of soil treatment with waste as fertilizer on plant content differs depending on the pursuit nutrient element. The results show that calcium uptake increased by 117% and 72% for magnesium uptake was established. The consequence on the development of green oat plants reveals a positive effect on germination and risen plants, simultaneous with dry matter content decrease. The originality of this paper consists in the revaluation of this industrial waste in agriculture both as a fertilizer and an amendment for acid soils. The importance of this study lies in establishing a new technology that can be used in agriculture by specifying the suitable dose of waste, usage manner and application frequenc

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magnesium products industry, mineral waste, waste doses, soil reaction, green oat plants growth, calcium –magnesium content

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTAINING CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM, AN UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ACID SOIL AMENDMENT pag. 213-217

Hortensia RĂDULESCU

The paper presents a possible modality of improving the fertility of acid soil by treating it with alkaline compounds, containing essential and trace elements, resulted in the industrial process of manufacturing magnesium carbonate and oxide from dolomites. The two mineral sources have resulted from the magnesium products industry and contain in their composition significant contents of magnesium and calcium as well as low contents of trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese and zinc. The difference between the two waste types lies in the double magnesium content, established for the crusts deposits. Because of their alkaline reaction and nutritive elements content, the two waste types can be revaluated in agriculture as amendment on acid soils. The experiment pursueds the effects of soil treatment with 2 waste types applied in different doses.The obtained results show a buffer effect on the acid soil reaction and an increase of the essential and trace elements content of the treated soil. The pH buffering process and the enrichment of essential and trace elements in soil by alkaline waste supplies establishes in soil the enhancement of global soil fertility. The paper shows the effects of soil treatment with four different doses of industrial waste concerning the soil reaction and calcium- magnesium content. The obtained results indicate that soil reaction turns from acid to neutral, while the established increase for calcium soil content reached 51% and 26% for magnesium content, both generated by the highest experimented waste dose. The originality of this paper consists in the utilization of these waste, resulted from the magnesium products industry in agriculture as soil amendment. The importance of this study lies in the fact that, on the basis of the obtained results, a new amendment technology can be conceived by specifying the suitable dose of waste, usage manner and application frequency.

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alkaline waste supplies, waste doses, soil reaction, pH buffering, calcium- magnesium soil content

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DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL CHERNOZEM, FROM THE LOW PLAIN OF BANAT, CULTIVATED WITH CORN FOR GRAIN pag. 218-227

C. I. ŞANDOR1, D. ŢĂRĂU1, Alina AGAPIE 2, Gh. DAVID1

The main objective of the research followed, in particular, the evolution of hydrophysical properties of a typical chernozem type soil, dominant in the reference area, with very good fertility characteristics, from the low Plain of Banat, in the period 2016-2020. The researches of the present paper elaborated, consist in the accumulation of scientific data regarding the evolution of some components of the agricultural land productivity, regarding the temperatures and precipitations in the studied area and hydrophysical properties, as well as; humidity, field capacity, useful water capacity, wilting coefficient, which are the basis for the substantiation of current, modern cultivation technologies or high-performance pedo-amelioration work, through a complex approach to the physical-geographical and climatic-edaphic conditions in the low plain Banat. The aim of our own research was to find new current scientific and practical elements, in order to achieve a integrated management, efficient from an agricultural point of view, with low energy and financial efforts, ecological and conservation, improvement of the soil and the environment. In preparing and conducting this paper, we took into account several aspects of physical-geographical and pedo-climatic characteristics based on studies in recent years, during the doctorate, starting with 2016, respectively, research on the cultivation of grain corn for four consecutive years. During this time period, 2016-2020, the periodic determinations of soil moisture within the researched area were made, which were then recorded in its own database. These analyzes and results are a continuation, a small contribution, of the efforts of the last decades on the line on the concerns about climate change, a danger for the whole humanity, taking into account the multitude of factors that affect the global climate.

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development, soil, quality, area, corn, restrictions

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3D MAPPING OF A VILLAGE WITH A WINGTRAONE VTOL TAILSITER DRONE USING PIX4D MAPPER pag. 228-237

Mihai Simon, Loredana Copăcean, Cosmin Popescu, Luminiţa Cojocariu

Today, many photogrammetric mapping methods have used drones to retrieve and record data about objects on earth. This is due to the fact that the use of a drone equipped with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) for air measurements is very efficient and cheaper compared to renting an aircraft, it also allows flying over hard to reach areas and significantly reduces of the work. The development of UAV technology in Romania is still in its infancy, and the legislative framework is extremely restrictive, even for small drones, which significantly affects the expansion potential of this field. UAV equipment must be registered and a fee must be paid that sometimes exceeds the value of the equipment. Thus, in order to use the aircraft, you need approval from the Romanian Civil Aeronautical Authority as well as an approval from the Ministry of National Defense. Flights are limited in distance, altitude and area, and requests must be submitted at least 20 days prior to the flight. The rapid development of new technologies nowadays offers the possibility to acquire high-resolution topographic data that can serve as a basis for digital analysis of the terrain. This paper presents the results of the application of UAV photogrammetry data in the mapping of Labasint locality from Arad county, using a WingtraOne VTOL tailsiter drone, equipped with a Sony RX1RII camera with a 42.4 megapixel CMOS sensor, 35 mm, fullframe and a high precision GNSS system. The use of drones in geospatial science is currently in high demand due to its relatively easy operation and relatively affordable cost compared to satellite systems, especially high-resolution images. One of the benefits of using drones is that they take aerial photographs that are then processed for mapping so that they can be used to support the acquisition of spatial data. The final stage of data processing includes the generation of orthophotoplanes, mosaics, raster images, TIN and DEM formats as well as the generation of point clouds.

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WingtraOne, Pix4Dmapper, DEM, DTM, DSM, Labasint

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MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AN AGRICULTURAL HOLDING FOLLOWING THE MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS* pag. 238-247

Daniela-Elena ȘURCĂ

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the use of the linear programming method can lead to solutions to improve economic performance that positively influence the level of competitiveness of the economic agent. Thus, in order to be able to support and demonstrate this, an agricultural unit, located in the South Muntenia region, Romania, was analysed within which the technical and economic characteristics as a whole and on crops were identified. Before analysing the competitiveness of the agricultural unit, was identified the type of market on which the farm operates. This leads to a graphical representation of the Lorentz curve showing the distribution of market income for economic operators operating under the CAEN code 0111 (Cultivation of cereals (excluding rice), leguminous plants and oilseeds). In the end, the measurement of the competitiveness of the agricultural holding before and after the application of the linear programming method led to the idea that the application of such a method can increase the competitiveness of the agricultural holding on the market, but this is not a mandatory condition. Also, this method can have the role of forecasting, by simulating possible situations ("what if?"), which can lead to the formulation of strategies for maintaining an economic agent on the market.

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competitiveness, economic performance, modelling and simulation,, strategies

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SEED INOCULATION METHODS TO NODULATION, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOYBEAN CULTIVARS pag. 248-254

Melinda TAR, Katalin IRMES, Marianna VÁLYI-NAGY, I. KRISTÓ

Soybean is one of the most important high-quality protein source for human and animal nutrition in worldwide. With the soil bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotically colonizing the plant’s roots, soybean are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Because this bacteria is not native to Hungarian soils, soybean seeds need to inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains before sowing. There are a number of different seed and soil inoculation products which contain Bradyrhizobium strains on the market but few data are available on their efficacy and plantspecific utility. The aim of this study was: (i) to test the ability of two commercially available inoculants (inoculant 1 and inoculant 2), one arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) product, one seed dressing product and their combination to maximize soybean yield, protein content and Pro-Fat value, (ii) to study the interaction of different inoculants with three different registered Hungarian soybean varieties (Aires, Bahia, Pannonia kincse). Small plot field trials were performed at the Szeged Research Station of Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences in 2018. Effective inoculation with Bradyrhizobium inoculant 1 and its combinations with AM product and seed dressing product significantly increased grain yield, protein content and Pro-Fat value compared with inoculant 2 and controls. Interaction between the soybean varieties and different technologies were significant for yield, protein content and Pro-Fat value. Applying the obtained results in practice can contribute to the efficiency of soybean production

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soybean, Bradyrhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza, seed inoculation, yield, quality

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REVISION OF THE GENUS ODONTOTHRIPS AMYOT & SERVILLE (THYSANOPTERA, THRIPIDAE) WITH THE REDESCRIPTION OF ODONTOTHRIPS LOTI (HALIDAY, 1852) SPECIE ON LOTUS CORNICULATUS CROPS pag. 255-261

Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU1*, Ramona ȘTEF1, A. CĂRĂBEȚ1, L. MOLNAR1, Ioana GROZEA1

Bird’s – foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), along with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and white clover (Trefolium repens) are some of the most important forage plants grown in Romania, but also worldwide (VÎRTEIU, 2010; YAN QI LIU ET AL., 2021). Thrips species are among the insect species that cause the most significant damage, significantly reducing the forage yield and quality. In Romania, more than 5 thrips species have been identified as Lotus corniculatus pests, of which three belong to Odontothrips genus: Odontothrips loti, Odontothrips confuses and Odontothrips phaleratus. Being one of the main pests of bird’s – foot trefoil in western Romania, Odontothrips loti caused serious economic losses of up to 80% of seed yields. The biological material (thrips species) was collected from Lotus corniculatus fields located in Șagu - Arad, Romania (46°02′20″N, 21°18′05″E) during flowering seasons, in a period of 20 days, with a sample periodicity at each 48 hours. The genus Odontothrips Amyot & Serville is defined to include thrips species that presents the antenna consisting of 8 articles, article 6 being wider and having scale form; the forewings with strong hairs on longitudinal ribs; the main rib with hairy setae on almost entire surface, in the distal region presenting two hairs. Also, the measurement of body length indicated that the three species had body with length ranging from 1,532 to 2,20 ± 0,20.

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Thripidae, revision, Odontothrips loti, description, bird’s – foot trefoil

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THE ROLE OF CBC IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BLOOD DISEASES * pag. 262-270

Olga-Alina, RADA1, Mihaela Liana FERICEAN1, Mihaela OSTAN1

Anaemia indicates a pathological state, since it is the result of a disruption in the homeostatic balance between the production of erythrocytes and the loss/ destruction of erythrocytes. Running a complete blood count is the primary investigation that must follow the discovery of anaemia. In certain cases, after analysing the results of the CBC, the laboratory doctor may decide to run additional tests, such as a peripheral blood smear, which examines each type of cell in order to find anomalies in their quantity and quality and establish what type of anaemia the patient suffers from. The CBC and blood smears analysed for the purpose of this study were obtained from patients with pathological blood modifications or who were suspected of having blood diseases. The automatic CBCs were analysed with the automatic Sysmex XN-1000 haematology analyser. The blood smears, obtained through May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining procedure, were examined under the microscope and photographed. The numerical data obtained were stored and analysed statistically, and the link between the variables was established with the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Processing the CBCs revealed that the average number of erythrocytes was 3.28 ± 0.71/1003/μL, which represents 72.88% of the minimum biological reference value. Statistically, this parameter has a positive correlation with the quantity of haemoglobin (r=0.694), whose average was 9.52±1.11 g/dL, meaning 73.22% of the minimum biological reference value, and with the haematocrit (r=0.759), whose average value was 29.57±3.90%, which is 73.92% of the minimum reference value. All these low values indicate the presence of anaemia. The values of the erythrocyte numbers pointed towards normocytic anaemia, despite some individual variations. The average numbers of white cells and platelets were slightly higher than the biological values, suggesting the correlated modification of the other types of blood cells, that comes with anaemia. The microscope examination of the blood smears revealed some modifications in the form of the erythrocytes (some that look like a stack of coins, knizocytes, sickle cells, degmacytes and ovalocytes), changes in erythrocyte diameter (mainly macrocytosis, indicating hypochromic anaemia, through a deficit of haemoglobin synthesis) and changes in the haemoglobin load (hypochromic erythrocytes, which indicate hypochromic anaemia).

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Anaemia, complete blood count (CBC), peripheral blood smear, erythrocytes, haemoglobin

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EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS IN TEACHING WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCEDURES pag. 271-278

Laura ŞMULEAC 1, Snejana BACALU-RUS 2, Cristina TULBURE1, A. ACHIM, R. PAȘCALĂU1

Surface water pollution is mainly due to the direct discharge of domestic or industrial wastewater into outflows. Industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater are discharged into surface water, often without treatment, leading to water and environmental pollution. Organic surfaces in decomposing wastewater reduce the oxygen concentration in the receptor and affect wildlife. In the last decades, water pollution has increased in a time and an alarmingly high degree in those areas where industrialization has developed a lot and with it the population has grown, the problem being not taking measures to protect water quality, and the requirements of water being larger and larger. Under these conditions, measures must be taken to reduce the impact of anthropogenic activity on the quality of the emissary, through efficient treatment and environmentally safe discharge of water. The subject of the paper is, through its applicability, in pedagogical practice, aiming to raise awareness and sensitize high school students about the optimal use of water consumption, the need for wastewater treatment and ecological education to protect and prevent water pollution. The paper aims at both scientific aspects, its purpose being to determine the quality indicators of domestic and industrial wastewater in Arad and mechanical-chemical treatment processes, as well as aspects regarding the implementation of notions within the specialized modules for the specialization environment "Environmental technician and environmental quality protection" and a Student Assessment Test regarding the operation of collecting and conserving water samples, worksheets for laboratory determinations and 3 teaching projects. The research results have a high civic value, and can be disseminated by local authorities by informing residents about the prevention of water pollution and its waste in households and the improvement of pedagogical practice.

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water pollution, wastewater treatment, pedagogical practice, water quality indicators

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AREA EXTENSION OF DIPLOLEPIS ROSAE (CYNIPIDAE) IN THE WESTERN REGION OF ROMANIA pag. 279-289

Ramona ȘTEF, A. CĂRĂBEȚ, Ioana GROZEA, R. ȘTEF, Ana-Maria VÂRTEIU, Monica BUTNARIU, L. MOLNAR, A. GROZEA

Diplolepis rosae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a monophagous species (attacks species of the genus Rosa, family Rosaceae), monovoltine with uncertain origin, though assigned as an ancestral area is the eastern Mediterrana. The species is present in North America, Asia, Australia - Oceania and Europe. In Romania, the species was first reported in 2008, in Cluj County. The purpose of this study is to report the species Diplolepis rosae in the western part of Romania and to describe the damage caused. The study began in 2019, in the locality of Giarmata Vii, when galls were observed on the plants of Rosa canina (Rosaceae) produced by the species mossy rose gall wasp. These observations were decisive in conducting the study, in 2020 additional research were carried out in respect of the monitoring and mode of damage caused by mossy rose gall wasp to Rosa canina plants. The distribution area of the species Diplolepis rosae, in the western part of Romania, was established trough observations in situ in to the counties: Timiș, Arad and Caras-Severin. To describe the damage, mature galls were harvested in October-April, then transported and analyzed in the laboratory. These galls are the result of physiological changes of the host plants, inside them larvae develops. Studies show that galls have different sizes that are closely correlated with the number of lodges and larvae/galls.

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Diplolepis rosae, Rosa canina, galls, area, reporting

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