Rjas

Vol 58, No 1 (2026)

DECLINE IN SUNFLOWER SEED YIELD IN ROMANIA DURING THE 2020–2025 PERIOD pag. 3-12

Anton Florin Gabriel, Pintilia Sabina, Bordei Marius, Cergan Mihaela

Between 2020 and 2025, the sunflower cultivated area in Romania consistently exceeded 1 million hectares, representing a significant share of the total area at the European Union level. Despite maintaining its leading position in both cultivated area and overall production, output levels were notably constrained by recurrent drought conditions.In recent years, sunflower production in Romania has been characterized by substantial variability in seed yield, mainly driven by increasing climate instability, particularly the frequency and intensity of droughts and extreme heat during critical phenophases such as flowering and seed filling. In 2020, 2022, 2024, and 2025, yields consistently fell below both optimal levels and the five-year average, highlighting the strong impact of repeated drought and heat stress. In contrast, more favorable climatic conditions in 2021 and 2023 revealed the crop’s high productive potential, underlining the key role of precipitation in shaping yield performance.Overall, yield variability is closely linked to rainfall distribution, with essential phenological stages, especially flowering and seed development, being highly sensitive to water deficit. In 2024, the sunflower hybrid FD15E27, developed by NARDI Fundulea, recorded its lowest yield of the 2020–2025 period (2295 kg/ha), followed by 2025 with 2637 kg/ha. The highest average yield for this hybrid was achieved in 2022, reaching 3991 kg/ha.

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sunflower, drought, seed yield

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SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR BOOSTING ALFALFA YIELD AND QUALITY UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS pag. 13-19

Ebenezer Ayew, APPIAH1,2* (ORCID:0009-0008-3890-655X), Erika Tünde, KUTASY2 (ORCID:0000-0002-0683-129X)

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of drought stress in forage production systems, posing a serious threat to global food security and livelihoods. This study, conducted at the University of Debrecen, Hungary, to investigate the effects of trichoderma (Tricho Immun) and its combination with foliar fertilizer containing calcium, silicon and zinc (Ino green) on fresh herbage yield, protein content and protein yield of alfalfa under drought stress. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three treatments: control (T0), Tricho Immun combined with foliar fertilizer containing calcium, silicon and zinc (T1), and Tricho Immun alone (T2), each replicated three times. Data collected were subjected to analyses of variance using Genstat, where significantly different means were separated at a probability of 5% using the least significant difference. The results show that the biostimulant with or without nutrient management strategies significantly improved fresh herbage yield, protein content and protein yield of alfalfa compared to the control under moderate drought stress conditions. The combined application of Tricho Immun and foliar fertilizer containing calcium, silicon and zinc (T1) produced the highest fresh herbage of 17415 kg ha-1 and protein yield of 3883 kg ha-1, followed by Tricho Immun (T2) alone with fresh herbage yield of 16135 kg ha-1 and protein yield of 3661 kg ha-1. Notably, T1 increased fresh herbage and protein yields by 22.5% and 33.4%, respectively, while T2 boosted these traits by 13.5% and 25.8% over the control. Moreover, T2 elevated protein concentration by 10.6%, followed by T1 with 8.7% over the control. These improvements may be associated with improved plant physiological responses under drought stress conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that integrating Trichoderma spp. with foliar fertilizer containing calcium, silicon and zinc can be an effective strategy to improve forage productivity and quality of alfalfa under moderate drought stress.

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Medicago sativa, biological fungi, foliar fertilization, protein content, sustainable forage production, water deficit

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EVALUATION OF SALINE‑SODIC ALLUVIAL SOIL IN THE STĂNCUȚA AREA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CROP TECHNOLOGY pag. 20-29

Nicoleta, AXINTI¹²³ (ORCID: 0009-0001-7111-3745), Gabriela Alina, CIOROMELE¹²³, Andreea Raluca, CHIRIAC¹² (ORCID: 0009-0006-0911-9958), G.A., VRÎNCEANU¹², Carmelia Mariana, DRAGOMIR BĂLĂNICĂ⁴ (ORCID: 0000-0001-7743-928X)

This study presents an integrated pedological and agrochemical assessment of a mollic saline–sodic alluvial soil identified on an agricultural area of 8.24 ha located in the Stăncuța Administrative Territory, Brăila County, Romania. The main objective was to evaluate land productive potential under saline–sodic conditions and to translate soil diagnostic results into practical, risk‑based crop technology recommendations, adapted to local edaphic constraints. Field investigations and soil sampling were carried out in March 2025, in accordance with the national methodology for pedological studies, and included detailed soil profile description and standardized laboratory agrochemical analyses. The results indicate the presence of significant edaphic limitations, primarily related to salinity and sodicity, fine‑textured soil horizons, deficient drainage, and a high degree of soil compaction. These cumulative constraints led to the classification of the investigated land into quality class IV for arable use, corresponding to a natural land suitability rating (NN = 37), equivalent to a low land capability level under international land suitability frameworks. From an agrochemical perspective, the soil exhibits a neutral to slightly alkaline reaction, a medium nitrogen supply, good to very good available phosphorus content, and excessive potassium levels, indicating an unbalanced nutrient status that requires carefully adjusted fertilization strategies. Based on the pedo‑agrochemical diagnosis, integrated technological recommendations were developed, focusing on soil amelioration and sustainable agricultural use rather than yield maximization. These include the application of chemical amendments to mitigate sodicity effects, incorporation of organic matter to improve soil structure, adaptation of tillage systems to reduce compaction, and differentiated fertilization according to nutrient availability. In addition, the adoption of appropriate crop rotations and salt‑tolerant crop species is recommended as a key measure for yield stabilization under class IV land conditions. The study highlights the importance of integrating pedological evaluation, land suitability assessment, and agronomic decision‑making to support sustainable agricultural use of saline–sodic soils.

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saline–sodic soils; soil fertility; land quality assessment; crop technology; soil management

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NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL AND TRACE METAL ELEMENTS OF THREE EDIBLE GNATHOCERA SPECIES FROM TOGO pag. 30-37

Fègbawè, BADANARO1 (ORCID: 0009-0002-4167-977X), K., OURO-SAMA1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-9220-7487), M. M., BALAKA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-9776-4896)1

Insects of the genus Gnathocera, commonly found on the panicles of grasses in the savannas of Togo, were once a valued food resource for local populations. However, this traditional practice is now declining. The present study aims to promote the consumption of these edible insects by evaluating their nutritional potential and their content of trace metal elements (TMEs), in order to contribute to food security in Togo. Three species (Gnathocera flavovirens Kolbe, 1892; Gnathocera hyacinthina (Janssens, 1885); Gnathocera varians Gory & Percheron, 1833) were analyzed. Protein, lipid, fiber, ash, and vitamin contents were determined using standard methods from AOAC and AFNOR, while minerals and TMEs were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and colorimetry. The results revealed high protein contents (62.30 - 63.60 %) and moderate lipid levels (8.61 - 8.67 %). Dietary fiber ranged from 6.75 to 11.13 %, and ash content from 9.42 to 10.46%. These beetles exhibited high energy density (1432.87 - 1602.41 kJ/100g). They also contain fat-soluble vitamins (retinol and tocopherol), water-soluble vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin), as well as essential minerals like zinc, copper, manganese, and iron. The analyzed TMEs were detected at concentrations below regulatory limits, indicating a low risk of human exposure through the consumption of these insects in Togo. These findings highlight the high nutritional value of Gnathocera species and confirm their potential as a sustainable alternative source of protein and micronutrients to enhance food security.

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Edible insects, Gnathocera , nutrients,, trace metal elements, Togo

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD CROP PERFORMANCE IN TOGO: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL YIELDS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES (1996–2025) pag. 38-48

M. M., BALAKA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-9776-4896), K., YOVO1, , Alina, LATO2 (ORCID: 0000-0003-0523-8969), Ciprian STROIA2 (ORCID: 0000-0001-9163-5332), L., NIȚĂ2 (ORCID: 0009-0003-1756-4291)

This paper examines the effects of climate change and farmers’ adaptation strategies on food crop yields in Togo over the period 1996–2025. Agriculture remains predominantly rain-fed and highly vulnerable to climate variability, making food production increasingly exposed to rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and extreme weather events. While existing studies have mainly focused on temperature and precipitation, fewer have jointly considered broader climatic variables and farmers’ endogenous adaptation responses at a disaggregated territorial level. Using a balanced panel dataset covering 33 prefectures and seven major food crops (corn, sorghum, rice, yam, cassava, beans, and peanuts), this study combines agricultural production statistics with meteorological data from national databases. The empirical analysis applies the Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) method to address heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence. Beyond temperature and precipitation, the model incorporates evapotranspiration, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and wind speed. Adaptation strategies are proxied by substitution and marginal agricultural lands to capture land reallocation decisions. The results reveal significant nonlinear relationships between climatic variables and crop yields. Extreme temperatures, excessive rainfall, and high evapotranspiration exert predominantly negative effects on productivity, although sorghum shows greater resilience to thermal stress. In contrast, corn, cassava, and beans are particularly vulnerable to heat and rainfall irregularities. Furthermore, land-based adaptation strategies do not improve productivity; marginal and substitution lands are associated with declining yields, suggesting that farmers expand cultivation onto less fertile lands as a coping mechanism rather than a productivity-enhancing strategy. The originality of this study lies in integrating extended climatic variables and endogenous land-use strategies into a prefectural panel framework. However, the analysis is limited by the lack of farm-level data and direct measures of technological adaptation. The findings support stronger policies promoting irrigation, climate-smart agriculture, improved seed varieties, and institutional support to enhance long-term food security.

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Climate change, Food crop yields, adaptation strategies, Togo

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RESPONSES OF POTATO VARIETIES TO CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS: VARIABILITY IN PRODUCTIVITY AND PHYSICAL QUALITY TRAITS pag. 49-56

Nina BĂRĂSCU1,2*, Camelia URDĂ3, Mihaela CIOLOCA1

Increasing climatic variability, characterized by frequent extreme events, strongly influences potato yield formation, tuber size distribution and key quality attributes. This study assessed the response of five potato varieties (Castrum, Cezarina, Darilena, Sevastia, Ervant) under contrasting weather conditions over three growing seasons (2023-2025) in the Brașov area. The analysis focused on total yield (t/ha), number of tubers per m2, distribution across size classes, specific gravity, dry matter content and starch content. In addition, physical quality indicators were evaluated, including the proportion of shrivelled, mechanically damaged and peeled tubers, as well as defects such as deformation, cracking, sprouting and greening. Results revealed pronounced interannual and genotypic variability. During the analysed period 2023-2025, in the potato growing season (April–September), a trend of increasing temperatures (especially in 2024 and2025) and an increase in rainfall variability is observed. Yield and tuber number fluctuated significantly depending on climatic conditions, with more pronounced differences observed in years with higher thermal and hydric stress. Quality parameters, including dry matter, starch content and specific gravity, were also influenced by seasonal variability. The incidence of physical defects increased under stress conditions, highlighting their sensitivity to environmental factors. Under the analyzed experimental conditions, the influence of interannual climatic variability on the analyzed parameters was stronger than genetic differences, with moderate differential responses to temperature and precipitation variations being observed for the varieties studied.

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climatic variability, potato yield, tuber quality

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THE CURRENT SITUATION OF THE DEGREE OF WEED INFESTATION IN THE MAIZE CROP pag. 57-64

Mihaela CERGAN 1 (ORCID: 0009-0009-9051-7946), Gheorghe MĂTURARU1 (ORCID: 0009-0007-0118-5456), Cătălin LAZĂR1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6987-5807)

Maize (Zea mays L.), one of the most important forage crops in Romania, is highly sensitive to early weed competition, especially during the first 6–8 weeks of vegetation. In corn, there is a high level of infestation with annual and perennial weed species, associated with a high diversity of them, which determines a pronounced competition for the development of the crop plant, negatively influencing the production and quality obtained per hectare in the absence of the application of adequate control measures. In the pedoclimatic conditions specific to the Fundulea area — characterized by fertile chernozem soils, springs with variable water regime and hot summers — the degree of weed infestation remains high and represents a major limiting factor of production, and the experiments were located on the cambic chernozem soil type. Weed management in European agriculture is subject to divergent trends generated, on the one hand, by the access to innovative technological proposals and on the other hand by the negative impact of already observable climate change and legislative restrictions. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) represents a modern and sustainable weed control strategy, based on the combination of methods, so that weed infestation is effectively reduced and the environmental impact is minimal.

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crop, density, degree of infestation, weeds

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ETHICAL MINDSET IN MANAGEMENT AND THE ISSUE OF RESPONSIBILITY pag. 65-71

Iasmina IOSIM1, ORCID: 0000-0003-1477-5985, Diana MARIN1, ORCID: 0000-0002-659-6924, Gabriela POPESCU1, ORCID: 0000-0003-0529-280X, Raul PAȘCALĂU2, ORCID: 0000-0001-9335-0939, Anka PASCARIU1, ORCID: 0000-0001-6042-6204, Cosmin SĂLĂȘAN1, ORCID: 0000-0002-7370-1778, Carmen-Simona DUMITRESCU1 ORCID: 0000-0002-0060-6753

This article explores the concept of the ethical mindset as a fundamental framework guiding human judgment, behavior, and decision-making in both personal and professional contexts. An ethical mindset is defined as the set of moral beliefs, values, and principles through which individuals distinguish between right and wrong, fairness and injustice, and align their actions with societal standards of integrity. The paper emphasizes that ethical judgments are shaped by cultural, educational, philosophical, legal, and personal influences, and involve evaluating the consequences of actions on others while prioritizing fairness, empathy, honesty, and responsibility. The study examines the ethical meanings of correctness and incorrectness, as well as right and wrong, highlighting their connection to justice, equity, and adherence to moral and legal norms. Correct and right actions are associated with positive societal impact, respect for rights, and alignment with ethical standards, whereas incorrect and unjust actions are linked to harm, inequality, and violations of fundamental principles. Focusing on management, the article underscores the importance of integrating ethical principles into leadership practices. Ethical management is presented as a responsibility-driven process that fosters trust, organizational integrity, and positive workplace culture. Core elements such as fairness, empathy, integrity, respect, responsibility, and transparency are identified as essential for ethical leadership. Based on a qualitative analysis of relevant literature, the findings highlight responsibility as the central pillar of ethical mindset in management, encompassing various forms such as moral, professional, social, and organizational responsibility. The study concludes that cultivating an ethical infrastructure within organizations and promoting core values are critical responsibilities of leaders in ensuring sustainable and ethical decision-making.

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ethical mindset, management, responsibility

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TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN THE 3RD DECADE OF THE 3RD MILLENNIUM pag. 72-77

This article examines the evolution of tourism management in the third decade of the third millennium, highlighting its expanding role in ensuring sustainable, efficient, and experience-oriented tourism development. Tourism management is defined as a complex process involving the planning, organization, and coordination of travel, accommodation, attractions, and customer experiences, while balancing economic growth with cultural and environmental preservation. The study emphasizes the importance of collaboration among stakeholders, including businesses, government institutions, and local communities, in designing strategies that enhance tourist satisfaction and destination competitiveness. Using a qualitative content analysis of recent academic literature (2021–2024), the paper identifies five major trends shaping contemporary tourism management. First, experience-based tourism focuses on immersive and authentic activities that foster meaningful connections with destinations. Second, digital and virtual tourism leverages technologies such as virtual reality and augmented reality to enable remote exploration and informed decision-making. Third, eco and sustainable tourism promotes environmentally responsible practices and supports local communities while minimizing ecological impact. Fourth, healthy and safe tourism prioritizes hygiene, safety standards, and risk management to ensure secure travel experiences. Finally, smart tourism integrates advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things to deliver personalized, efficient, and accessible services. The findings reveal that technology-driven and sustainability-oriented approaches dominate modern tourism management, while experiential tourism reflects the growing psychological demand for authenticity. The study concludes that these interconnected trends are redefining the tourism industry, requiring adaptive strategies that integrate innovation, responsibility, and customer-centered practices.

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tourism management, experience, digital, virtual, sustainability, smart

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PERFORMANCE OF CABBAGE HYBRIDS UNDER THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF ÎNSURĂȚEI, BRĂILA COUNTY pag. 78-85

Alexandra Violeta LAZIA1*, Gabriela Alina CIOROMELE1,2,3, Andreea Raluca CHIRIAC1,2, Maria Magdalena TUREK RAHOVEANU1,2

Abstract. At both global and national levels, vegetable production has a significant impact on ensuring food security. In this context, white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) stands out due to its economic and nutritional value, efficient use of agricultural resources, and its adaptability to diverse pedoclimatic conditions. This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of yield performance and adaptability of two hybrids (Gloria F1 and Victoria F1) and a traditional white cabbage variety (Buzău White Cabbage) under the specific conditions of the Bărăgan Plain, namely the Însurăței area, Brăila County. The soil in this region is characterized by high fertility, good structure, and physicochemical properties suitable for this type of crop. Seedlings were monitored for morphological parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves, while mature plants were evaluated based on plant size, head circumference, and head weight. The results showed that at the seedling stage, the Victoria F1 hybrid exhibited faster growth, while Gloria F1 achieved the best performance at maturity, with a yield of approximately 33.9 t/ha. The Buzău variety showed intermediate results, whereas Victoria F1 produced smaller and lighter heads. In conclusion, this study highlights the good adaptability of the Gloria F1 hybrid to local conditions. The use of biostimulants, proper irrigation, and appropriate treatment schemes have a direct effect on maximizing cabbage yield.

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yield capacity; varietal adaptability; morphological traits; soil fertility; crop management.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DRIP AND SPRINKLER IRRIGATION IN AUTUMN WHITE CABBAGE pag. 86-93

Alexandra Violeta LAZIA1*, Valentina VOICU1, 2, 3, Nicoleta AXINTI1,2,4, Maria Magdalena TUREK RAHOVEANU1,2

Abstract. In the context of climate change, demographic pressure, and the need to improve resource efficiency, sustainable agriculture represents a strategic area of interest at both national and European levels. The choice of this study topic was motivated by the need to increase profitability in small and medium-sized farms by identifying viable solutions for farmers operating under conditions similar to those in the Însurăței area. The main objective of this study was to analyze the technology applied to autumn white cabbage cultivation under irrigated conditions in the pedoclimatic environment of Însurăței, Brăila County. The experiment was conducted on a 0.5 ha area, where two irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler) were compared on equal plots (0.25 ha each), under similar soil and technological conditions. The analysis included agronomic observations, yield measurements, and economic indicators to evaluate the technical and economic efficiency of each system. From a productivity perspective, the drip irrigation system consistently proved superior to the conventional sprinkler system, regardless of simulated losses. Drip irrigation achieved a yield of 124.34 t/ha, while sprinkler irrigation reached 101.76 t/ha under difficult conditions with 10% losses. To assess the profitability of cabbage cultivation depending on the irrigation method and technological losses, key economic indicators were calculated (gross profit, cost-benefit ratio, and economic return). The results showed that, on 0.25 ha plots, drip irrigation generated a gross profit of 38,590 lei (with 10% losses) and a B:C ratio of 5.80, compared to sprinkler irrigation, which recorded a gross profit of 30,121.78 lei under the same loss scenario and a B:C ratio of 4.75. These findings demonstrate that drip irrigation is more efficient. Crop efficiency increases significantly when fertilization, plant protection treatments, maintenance practices, and irrigation are carefully managed according to crop growth stages. Additionally, strict cost control remains essential for maintaining the profitability of cabbage cultivation.

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water use efficiency; yield performance; cost–benefit analysis; pedoclimatic conditions; farm profitability.

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INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING APPROACHES FOR MINERAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: INTEGRATING UAV AND GNSS TECHNOLOGIES IN MINING OPERATIONS pag. 94-102

Rolf Athalvin LUPU (1), Anastasia CHIS (2), George POPESCU (3) (ORCID: 0009-0004-5762-7119)

The mining industry is currently undergoing a significant digital transformation, driven by the integration of advanced geomatic technologies and modern industrial engineering approaches. This paper investigates the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for the assessment and management of mineral resources in surface mining operations. The proposed approach combines aerial photogrammetry and ground-based geodetic measurements to support efficient resource evaluation, operational planning, and sustainable exploitation practices. The study was conducted within the Bodrogu Nou mining perimeter, Romania, where UAV data acquisition and GNSS measurements were integrated to generate orthophotoplans, digital elevation models, and topographic documentation required for mining management. The implemented workflow included mission planning, establishment of ground control points, GNSS measurements, aerial data acquisition, and photogrammetric processing using specialized software. The obtained results demonstrate that UAV and GNSS technologies significantly improve data accuracy, reduce survey time, and provide high-resolution spatial information required for volume calculations, exploitation planning, and environmental monitoring. The generated digital models enabled the calculation of extraction volumes and supported the subdivision of mining activities into operational stages. From an industrial engineering perspective, the integration of these technologies contributes to the optimization of surveying procsses, improves operational efficiency, and supports data-driven decision-making throughout the mining lifecycle. The proposed methodology offers a reliable and cost-effective solution for modern mine management, facilitating the continuous monitoring of extraction activities while promoting sustainable resource utilization and supporting the digital transformation of the mining industry.

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UAV, GNSS, industrial engineering, photogrammetry, process optimization, resource management, sustainable mining.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AGRICULTURE: EMPLOYEES' PERCEPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS pag. 103-111

Rolf Athalvin LUPU (1), Anastasia CHIS (2), George POPESCU (3) (ORCID: 0009-0004-5762-7119)

The increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in agriculture is transforming farming practices while introducing new challenges related to occupational health and safety (OHS). AI technologies have the potential to improve productivity, optimize resource utilization, support decision-making, and automate repetitive or hazardous tasks. However, their successful implementation depends not only on technological capabilities but also on employees' awareness, acceptance, and perception of the associated occupational risks. This study investigates employees' perceptions of AI implementation and its potential impact on workplace safety in agricultural small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The research was conducted in 35 agricultural enterprises from Timiș County, Romania, representing crop production, fruit cultivation, and livestock farming. A structured questionnaire was administered to 223 respondents to evaluate their knowledge of AI, confidence in its implementation, perceived occupational risks, expected consequences, and preferred preventive measures. The collected data were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel and STATGRAPHICS, while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to assess the statistical significance of the results. The findings indicate that only 17% of respondents considered themselves sufficiently informed about AI applications, whereas more than half expressed the need for additional information and training. Workforce reduction, deterioration of interpersonal relationships, and the need for continuous professional development were identified as the main concerns associated with AI adoption. The results emphasize the importance of combining technological innovation with effective OHS management, employee training, and a human-centered approach to support the safe and sustainable implementation of AI in agriculture. The study provides practical insights for managers, OHS specialists, and policymakers involved in the digital transformation of agricultural SMEs, contributing to the development of safer and more resilient workplaces.

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Artificial Intelligence, occupational health and safety, agricultural SMEs, employee perception, risk perception

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EFFECT OF SOWING RATE ON AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SEED YIELD OF CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.) IN SOUTHEAST BULGARIA pag. 112-117

Svetlana MANHART

Coriander is one of the most important essential oil crops cultivated worldwide. A field trial was carried out during the period 2023–2025 in Southeast Bulgaria to evaluate the effect of different sowing rates (200, 250, 300, and 350 germinating seeds per m² (g.s./m2)) on the components of productivity and seed yield of the coriander cultivar Yantar. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and a plot size of 15 m², following winter wheat as a preceding crop. The growing of plants was performed in compliance with the standard technology. The following parameters were determined: plant height (cm), number of umbels per plant, umbel diameter (cm), number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, seed weight per plant (g), 1000-seed weight (g), and seed yield (kg/ha). The results indicated that the sowing rate of 300 g.s./m² resulted in the highest values for most productivity traits, including number of umbels per plant, umbel diameter, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, seed weight per plant, and 1000-seed weight. The tallest plants were reported at the sowing rate of 350 g.s./m². The sowing rate of 300 g.s./m² was found to be the most effective for the Yantar coriander cultivar under the agroecological conditions of Southeast Bulgaria.

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coriander, seed rate, elements of productivity, seed yield

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PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OIL-BEARING ROSES DEPENDING ON GENOTYPE AND SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS pag. 118-125

Svetlana MANHART, Vanya DELIBALTOVA, Iva PENEVA

Oil-producing rose cultivation in Bulgaria mainly includes the species Rosa damascena and Rosa alba, which are of important economic importance for the essential oil industry. The present study aimed to investigate the phenological development of both species depending on genotype and selected meteorological factors in the Rose Valley region (Kazanlak region) during the period 2023–2025. The experiment was set up using a block method with four replications and an experimental plot area of 25 m². The main phenological phases were monitored during the individual crop years: bud burst, leafing, budding, flowering, and second growth. The results showed that meteorological conditions, especially temperature fluctuations, had a significant impact on the onset and duration of the phenological phases. In 2025, the vegetation period began the earliest, but the subsequent low temperatures (down to −13°C) caused frost damage to the developed buds, leading to secondary bud burst and reduced flower yield. The duration of the phases varied between years, with shorter initial phases observed under higher temperatures. The leafing phase lasted between 25 and 29 days, while budding was delayed under cooler conditions. The flowering period ranged from 30 to 35 days and was strongly dependent on temperature and moisture conditions. The second growth phase extended until late autumn and was essential for the formation of generative organs for the following year. The obtained results emphasized the sensitivity of oil-bearing roses to climatic stress factors and the importance of meteorological conditions for their productivity.

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oil-bearing roses, phenology, growth stages, meteorological factors

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LIDAR-BASED TREE SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION IN FOREST ENVIRONMENTS pag. 126-135

Ion- Alexandru Meca, Razvan Gui-Bachner, Catalina Marinescu, Adina Horablaga, Cosmin- Alin Popescu

This study presents an advanced hybrid LiDAR-based framework for individual tree segmentation and classification in complex forest environments, addressing key challenges related to high-density point cloud processing and structural variability of vegetation. The proposed approach integrates multi-return LiDAR point cloud analysis with canopy height modeling (CHM), enabling accurate representation of vertical forest structure and improved discrimination between canopy layers. A multi-stage processing pipeline is implemented, including noise filtering, ground classification, and the derivation of digital terrain and surface models to support precise canopy height estimation. For tree delineation, a combination of clustering-based segmentation techniques and watershed algorithms is employed to identify individual tree crowns in both homogeneous and heterogeneous forest stands. The extracted tree-level features—such as height, crown width, point density, and intensity distribution—are further utilized within machine learning classification models, including ensemble methods and deep learning architectures, to enable species-level discrimination. Experimental results demonstrate high segmentation accuracy in dense forest conditions, where traditional field-based and image-based methods often fail due to occlusion and limited spatial resolution. The proposed framework significantly improves scalability and computational efficiency, making it suitable for large-area forest monitoring applications. Furthermore, the integration of LiDAR-derived structural metrics enhances the reliability of forest inventory processes and supports advanced applications in biomass estimation, ecosystem monitoring, and sustainable forest management.

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LIDAR,Tree segmentation, point cloud, clustering, machine learning

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SCALABLE LIDAR STORAGE AND PROCESSING USING SPATIAL DATABASES AND JUPYTER NOTEBOOKS pag. 136-146

Ion- Alexandru Meca, Razvan Gui-Bachner, Alia Wokan, Adina Horablaga, Cosmin- Alin Popescu

This paper proposes a scalable and efficient architecture for storing, managing, and processing high-density LiDAR point cloud data using spatial database systems integrated with Jupyter-based analytical workflows. LiDAR datasets are inherently large, complex, and multidimensional, often containing billions of points with associated attributes such as intensity, return number, and classification labels. These characteristics impose significant challenges in terms of data storage, indexing, and real-time querying. The proposed approach leverages the capabilities of PostgreSQL / PostGIS as a core relational spatial database environment to enable structured storage and advanced spatial querying of LiDAR point clouds. A data model based on tiled storage and spatial indexing (e.g., GiST and BRIN indexes) is implemented to optimize query performance and support efficient data retrieval at multiple spatial resolutions. In parallel, the architecture supports integration with NoSQL paradigms for distributed storage scenarios, addressing scalability requirements for very large datasets. Processing workflows are executed within interactive environments such as Jupyter Notebook, using Python-based libraries for point cloud manipulation, filtering, and feature extraction. This combination allows seamless interaction between database-level operations (e.g., spatial filtering, aggregation) and in-memory analytical processing, significantly reducing data transfer overhead and improving computational efficiency. The proposed architecture demonstrates that coupling spatial database processing with reproducible notebook-based analytics provides a robust framework for large-scale LiDAR data management, enabling efficient querying, scalable processing, and integration with advanced geospatial and machine learning workflows.

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Lidar, NoSQL, Spatial databases, spatial processing, PostGIS

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INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE ON CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN VARIOUS AGROECOSYSTEMS pag. 147-155

Rodica MELNIC1, (ORCID: 0009-0009-2469-5090)

The soil also represents a habitat for various organisms, which have a determining role in its functioning and evolution, in this way the soil is defined as an active biological system, with multiple functions, being indispensable for maintaining life and ecological balance. Due to its heterogeneous structure and the variability of physicochemical conditions, the soil shelters complex communities characterized by significant taxonomic and functional diversity. Soil microorganisms are an essential component of pedological and geoecological systems, playing a fundamental role in maintaining fertility, ecosystem functionality and environmental stability. They include bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae and protozoa, which actively participate in biochemical processes in the soil. The density, diversity, and composition of soil microbiota depend on a set of factors: depth (determining oxygen penetration); soil structure; mineral composition; amount of organic matter (available food), temperature, moisture, and vegetation (involved in complex interactions with local microbiota). The lucerne variant indicates high cellulolytic activity, where litter decomposition, expressed as % of initial mass, amounted to 82.4% for the May–June period. Cellulolytic activity shows lower values for the June–July period compared to May–June, the reason being higher temperatures of 25–30 ºC and lower precipitation compared to May–June. They ensure nutrient recycling, maintain fertility and contribute to environmental stability. In the context of sustainable agriculture and environmental protection, the conservation of microbial biodiversity is a strategic priority.

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soil; microorganisms; cellulolytic activity

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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLATYCLADUS ORIENTALIS LEAVES pag. 156-165

Doris FLOARES (OARGA)1, Diana OBISTIOIU1, Anca HULEA1, Iuliana POPESCU1, Ersilia ALEXA2, Isidora RADULOV1

Medicinal plants have long been recognised as valuable sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, particularly due to their antioxidant properties and their role in mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases. Among these, Platycladus orientalis, a species in the Cupressaceae family, has attracted growing scientific interest for its diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although previous studies have reported the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in this species, detailed quantitative data on individual polyphenol profiles remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Platycladus orientalis. Total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while total flavonoid content was assessed using the AlCl₃ colourimetric method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify and quantify individual polyphenolic compounds. The results revealed a significant presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, with rutin identified as the most abundant compound, followed by ferulic acid, epicatechin, resveratrol, and caffeic acid. Our findings revealed that the total phenolic content was 4919.42 mg GAE/Kg, the total flavonoid content was 3656.66 mg QE/Kg, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 9.09 µM TE/g, indicating a notable antioxidant potential of the extract. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between individual polyphenols, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity, highlighting the contribution of specific compounds to the overall bioactivity. The findings have important implications for the potential application of this plant in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. Overall, this research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on Platycladus orientalis by offering a comprehensive evaluation of its antioxidant capacity and phytochemical composition, highlighting its potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds.

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: Platycladus orientalis, total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH scavenging activity, individual polyphenolic content

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CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL, QUALITY, AND PRODUCTION TRAITS IN WHEAT pag. 166-172

Emilian ONIȘAN (ORCID: 0009-0003-6288-8738) ¹, Nicolae Marinel HORBALAGA¹, Ionel SAMFIRA (ORCID: 0000-0002-0926-6564) ¹ , Cristian MATE3 ,Gabriela GORINOIU¹*

Climate change and the increasing demand for wheat are major factors that could influence the breeding program to accelerate the process of introducing new varieties to the market. However, the long time required for the development of new wheat varieties blocks the cycle of introducing new genotypes adapted to new climatic conditions. In this study, we evaluated 10 commercial wheat varieties in two seasons, 2025 and 2026, at the Institute for Agricultural Research and Development (SCDA) Lovrin. We evaluated several morphological, quality and yield traits in wheat to find a correlation model in the selection of new wheat. According to our results, plant height (p < 0.05), protein content (p < 0.001) and starch content (p < 0.01) recorded a significant involvement of the genotype factor. On the other hand, the genotype factor did not influence grain yield (p > 0.05), spike length (p > 0.05), hectoliter weight (p > 0.05) or thousand-grain weight (p > 0.05). Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between protein content and starch content (r = -0.96), a negative correlation between protein content and hectoliter weight (r = -0.72) and a positive correlation between hectoliter weight and starch content (r = 0.68). The results provide a perspective for further studies, with more genotypes involved and more locations, to reveal a more pronounced pattern of correlation, which may be beneficial for breeding programs in selection processes.

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wheat breeding; traits correlation analysis; principal component analysis (PCA)

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EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS ADAPTED TO CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN ROMANIA pag. 173-181

Emilian ONIȘAN¹ (ORCID: 0009-0003-6288-8738), Nicolae Marinel HORBALAGA¹*, Ionel SAMFIRA¹ (ORCID: 0000-0002-0926-6564), Cristian MATE3 ,Irina PETRESCU3 (ORCID: 0009-0008-9815-5815)

Sunflower cultivation became more difficult as climate change influenced temperature and precipitation distribution all over the world. Romania is one of the most important countries in Europe for the cultivation of this crop. Therefore, it became one of the most important centers for testing sunflower hybrids. In this study, we evaluated 12 newly developed sunflower hybrids along with 3 commercial hybrids as references to identify material adapted to current Romanian growing conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin during two consecutive growing seasons (2024–2025). During the study we analyzed yield, flowering time, physiological maturity, seed oil content, oleic acid content, linoleic acid content, and plant height. Correlation analysis demonstrates strong positive associations between yield and oil content (r = 0.75). Additionally, oil yield and maturity exhibit a positive correlation (r = 0.69). According to the results, cluster analysis had identified Hib13, Hib14, Hib15, Hib11, and Hib10 as superior high-oleic hybrids with favorable adaptation and performance under Romanian conditions. Other research reports confirm these findings. However, further multi-environment testing is required to confirm the stability and adaptability in Romania of the selected hybrids, as the environment was determining factor of traits evaluated (p < 0.05).

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sunflower breeding; yield; oil content; correlation analysis; hybrid adaptation

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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MAIZE HYBRID PERFORMANCE UNDER SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION IN DROUGHT-PRONE CONDITIONS OF SOUTHEASTERN ROMANIA pag. 182-194

Liliana PANAITECU1,2, Traian Ciprian STROE1,2 (ORCID: 0009-0004-5869-0355), George TUȘA1, Nicoleta LOLOȚ1, Elena VÂRLAN1, Gabriela IANCULESCU1

This study assessed the agronomic performance of seven maize hybrids cultivated under conventional tillage and supplementary irrigation (1,600 m³ ha⁻¹) in Cogealac, Constanța County, during the 2024–2025 growing season. Although irrigation partially compensated for water deficit, the season was marked by reduced rainfall and thermal stress, influencing vegetative growth and reproductive development. Plant density remained stable at harvest (mean 5.87 plants m⁻²), indicating good establishment under delayed sowing conditions. Thousand kernel weight showed limited variability (mean 300.1 g; CV = 2.72%), demonstrating relative stability of grain filling under irrigated conditions. Grain yield averaged 6,106 kg ha⁻¹, with a 19.5% difference between the highest- and lowest-performing hybrids. P88812, P9415, and Maxxatac II consistently exhibited superior biomass accumulation and grain conversion efficiency, exceeding the overall mean yield by 5–11%. The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and adaptability of seven maize hybrids cultivated under the pedoclimatic conditions of Southeastern Romania and to identify the most suitable genetic material for maintaining stable productivity under climatic constraints. The experimental year was characterized by a pronounced precipitation deficit and episodes of high temperatures during flowering and grain filling, conditions that represented important limiting factors for maize development. Despite the application of supplementary irrigation, hybrid-specific responses were evident, highlighting significant differences in physiological adaptation and yield stability. The results confirm that irrigation alone cannot fully eliminate the negative effects of drought and heat stress. Hybrid genetic background, biomass production capacity, and assimilate partitioning efficiency remain decisive factors for achieving high and stable yields. These findings contribute to the identification of maize hybrids suitable for sustainable production systems and climate-resilient agricultural strategies in drought-prone areas of Southeastern Romania.

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maize hybrids; irrigation efficiency; drought stress; grain yield; hybrid adaptability

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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL METHODS IN FIELD CROPS (REVIEW) pag. 195-204

Sabina PINTILIA 1,2,(ORCID: 0009-0000-9962-8321), Elena PETCU2, Cătălin LAZĂR2, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6987-5807) Marius BORDEI2, (ORCID: 0009-0008-2174-7863)

Climate change, manifested through increased frequency and intensity of drought as well as rising temperature regimes, significantly influences weed dynamics in field crops in southern Romania. In this context, the effectiveness of conventional weed control methods, predominantly based on herbicides, is limited both by the emergence of resistance to active substances and by European restrictions on the use of plant protection products. This paper analyzes and systematizes the main biotechnological methods of weed control, with emphasis on cover crops, allelopathy, the use of biological agents, genetic improvement for enhancing crop competitiveness, and the application of bioinputs (beneficial microorganisms). The methodology consists of a critical review of recent scientific literature, correlated with the pedoclimatic characteristics of southern Romania. The results highlight that biotechnological methods contribute to reducing weed pressure through complex ecological mechanisms, such as resource competition, chemical inhibition, and optimization of rhizosphere interactions. At the same time, their effectiveness is strongly dependent on climatic conditions, particularly water availability and soil temperature. It is concluded that the implementation of integrated weed management, based on the combination of biotechnological strategies and their adaptation to local conditions, represents an essential direction for developing sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural systems. However, practical implementation remains constrained by economic and knowledge barriers.

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biological control, weeds, climate change, cover crops

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AGREEMENT ON REDUCING CHEMICAL HERBICIDE USE IN AGRICULTURE BETWEEN NARDI AND AGROLYNX ZRT pag. 205-211

Marius BORDEI1,2, (ORCID: 0009-0008-2174-7863) Sabina PINTILIA1,2, (ORCID: 0009-0000-9962-832) Gabriel ANTON1, (ORCID: 0000-0003-3016-7998) Emil GEORGESCU1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5849-8241) Catalin LAZAR1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6987-5807) Elena PARTAL1

This article is part of an ongoing collaborative project between the National Agricultural Research and Development Institute (NARDI) and AgroLynx Zrt witch is centered on the need to reduce the use of chemical herbicides in agriculture while maintaining high crop yields. It adopts a case study approach to explore alternative solutions aimed at reducing or eliminating synthetic herbicide use. Agroecological weed management practices will be compared with conventional chemical herbicide applications under field conditions. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of agroecological weed management (AWM) practices and a natural herbicide based on pelargonic acid on crop performance and weed infestation. The study focuses on two cropping systems, with one crop per year: sunflower (2024–2025) and wheat (2025–2026), under organic farming conditions in Fundulea, Romania. In addition to field experimentation, the research includes soil microbiome analysis based on samples collected from four experimental plots. Environmental parameters will also be monitored through the installation of specific sensors to record meteorological data, soil temperature, soil moisture, and water pH. The project aims to provide integrated insights into sustainable weed management strategies by combining agronomic performance data with soil biological and environmental indicators, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

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agroecological weed management, chemical herbicides, field conditions, pelargonic acid, crop performance, organic farming

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PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL: FORMS, DYNAMICS, AND THE EFFECTS OF POULTRY MANURE AS ORGANIC FERTILIZATION pag. 212-220

Georgiana PLOPEANU1,0000-0002-2767-5011, Nicoleta VRÎNCEANU1,0000-0001-9631-962X, Mariana ROZSNYAI1, : 0000-0003-4800-904X, Vera CARABULEA1,0009-0005-2564-2397, Bogdan OPREA1,0009-0001-3415-2737, Mihaela COSTEA1,0009-0004-0956-4977, Vasilica ȘTEFAN2

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient that plays a central role in plant metabolism, particularly in energy transfer, nucleic acid synthesis, membrane formation, and overall crop development. Although many soils contain substantial total phosphorus reserves, only a very small proportion is directly available to plants because most soil phosphorus occurs in poorly soluble inorganic compounds or in organic forms requiring biological mineralization. This paper presents a literature-based synthesis of the main forms of phosphorus in soil, the factors controlling its mobility and availability, and the effects of organic fertilization on phosphorus dynamics, with particular emphasis on poultry manure. The reviewed literature indicates that soil phosphorus behavior is governed by parent material, pH, mineralogical composition, soil texture, organic matter content, microbial activity, and long-term fertilization history. Organic amendments such as farmyard manure, compost, sewage sludge, and crop residues may increase phosphorus availability by contributing both organic and inorganic P, stimulating phosphatase activity, modifying sorption processes, enhancing microbial turnover, and improving soil aggregation. However, repeated or excessive organic fertilization may also result in phosphorus accumulation and elevated environmental risk through runoff, erosion, or leaching, particularly in coarse-textured soils or under phosphorus-surplus management. Poultry manure is of particular agronomic interest because of its relatively high phosphorus content and the presence of soluble and moderately labile P forms, which can enhance plant uptake but also increase the potential for off-site phosphorus transfer. Overall, sustainable phosphorus management requires the integration of agronomic and environmental considerations and a more comprehensive understanding of both organic and inorganic soil phosphorus pools.

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phosphorous in soil, poultry manure, organic fertilization

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BIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE LOCAL BULGARIAN VARIETY PAMID IN THE CONDITIONS OF A CHANGING CLIMATE pag. 221-227

Anelia Popova, Veselin Ivanov

The aim of the research work is to analyze the biological manifestations of the local Bulgarian variety Pamid grown in the South central region. The experiment was conducted during the period 2022-2024. The duration of the main phenological phases in days during the vegetation of the vines was monitored (bud burst-first leaf, first leaf-flowering, flowering-pea size, pea size-veraison, veraison-technological ripeness, bud burst-technological ripeness). Emphasis is also placed on agrobiological indicators, in order to determine the reproductive variety potential, giving an overall assessment of its economic efficiency. High values of developed buds (84.63%) and a relatively high percentage of fruiting shoots (73.86%) were established, which contributes to the formation of a sustainable yield. The coefficient of actual fertility varies depending on climatic conditions, remaining within the limits for the variety (1.28) and reflecting the influence of the environment on the fruiting processes. The obtained average yield per vine (3.35 kg) and per hectare (10486.95 kg) shows relative stability even in the presence of climatic changes. Variety Pamid exhibits good adaptability to variations in temperature regime and water deficit. The study contributes to a better understanding of the response of local grape varieties to environmental changes and their role in the future development of the viticulture and wine sector. The obtained results confirm the importance of the variety Pamid as an adaptive local genotype with potential for sustainable viticulture, provided that appropriate agrotechnical practices are applied.

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bud burst, climatic conditions, coefficient of actual fertility, fruiting shoots, variety Pamid, yield

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE COURSE OF BASIC PHENOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TABLE GRAPE VARIETIES pag. 228-233

Anelia Popova, Veselin Ivanov

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is among the most valuable and widespread crops in world agriculture, distinguished by its rich varietal diversity and wide economic significance. Within this diversity, table varieties occupy a special place as a crop intended for direct consumption, distinguished by an attractive appearance, balanced taste and high nutritional value. The phenological development of table grapevine varieties is an important indicator of their adaptability to agroclimatic conditions and effective production management in modern viticulture. The present study aims to assess the influence of climatic factors on the course of phenological phases in the local varieties "Super ran Bolgar", "Brestovitsa" and the introduced variety "Italia", grown in the Thracian Lowland region, by applying the unified BBCH scale. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons (2023-2024). The main phenological stages were monitored: bud burst (BBCH 0:05 - 0:08), leaf development (BBCH 1:11), flowering (BBCH 6:60, 6:61, 6:65 and 6:69), fruit development (BBCH 7:75), fruit ripening (BBCH 8:81 - 8:85) and reaching technological ripeness (BBCH 8:89). The analysis was based on agrometeorological indicators - air temperature and precipitation. The results show that the temperature regime has a significant impact on the speed of transition between the individual BBCH phases, with a tendency to delay with increasing temperature. The variety "Super ran Bolgar" reaches the phases from 8:81 to 8:89 earlier, being characterized by the shortest vegetation period. "Italia" exhibits a longer phenological cycle and higher heat requirements, while "Brestovica" is characterized by intermediate indicators and good adaptability to varying climatic conditions. The obtained results emphasize the importance of the BBCH scale as a reliable tool for standardized assessment of phenological development and provide a scientific basis for optimizing agrotechnical practices and varietal selection in conditions of climate change.

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air temperature; BBCH scale; climate change; table grape varieties; phenological stages; precipitation

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LOCAL ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON TOTAL STATION MEASUREMENTS IN FOREST ENVIRONMENTS pag. 234-244

Bogdan POPOVICI, Mihai Valentin HERBEI, Mihai AVĂDANEI, Florin SALA, Olivier BOURIAUD

This study analyzed the influence of environmental conditions on the accuracy of total station measurements in forest environments, with a focus on the effects of local atmospheric refraction and observation conditions under dense canopy. Data was collected during two measurement campaigns (16/06/2023 and 20/06/2023), using the same instrumental setup and measurement geometry from a GNSS-determined station point. The results were validated indirectly through independent total station measurements from a separate GNSS-determined station located outside the forest perimeter, thereby ensuring stable reference conditions and eliminating GNSS signal degradation under the canopy. The analyzed point, physically established in the field, was identified as point 3000 and point 2000 in the two campaigns, representing the same physical location. The comparative analysis revealed significant planimetric deviations of 0.244 m and 0.670 m, corresponding to exceedances of 61–168 times the nominal instrument accuracy. The directional distribution of errors and their variability between campaigns indicated a systematic environmental influence, associated with local thermal gradients under the forest canopy. Through the systematic exclusion of instrumental, station, orientation and transformation errors, the results suggested that the primary source of deviations was local atmospheric refraction, amplified by the interaction of the EDM signal with the forest environment. This study highlights the limitations of standard atmospheric models used in total stations and emphasizes the need to adapt measurement strategies according to environmental conditions.

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atmospheric refraction, total station, beech forest, 360° prism, Trimble S5, forest surveying, Stereo70, GNSS verification

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ASSESSMENT OF VERTICAL SYSTEMATIC ERROR IN UAV-PPK PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH AND WITHOUT GROUND CONTROL POINTS IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN pag. 245-254

Bogdan POPOVICI, Mihai Valentin HERBEI, Mihai AVĂDANEI, Florin SALA, Olivier BOURIAUD

UAV photogrammetry combined with post-processed kinematic positioning (PPK) is a widely used solution for obtaining high-resolution topographic models. However, the absolute vertical accuracy of photogrammetric models based solely on PPK, in the absence of ground control points (GCPs), remains poorly understood, particularly in complex mountainous terrain. This study investigates the magnitude and consistency of the systematic vertical bias in UAV-PPK photogrammetry by comparing two processing scenarios applied to the same dataset: (i) with GCPs and (ii) without GCPs. The analysis was conducted on three representative surface types — paved road, grassland and forest — using independent GNSS ground control points. The results show that the GCP-based solution achieves high vertical accuracy, with RMSE values ranging from 0.022 m to 0.069 m. In contrast, processing without GCPs reveals a negative systematic vertical bias of approximately −2.0 m, which is consistent across all surface types, with low internal dispersion (±0.02–0.03 m). This behavior indicates that the error is predominantly systematic and manifests as a uniform vertical shift affecting the entire model. The observed bias exhibits similar values regardless of surface type and elevation variation, suggesting that the error is not driven by local terrain characteristics but is related to the absolute positioning of the photogrammetric model. The results highlight the crucial role of external constraints in the bundle adjustment process (the process of adjusting the photogrammetric image block) and underscore the importance of vertical reference consistency in PPK-based georeferencing. From an application perspective, the study shows that the exclusive use of PPK georeferencing, in the absence of GCPs or vertical reference verification, can lead to significant errors in absolute altitudes. The introduction of even a minimal number of GCPs enables the effective elimination of this systematic offset and ensures reliable vertical accuracy.

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UAV photogrammetry, PPK, ground control points, systematic vertical bias, altimetric accuracy, georeferencing, bundle adjustment, vertical reference.

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ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MELISSA OFFICINALIS ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL STRAINS pag. 255-262

Rain Petru, Horablaga Nicolae Marinel, Bostan Cristian, Buzna Ciprian, Panda Anca, Tabara Mihai, Cristea Cristian

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Melissa officinalis essential oil (MOEO) were investigated in order to evaluate its potential as a natural bioactive compound with practical applications. The antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, a widely used method for determining free radical neutralization ability. The results revealed a clear concentration -dependent effect, with higher concentrations of MOEO leading to a greater percentage of radical inhibition, indicating strong antioxidant potential. The antimicrobial activity of MOEO was evaluated using the broth microdilution method against several Gram-negative bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Haemophilus influenzae. The findings demonstrated of MOEO increased, a progressive reduction in microbial proliferation was observed. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values were determined for each train, highlighting a relatively high sensitivity of the tested bacteria to the essential oil. The biological effects observed in this study are primarily attributed to the presence of bioactive constituents such as citral, citronelall, and other phenolic compounds. These molecules are known to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, interfere with cellular metabolism, and neutralize free radicals. Overall, the results support the potential use of Melissa officinalis essential oil as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, with promising applications in agriculture, food preservation, and alternative therapeutic strategies.

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Melissa officinalis, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations

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THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ROMANIA’S AGRICULTURE AND THE ADAPTATION OF FORAGE SPECIES pag. 263-274

Rain Petru, Horablaga Nicolae Marinel, Bostan Cristian, Cristea Cristian, Șandor Cristian Iosif, Prunar Florin, Samfira Ionel

Climate change represent one of the most major pressing challenges facing the modern society, with profound implications for agriculture worldwide. In Romania, the agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable due to its strong dependence on climatic conditions. Over recent decades, the steady increase in global temperatures, coupled with significant alternations, has disrupted traditional farming systems. Periods of prolonged drought, irregular rainfall distribution, and extreme weather events such as heatwaves and storms have become more frequent, directly impacting crop productivity and stability. Fodder species, which play a crucial role in sustaining livestock production, are specially affected by these changes. They often experience shortened vegetation periods, which limit their growth and development. Additionally, yield are reduced, and the nutritional quality of the biomass declines, affecting animal health and productivity. Another major concern is the increased interannual variability, making agricultural output less predictable from one year to another. Furthermore, changing climatic conditions create a favorable environment for the spread of pests and diseases, further threatening crop resilience. To mitigate these effects, both cereals, technical and fodder crops are undergoing are undergoing processes of biological adaptation. Moreover, effective adaptation requires the implementation of sustainable agriculture practices, the introduction of climate- resistant species, and improved water resources management. Collectively, these strategies contribute to reducing thermal stress and enhancing crop performance under changing climate conditions.

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climate change, forage species, production, biological adaptation

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NITROGEN FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING EFFICIENCY AND YIELD IN MAIZE pag. 275-284

Lucian RĂUS1, (ORCID: 0000-0003-1166-1392), Diana Elena BOLOHAN, (ORCID: 0009-0004-7260-4572), Cosmin MOLOCEA1

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization is a key factor for achieving high productivity and improving nutrient use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). This study investigated the impact of different nitrogen management strategies on grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and selected quality parameters under field conditions. Conventional fertilization based on urea and ammonium nitrate was compared with alternative approaches involving a controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and a liquid nitrogen fertilizer. The analysis included grain yield, partial nitrogen productivity (PUN), nitrogen concentration in grain and stover, and selected grain quality traits such as thousand kernel weight and protein content. The results showed that controlled-release nitrogen applied during early crop development ensured grain yields comparable to conventional fertilization, while improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing residual nitrogen in vegetative biomass. Furthermore, this fertilization strategy enhanced nitrogen allocation towards grain formation. In contrast, liquid nitrogen fertilization provided moderate nitrogen efficiency but was associated with lower yields when applied without complementary nitrate-based sources. The obtained results showed that maize response to nitrogen fertilization depended largely on the fertilization strategy and fertilizer type, not only on the total nitrogen rate applied. These findings highlight the importance of fertilizer type and nitrogen management strategy in improving nitrogen use efficiency and sustaining maize productivity under field conditions.

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nitrogen use efficiency; liquid nitrogen fertilizer; controlled-release fertilizer; reduced nitrogen input; sustainable agriculture

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RESPONSE OF AGROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MALTING BARLEY TO NITROGEN RATES pag. 285-292

Veselin SEVOV

The effect of the application of solid granular fertilizer - Ammonium nitrate on the productivity and brewing qualities of two-row barley variety Emon was studied. The experiment was carried out at the experimental fields at the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria during the period 2023-2025. The nitrogen fertilization rates were 0, 40, 80, 120 kg/ha active substance nitrogen. The experiment was carried out using the block method with mixed variants of four replications. The single experimental plot was 18 sq.m. Ammonium nitrate was used in early spring as a top dressing in the tillering phase, against the background of a pre-sowing application of 50 kg/ha of active substance phosphorus (as triple superphosphate). The predecessor of the crop was sunflower. It is clearly noticeable that in the experimental year 2024. the highest extraction of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium was observed in the fertilizer variant with 80kg/ha Nitrogen, in 2025. these indicators were highest in the fertilizer variant with 120kg/ha Nitrogen. In terms of the consumption of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in both experimental years, the highest costs were found in the fertilizer variant with 120 kg/ha of Nitrogen. The total import and export of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in 2024 is highest for import at 80kg/ha Nitrogen – 306.5kg/ha, export at 120kg/ha Nitrogen – 74.6 per 1 ton of grain. In 2025. the highest for import and export is the variant with 120kg/ha – 387.8 kg/ha for import and 73.3 kg per ton of grain export, respectively.

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Nutrients uptake and expense, barley

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EFFECT OF FOLIAR NITROGEN ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF BARLEY pag. 293-299

Veselin SEVOV

The influence of foliar fertilizer NitroTOP NG on productivity and grain quality of winter barley variety Emon was studied. A field trial was conducted at the experimental field of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria during the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 growing season. The experimental design consisted of a randomized, complete block design and it included four variants of foliar fertilization (0, 10, 20 and 30 L.ha-1) in four replication. The size of individual trial plots was 18 m2. The fertilizer was applied in the barley tillering phase in early spring, and before the sowing in autumn, soil fertilization was carried out with 50 kg P2O5.ha-1 as a triple superphosphate. Barley was grown under non-irrigated conditions and its predecessor was sunflower. It was established that application of 10, 20 and 30 L.ha-1 of NitroTOP NG foliar fertilizer proven increased the grain and grain+straw yields of malting barley, compared to the unfertilized control. A rate of 30 L.ha-1 was highly effective under drought conditions in 2024 and the obtained grain and grain+straw yields exceeded the control by 26.8% and 16.0%, respectively. In 2025, the highest productivity (5378 kg grain and 12140 kg grain+straw.ha-1) was established in treatment of 20 L.ha-1. Foliar nitrogen application slightly affected the test weight of barley grain. Fertilizer rates of 20 and 30 L.ha-1 had a positive effect on the mass of 1000 grains in 2025. The concentration of grain protein in both experimental years met the conditions for brewing qualities, with its content averaging 9.9% in 2024 and 11.1% in 2025. Only the rate of 30 L.ha-1 of foliar fertilizer NitroTOP NG proven increased a grain protein concentration compared to the N0 variant during the study period.

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foliar nitrogen, barley productivity and quality

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SOIL MICROBIAL SERVICES: BACTERIA-FUNGI SYNERGY AS A DRIVER OF CROP RESILIENCE pag. 300-307

Vlad, STOIAN, Roxana VIDICAN, Bianca, POP, Alexandra GEHORGHIȚĂ

In the context of agroecological sustainability, this paper analyses the role of soil microorganisms as critical providers of ecosystem services in the absence of conventional chemical inputs. Bacteria and fungi govern the productivity of agricultural systems through fundamental biogeochemical processes, such as biological nitrogen fixation, solubilization of phosphorus and sequestration of atmospheric carbon in stable humus fractions. The resilience of the agroecosystems is supported by high-precision microbial mechanisms: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi structure the edaphic matrix through the production of glomalin, a hydrophobic glycoprotein essential for aggregate stability and soil structural stability, while bacteria from the plant growth promotion group regulate plant physiological homeostasis through complex hormonal modulation. A central role in mitigating abiotic stress is played by the activity of the enzyme ACC-deaminase, which functions as a metabolic drain for the ethylene precursor, preventing the inhibition of root growth under drought or salinity stress. The novelty of the current research lies in the conceptual transition from inoculation with isolated strains to the assembly of complex microbial consortia. This microbial approach uses principles of functional complementarity and metabolic cross-feeding phenomena to ensure efficient rhizosphere flows and increased biofilm stability under natural field conditions. The integration of microbial complex consortia transforms soil management from an interventionist practice into a predictive and self-sustaining system, capable of optimizing ecosystem health and ensuring global food security.

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Ecosystem Services, Stress Resilience, Synergy, Plant growth promotion

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RESPONSE OF WHITE MUSTARD (SINAPIS ALBA L.) TO SOWING DATE AND CROP MANAGEMENT UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITIONS pag. 308-319

Stroe, Traian Ciprian; Miron, Liliana; Ianculescu, Gabriela; Panaitescu, Liliana

White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is considered a suitable alternative crop for agricultural systems increasingly affected by climatic variability, due to its short growing season and efficient use of soil resources. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of sowing date, crop density and fertilization level on crop establishment, vegetative growth and seed yield of white mustard under the pedoclimatic conditions of the Dobrogea region, in the Mereni area, Constanța County, during the 2024–2025 agricultural year, characterized by severe water deficit. The experiment was conducted under a minimum tillage system on a typical vermic chernozem soil, with winter vetch as the preceding crop. A total of 24 experimental variants were tested, resulting from the combination of four sowing dates (24 February, 1 March, 6 March and 11 March 2025), two row spacings (12.5 and 25 cm) and three mineral fertilization levels (N40P40, N60P60 and N80P80). The evaluated parameters included plant density at emergence, plant height, average number of siliques per plant, average seed weight per plant and seed yield. The results revealed clear differences among sowing dates, mainly driven by soil water availability during early growth stages. The third sowing date (6 March 2025) provided the most favorable conditions for crop establishment and yield formation. Despite a high number of siliques per plant, the severe precipitation deficit during March–April and the lack of rainfall in June negatively affected seed filling. The highest performance was obtained for the variant sown on 6 March 2025, at 25 cm row spacing and with the N80P80 fertilization level, which recorded an average seed weight of 6.8 g plant⁻¹ and a maximum seed yield of 2134 kg ha⁻¹. The study provides updated experimental data supporting the optimization of white mustard cultivation technology under limiting climatic conditions specific to south-eastern Romania.

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Sinapis alba L., sowing date, crop density, mineral fertilization, seed yield, climatic conditions.

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THE IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL INPUTS EXEMPTED FROM VAT IN ALBANIA pag. 320-325

PhD (C.) Mariglen URUÇI 1, Prof. Ass. Arben KAMBO 2*

Agriculture is one of the main sectors and the most important contributors to the Albanian economy, accounting for about 20% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (AIDA, 2021). Also, in the labor market it accounts for about 31% of the total employed (ILOSTAT, 2026), which compared to the countries in the region has the highest level of employment. In addition to this, agriculture, being a strategic sector of the government, also contributes to economic growth and the improvement of the welfare of the population living in rural areas. Even though it is a sector with a high rate of informality, in recent years the Albanian government has intervened several times in support of agriculture through fiscal policies such as changing the compensation rate for farmers, agricultural subsidies, or the exemption of agricultural inputs from VAT. We will refere the VAT exemption of agricultural inputs, where in Albania the trading of these inputs according to some legal changes is considered a supply exempt from VAT since 2019. The purpose of the exemptions is directly related to increasing investment in agriculture, increasing farmers' incomes, reducing production costs for agricultural products, and being competitive in the market. In this study we will analyze how the exclusion of agricultural inputs from VAT has affected, whether it has been effective for farmers, how it has influenced the price, production cost, and productivity of agricultural products in recent years.

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agriculture, agricultural producer, exempt rate

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THE IMPACT OF CONTOUR PRUNING ON WALNUT TREES, FRANQUETTE VARIETY pag. 326-330

Sergiu, VĂMĂȘESCU1, (ORCID:0000-0001-5537-0306)

The problem of finalizing the optimal productive parameters of the architecture of the fruit plantation in various cultivation conditions is considered one of the most priority in all countries with advanced nut cultivation. Research in the field has shown that climate change affects the physiology, phenology of species, the composition and dynamics of communities in biocenoses, productivity, fruit quality, etc. As trees age and fruiting intensifies, the intensity of vegetative growth, including that of extending the framework, decreases. At the same time, the possibility of replacing exhausted semi-skeletal branches with new ones is reduced. Measurements of annual branches were made at the end of the growing season according to the experiment scheme. The research was conducted in a 16-year-old walnut orchard of the Franquette variety in the center of the country. Contour cuts were performed in the spring until the start of vegetation, from 2.5 to 3.5 meters from the center of the crown. Following contour cutting of walnut trees of the Franquette variety, the walnut harvest decreased from 15% in the control variant compared to the V2 variant to 29% in the V4 variant. The number of fruits in one kilogram decreased depending on the degree of contour cutting performed in each variant according to the experimental scheme.

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contour cut, walnut, variety

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RE-EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITY OF WINTER BARLEY CULTIVAR “NEDA” ACROSS DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS pag. 331-339

Silviya VASILEVA

The most effective way to ensurе high yields and high-quality produce under intensive farming conditions is the crop variety. The selection and proper utilization of suitable cultivars are major factors for achieving high and stable yields. It is well known that cultivar performance is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, and no single variety can perform optimally across all regions. For this reason, all developed cultivars are subjected to official multi-location testing before their release, to evaluate their biological and economic characteristics under different agroecological conditions. Long-term cultivation may lead to changes in varietal performance due to environmental pressure, seed quality deterioration, or interactions with biotic and abiotic stress factors. Therefore, the re-assessment of existing cultivars under present-day conditions is necessary to determine their current suitability for agricultural practice. The current study aims to re-evaluate the stability, productivity, and adaptive response of the Bulgarian winter barley cultivar “Neda” based on historical (2010, 2011) and recent (2024, 2025) multi-environment trials. The results of the analyses conducted over various environmental conditions reveal that Neda clearly stands out as having a higher yield compared to the standard varieties (“Obzor”, “Emon,” and “Kaskadior 3” within the system of Executive Agency of Variety Testing, Field Inspection and Seed Control) and exhibits a high degree of adaptability to the environment and resilience to climatic fluctuations. Neda is a two-row barley variety owned by Agrodimex Ltd., characterized by high lodging resistance and very good winter hardiness. Grain protein content is around 12%, and the 1000-grain weight: 50-53 g. Hectoliter weight: 66 kg; yield: 693-801 kg/dka.

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barley, Hordeum vulgare L., Neda, plant breeding, re-evaluation, yield stability

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YIELD STABILITY AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE TWO-ROW BARLEY VARIETY “GORAST” UNDER THE AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN BULGARIA pag. 340-348

Silviya VASILEVA

Due to the complexity, labor intensity, and long duration of the breeding process duration, combined with constantly changing environmental conditions, the stability of yields over a long period of time in a variable environment is of paramount importance. Yield is increasingly determined by stress tolerance rather than maximum genetic potential by stress tolerance rather than by maximum genetic potential under ideal growing conditions is a key paradigm in modern breeding, especially in the context of climate change currently. The present study evaluates the productivity and adaptability of the Bulgarian malting barley variety “Gorast”. The experiment is based on data from the trials within the Executive Agency of Variety Testing Field Inspection and Seed Control system during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons and the current agroecological conditions in Bulgaria in 2024 and 2025 vegetation years. Bulgaria has a long-standing tradition of conducting scientific and experimental research aimed at developing new cereal varieties, particularly barley. There is a rich collection of cultivars that form the country’s varietal structure, developed during various periods. Significant changes in environmental conditions on a global scale necessitate a reassessment of established varieties as a source of biodiversity, considering current growing conditions. The results of the current research confirm the relevance of the Gorast cultivar. Although it was recognized, zoned, and listed in Bulgaria’s variety register in 2012, trials conducted more than a decade later reveal that the studied cultivar retains its breeding significance and can be recommended for cultivation today in regions with variable agroecological conditions. The most recent experiments confirm that Gorast is characterized by a balanced combination of agronomic traits such as broader adaptation, delivering more stable yields (average 676 kg/dka) across a wider range of environmental conditions, less susceptible to lodging, consistent thousand-kernel weight (av. 50 g.), and favorable grain malting qualities (11% protein, 80% extract) compared to the standards.

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barley breeding, cultivar describtion, Hordeum vulgare L., re-evaluation, yield stability

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ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SALINIZATION ON SOIL HEALTH WITHIN ROMANIA’S MACROREGION 4 (SOUTH-WEST OLTENIA AND WEST REGIONS) pag. 349-354

Valentina, VOICU1, 2, 3, (ORCID: 0000-0001-7774-3054) Sorina, DUMITRU1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-9760-1886) Victoria, MOCANU1, (ORCID: 0000-0003-2568-910X) Eduard, SURUGIU1, (ORCID: 0009-0002-1637-2303) Ionuț Daniel, FUDULU1, (ORCID: 0009-0004-4124-4228)

Soil health constitutes the fundamental pillar of agro-ecosystem resilience and remains a critical prerequisite for global food security amid contemporary climate change. This study evaluates the impact of soil degradation through salinization within Romania’s Macroregion 4, encompassing the South-West Oltenia and West development regions. It is an area characterized by extensive agricultural land and complex pedological diversity. The research focuses on the mechanisms of secondary salinization, using data sets compiled under the ADER 20.1.1./2023 project. An integrated methodology, combining classical soil analysis with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, was employed to identify vulnerable areas, such as the Socodor Plain in Arad County and the alluvial plains of the Danube and Jiu rivers. The findings highlight a direct correlation between suboptimal irrigation infrastructure management and the acceleration of secondary salinization via capillary rise – a phenomenon further exacerbated by recurring drought conditions. It was noticed that the elevation of the mineralized groundwater table to critical depths (below 2 meters) facilitates salt deposition within the fertile horizon, subsequently reducing the yield of primary crops. This study proposes a calibration of critical thresholds for key chemical indicators, specifically electrical conductivity (ECe) and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), providing a harmonized monitoring framework aligned with the objectives of the EU Soil Strategy for 2030. The analysis underscores the urgent need for a transition toward conservation agriculture and ecological restoration through shelterbelts to mitigate aridization. Ultimately, the study’s conclusions provide decision-making support for prioritizing investments in drainage system rehabilitation and the implementation of no-till technologies, both essential for preserving national soil capital and adapting to increasing aridity in South-West and West Romania.

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soil health, soil salinization, secondary salinization, Macroregion 4

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