Rjas

Vol 46, No 1 (2014)

SOLUTE POLLUTANTS TRANSPORT MODELING IN LANDFILL VALEA MANASTIRII, GORJ COUNTY – ROMANIA pag. 3-9

Beilicci Robert, Beilicci Erika

The Paper present unconfined groundwater flow and solute transport modeling under landfill (case studies – landfill Valea Manastirii) using the PMWIN applications. Modeling purpose is to constitute extending pollution zone of aquifers in space and time generated of polluted infiltration in landfill Valea Manastirii, Gorj country. Knowledge of extending of pollution zone is necessary to settle technical measures to closing nonconformity landfill. The companion software Processing Modflow for Windows (PMWIN) offer a totally integratedsimulation system for modeling groundwater flow and transport processes with MODFLOW-88, MODFLOW-96, PMPATH, MT3D, MT3DMS, MOC3D, PEST and UCODE.

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groundwater, flow, solute transport, landfill, pollution

Presentation: oral

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SOIL EROSION PROCESSES EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT QUALITY IN UPPER BEGA RIVER HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN pag. 10-18

Erika Beilicci, Camelia Ștefănescu, Robert Beilicci

Linkages between soil erosion and environment quality are manifold. Soil erosion is a major cause of pollution of water, air and soil. Discrepancies between the water need, i.e. its quality, and existing resources have reached an alarming level in many parts of Europe, as a result of climate change and dangerous hydrological phenomena (floods, droughts, pollution). Agricultural development has led to increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides, and an irrational use of these substances degrade water quality in rivers , lakes and thus destroying aquatic organisms due to increased soil erosion by water. Through this phenomenon, chemicals in soil are washed down the surface runoff, and particles which form fertile soil horizons are entrainment by surface runoff and reach surface waters. The interdependence between water quality and sediment should be analyzed taking into account that the sediment is a physical entity and has influence on the physical-chemical / biological characteristics of water, respectively that sediment is a part of the water - sediment - dissolved chemical load. Also, wind erosion of the soil, a phenomenon that follows massive deforestation, contributes to increase the amount of dust in the atmosphere. Bega River Upper Basin includes several torentializate sub-basins that were highlighted erosion. Soil erosion changes in time the configuration of sub-basins and surface water quality by increasing the solid loads (particularly suspended load) and water charging with chemicals washed off the hillslopes. These phenomena results determine difficulties in the water treatment for public water supply, especially for Timisoara, Bega River being the most important source of water for the inhabitants of the municipality. This paper aims to analyze the effects of soil erosion on the environment quality in Upper Bega River hydrographic basin, particularly on water quality of the River Bega. Also, the paper proposed several measures to reduce soil erosion intensity in the area and for resulted solid loads management.

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soil erosion, environment quality, water quality, measures

Presentation: oral

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ADVANCE HYDRAULIC MODELING USING HEC-RAS, BARAOLT RIVER, ROMANIA pag. 19-25

Beilicci Robert, Beilicci Erika

To exemplify of flood risk map achievement with HEC-RAS hydroinformatic tools was considered a sector of Baraolt River, located in center Romania. Considered sector have a length of 4,9 km, representative 36 cross sections are considered in the right of localities Baraolt and in river Baraolt. Cross sections have been raised by the Romanian Water Basin Administration. The input data are: area plan with location of cross sections; cross sections topographical data and roughness of river bed; flood discharge hydrograph in section Baraolt. After simulation with HEC-RAS result the water level in each cross sections. Based on contour maps we can establish the flooded area, the flood risk map for the maximum discharge.

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management, flood, flood risk management plan, hydroinformatic tools.

Presentation: oral

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ASPECTS OF OPTIMIZATION OF SOIL EROSION CONTROL SYSTEMS pag. 26-34

Erika Beilicci, Robert Beilicci, Camelia Ștefănescu

In recent decades we are witnessing a rapidly expanding areas affected by soil erosion (both hydric and wind erosion) and the disastrous consequences of this natural phenomenon in all continents. The negative effects of this process are: reducing the production capacity of ecosystems, global climate change and the environment in general, deterioration of human food resources, undermining economic development. The consequences of erosion on national economies are multiple: direct (agricultural production losses, floods, silting etc.), and indirect: degradation of pastures, that pushing grazing in forests, so their degradation; chaotic modification of runoff drainage regime on slopes which removes required water from vegetation; appearance of rapid floods, producing significant damages; increased river discharges; floods; entrainment, destruction and transportation of particles that form fertile soil horizon. Soil erosion control system include all activities and works which providing the administration of public domain of land, with local / national interest, and their sustainable management. Soil erosion control arrangements, consisting in general from a set of hydrotechnical structures and non-structural measures, produce both a favorable and unfavorable influences on environment. Their different constructive and exploitation solutions exercise a significantly impact on the environment. Therefore the advantages and disadvantages of each solution must be weighed and determined to materialize one or other of them seriously argued. The optimization of soil erosion control systems is needed to meet current and future requirements in the field of rational land management in the context of integrated management. Optimization process of soil erosion control systems includes several components related to environmental protection, technical side and the economical side: optimization of choice of emplacement; quantitative and qualitative optimization; optimization from point to view of environmental protection; technical optimization and economical optimization. This paper summarizes the main aspects and possibilities of optimization of existing soil erosion control systems and those will be realized in areas with high risk of soil erosion due to human activities and climate change.

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soil erosion control, optimization, hydrotechnical structures, non-structural measures

Presentation: oral

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STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGROFIELD AND THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FROM TIMISOARA ON RAW COTTON PRODUCTION TO SOME COTTON GENOTYPES (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM SP.) pag. 35-40

Baba Liliana, Tabara Valeriu, Cretescu Iuliana

The aim of the present investigations was to determine the influence of agrofield on raw cotton production to three cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum sp.): Marismas and Coko genotypes from Greece and Canada genotype from the USA, in the year 2010 of investigation. Investigations made to Experimental and Didactical Station of Timisoara, the experimental field being placed on a cambic chernozem soil, in climatic conditions of Timisoara in the year 2010. The experimental factors established were: Factor A - agrofield and Factor B - genotype. Factor A with six graduation: a1 - N0P0K0, a2 - N30P30K30, a3 - N60P30K30, a4 - N90P60K60, a5 - N120P60K60, a6 - N30P30K30 and agro-field fertilization. Factor B with three graduation: b1 – Canada - the USA; b2- Marismas- Greece; b3- Coko- Greece. Production analysis of raw cotton obtained under agrofield influence emphasized differences among genotypes. In the climatic conditions of Timisoara in the year 2010, the average productions of raw cotton were: Grecian genotype Marismas – 1992 kg/ha, Grecian genotype Coko- 1833 kg/ha, and Canada genotype - 1857 kg/ha. The biggest production at Marismas genotype was obtained on agrofield a4- N90P60K60 (relative 2147 kg/ha cotton production) comparative with agrofield a1-N0P0K0. The biggest production for Canada genotype was obtained on the agrofield a4- N90P60K60 (2047 kg/ha cotton production). The biggest productions at Coko genotype was obtained on the agrofield a4- N90P60K60 (2033 kg/ha cotton production). The obtained results were statistically processed the analysis of variance and differences at p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The three cotton genotypes presented a good adaptability to weather conditions from Timisoara in the year 2010. The weather conditions of year 2010 determined low productions of raw cotton to all the cotton genotypes face to the ones of 2008, the entrance in vegetation of plants with a delay of approximate of 14 days, it was the dominant factor. Investigation brought a data base of valorous reference about cotton cropping in Western of Romania.

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raw cotton, production, climatic conditions, agrofield.

Presentation: oral

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RESEARCHES CONCERNING SEEDS PRODUCTION TO THREE COTTON GENOTYPES (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM SP.) UNDER AGROFIELD INFLUENCE IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FROM TIMISOARA pag. 41-46

Baba Liliana, Tabara Valeriu, Cretescu Iuliana

In this paper, the main objective was to determine the influence of agrofield and the climatic conditions from Timisoara on seed production to three cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum sp.): Marismas and Coko genotypes from Greece and Canada genotype from the USA, in the year 2010 of investigation. Bifactorial experience was placed in the field after subdivided parcels methods. The experimental factors established were: Factor A- agrofield (a1 - N0P0K0; a2 - N30P30K30; a3 - N60P30K30; a4 - N90P60K60; a5 - N120P60K60; a6 - N30P30K30 plus foliar fertilization); factor B- species (b1 - Marismas-Greece, b2 - Canada – the USA, b3 – Coko - Greece). An important role for quality and quantity production had the three fertilized macroelements: azoth, phosphorus and potassium. Analysis of vegetation conditions for the cotton was made during the period May - October; active vegetation period between 1st May and the first hoarfrost of autumn (the cotton needed 170-180 days from germinal seeds, to the first hoarfrost falling. The best average production of seeds obtained to Marismas genotype, several 1072 kg/ha, comparative with the others genotypes at which realized the following average production: genotype Canada- 1057 kg/ha and to Coko genotype - 1051 kg/ha. The biggest production of seeds for the three genotypes of cotton Marismas, Canada and Coko obtained on agrofield a4 - N90P60K60 (1128 kg/ha for Marismas genotype, 1130 kg/ha for Canada genotype and 1136 kg/ha for Coko genotype) comparative to control agrofield (a1 - N0P0K0). Fertilization dose until 90 kg/ha positively influenced the production of cotton seeds, the increases of production statistical being assured of significant and distinct significant on agrofields a4 - N90P60K60 and a5 - N120P60K60. The obtained results were statistically processed the analysis of variance and differences at p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The foliar fertilization determined distinct significant increases of production, also. The three genotypes of cotton presented a good adaptability to weather conditions of Timisoara, in the year 2010.

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seed cotton, production, climatic conditions, agrofield

Presentation: oral

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PRELIMINARY STUDY OF C. (MORPHOCARABUS) ZAWADZKII SERIATISSIMUS REITTER 1896 FROM NORTHERN ROMANIA pag. 47-59

J. BARLOY, F. PRUNAR, Frederique BARLOY-HUBLER, S. DREANO

The study carried on C. (Morphocarabus) zawadzkii Reitter 1896, taxon belonging to the controversial supraspecific level: subsp. of C. (Morphocarabus) scheidleri Panz.; subsp. of C. (Morphocarabus) zawadzkii Kr. In a forthcoming paper carrying on 8 species from Romania and 1 from France, the marker 28Sr ensures the next regrouping: I. the super-group rothi with hampei, rothi, comptus, alutensis, kollari where C. (Morphocarabus) kollari Palliardi should be attached at rothi and not at scheidleri; II. group seriatissimus-incomptus, not positioned in relation to zawadskii and scheidleri because of samples lack; III. monilis et excellens in separates groups. However the endophallus of seriatissimus has a close form to that of C. (Morphocarabus) zawadzkii dissimilis Csiki but different from that of C. (Morphocarabus) scheidleri Panz. to which, without doubt, seriatissimus is not attached. The geographical distribution in Romania (RO) and in Ukraine (UA) was clarified (bibliographic data of variable ancientness and recent collections). The known localities (especially RO) appearing on a map. The species occurs in the Maramureș Mountains (Romania, Ukraine), Podpula (UA), Țibleș Mountains (RO) and western foothills of Rodna Mountains (RO). It cohabits with C. (Morphocarabus) incompsus Kr. 1880 in the Chornogora Mountains (UA) and perhaps in the Tibleș Mountains (RO). An analysis concerns two populations groups: the north zone (Lunca la Tisa, Bocicoel, Repedea, Ruscova, Borșa) in the Maramures County and the east zone (Romuli, Telciu) at western edge of the Rodna Mountains in the Bistrița Nasaud County. The morphometric characteristics distinguish these two groups: the individuals of the East group have higher dimensions to those of the North group. The morphometric analysis was completed with the molecular biology analysis. The molecular markers COI I, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16 S rRNA clearly distinguish the northern and eastern groups with a modest variability (differences 6 base pairs for the COI I, 5 base pairs for cytochrome b), either respectively an interpopulation variability of 1.15 and 0 75%; compatible values with the literature data. The 12 S marker does not provide any distinction. In the analysis of COI I some origins of C. (Morphocarabus) incompsus Kr. (species belonging to the same group as C. (Morphocarabus) zawadzkii seriatissimus Reitter) ranks near the eastern group. The nuclear markers Wg and Pepck show the sequence positions with individuals supernumerary holding bases whose origin is discussed (insufficient samples, introgression). A possible introgression requires the study of more individuals and to identify a possible donor.

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Carabus (Morphocarabus) zawadzkii seriatissimus; taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular biologyimus; taxonomy, molecular biology

Presentation: oral

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AEOLIAN SEDIMENT. PSAMOSOLS AND/OR ARENOSOLS pag. 60-66

Gh. ROGOBETE, R. BERTICI, Adia GROZAV

Aeolian processes, involving erosion, transportation and deposition of sediment by the wind, occur in a variety of environments, including beaches, semi-arid and arid regions, agricultural fields. Wind, blowing over dry sand, initiates movement in much the same way as water. The result is that sands moved by air tend to very well sorted and also well rounded. There are three modes of sediment transport by wind: creep or reputation, saltation, and suspension. Erosion by wind involves abrasion and deflation. Major dust source areas Tchad, the Aral Sea area, SE Iran, and the loess plateau of China. Aeolian deposits include sand seas and dune fields, deposit of silt and fine – grained material. Dunes are composed of moderately to well – sorted sands (63-1000µm) with a mean grain size in the range 160-300 µm. Most dune sands are composed of quartz, but may include significant quantities of feldspar. Major areas of sand seas lie in the tectonically desert regions of the Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Australia, S. Africa and central Asia. Many Aeolian deposits are formed during the Quaternary Era, thus they have, been now soils. In SRTS 2012, Psammosol is the soil type developed from Aeolian sand, including soils that have a mollic, an umbric or an ochric A horizon, followed by parent materials of Aeolian sandydeposits ≥50 cm thick and have ≤12% clay. We have analysed and compared soil profiles from Banat region (Lovrin), Satu Mare (NW of Romania) – Nir river, and Oltenia region (Dăbuleni). Psammosols correlated in WRB-SR-1998 with Arenosols. Arenosols are a reference soils group with a texture that is coarser than sandy loam to a depth of least 100 cm from the surface and having less than 35 per cent of rock fragments. These soils occur on deep Aeolian, marine, lacustrine and alluvial sands. The total estimated extent is 900 million hectares, because the modern Geology classified rocks using Latin terms (arena – sand, rudectus – stony, lutum – loamy, and argilla - clay), we consider that aspect important for our Latin language, and in that view promote to substitute Psammosol with Arenosol. Evidently, there are many reasons for that, exponded in this article.

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erosion, aeolian, SRTS, WRB, soil

Presentation: oral

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THE ANSWERS TECHNIQUE pag. 67-74

Angela BOGLUŢ, D. Tudoran

Questions are asked, based upon the information made available by the team, confidential information, and answers are expected hopefully without any affront, on the object, by exchange of responses, with small active or passive steps; the set of questions and even some answers could be actually previously learnt responses by the team. The team coordinated by a leader is monogamous.

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technique, negotiation, strategy, questions

Presentation: oral

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NON-VERBAL MESSAGES ISSUED DURING NEGOTIATIONS pag. 75-83

Angela BOGLUŢ D. TUDORAN

Non-verbal communication means, using gestures and mimics, that could influence a negotiation, the way of discussing with partners depending on personality, education, professional training, experience. Non-verbal and para-verbal communication may significantly influence a negotiation.

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negotiation, tactics, communication, exercise

Presentation: oral

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CARAWAY (CARUM CARVI) DISEAS ON WILD FLORA pag. 84-89

Adrian BORCEAN, Mihaela COLCEA

Research aim was to determine the caraway diseases on the wild flora from Nera river basin and to see the spread of those diseases Stage of research is being characteristic for partial interpretation of experimental data after the first experimental year, in preparation the doctoral thesis. Materials and methods - observations were carried out in 2013, between June and October. Those observations consist from two separate operations: first operation was to determine the areas with representative populations of caraway(Carum carvi), second to determin if this plants are affected of some pathogens and third operation was to evaluate the attack parameters of each pathogen. The novelty is relatively high, work providing important data for agricultural practice in the experimental area, taking in consideration the implications this are plants used for a relatively large scale for some pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry and also for food preparation as spice. From this point of view there are restrictions concerning plants from wild flora because they are considered to be sources for resistance genes at diseases in the plant breeding process. Achievements stage in this field. In this work were carried out research concerning the possible reactions of the pathogens depending on local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data from the research are just from one year readings. Practical implications of the research consisted of playing a part of a complex study of the diseases of medicinal plants from wild flora on the Nera river basin. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of mapping of the diseases of medicinal plants from wild flora which are considered to be genetic resources for breeding process. Importance of the paper became from bringing in front of the specialists a new topic concerning new and data, from observations of pathogens behavior in relation with caraway plants from wild flora.

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Carum carvi, wild flora, diseases

Presentation: oral

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PLANTAINS (PLANTAGO SP.) POWDERY MILDEW (PODOSPHAERA PLANTAGINIS) ON WILD FLORA pag. 90-94

Adrian BORCEAN, Mihaela COLCEA, Gheorghe DAVID

Research aim of this research work was to determine the plantains dominant species from Nera river basin and their diseases. Also it is an attempt to see the spread of those diseases with specification that this is just a stage of research characteristic for partial interpretation of experimental data after the first experimental year, in preparation the doctoral thesis. Materials and methods. Observations were carried out in the summer of 2013. Those observations consist from two separate operations: first operation was to determine the areas with representative populations of Plantago sp., second to determin the species of these populations and third operation was to see if this plants are affected of some pathogens and forth operation was to evaluate the attack parameters of each pathogen. The novelty is relatively high, work providing important data for agricultural practice in the experimental area, taking in consideration the implications this are plants used for a relatively large scale for some pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. From this point of view we appreciate that the plants from wild flora are considered to be sources for diseases resistance genes in the plant breeding process Achievements stage in this field. In this work were carried out research concerning the possible reactions of the pathogens depending on local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data from the research are just from one year readings. Practical implications of the research consisted of playing a part of a complex study of the diseases of medicinal plants from wild flora on the Nera river basin. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of mapping of the diseases of medicinal plants from wild flora which are considered to be genetic resources for breeding process. Importance of the paper became from bringing in front of the specialists a new topic concerning new and data, from observations of pathogens behavior in relation with plantains plants from wild flora.

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Plantago sp., wild flora, Podosphaera plantaginis

Presentation: oral

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AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA SPECIES INVASION ON BIODIVERSITY CAUSED BY POTENTIAL ALLELOPATHY pag. 95-103

C. BOSTAN, F. BORLEA, Corina MIHOC, Mihaela SELESAN

This paper aims to highlight the direct and indirect allelopathic influences showed by species Ailanthus altissima, through morphological and biological investigations. An important factor in the success of Ailanthus species invasion is the release of allelopathic compounds that influence negatively the vegetation in habitats where it installs. Recent studies show that interactions between invasive species and native species based on allelopathy may be one of the mechanisms underlying the remarkable success of some of the most aggressive invasive plants. Ailanthus contains toxic allelopathic compounds to many woody and herbaceous plants, toxic compound called ailantona, identified and classified as the most effective phytotoxic component. Several studies have shown that extracts of Ailanthus inhibit germination and growth of several species of angiosperm and gymnosperm plants, in biotests and greenhouse experiments. Our studies included a laboratory experience in which we studied the germination of seeds treated with extracts obtained from Ailanthus species and behaviour of species under the influence of the same extracts treated containing allelopathic compounds. Based on research conducted in the laboratory, by studying the degree of externalization of the main morphological features, as well as by determining the influence of the allelopathtic compounds present in the Ailanthus altissima on leguminous species studied, it was revealed that seed germination of the Sinapis alba and Brassica napus was inhibited by extracts containing allelopathic substances, regardless of the concentration they have been treated with. Also, extracts negatively influenced the growth of seedlings treated. Experiments carried out demonstrate that the allelopathtic potential of the species is very powerful and can influence negatively the neighbouring species. Given the current climate, the species Ailanthus altissima is favoured over native species. This fact combined with the allelopathtic effects demonstrated also by experiments carried out in the current paper may lead to future expansion of this species with major impacts on biodiversity.

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Ailanthus altissima, allelopathy, germination, leguminous species

Presentation: oral

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SPREAD SPECIES AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA IN NEW AREAL AND IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY pag. 104-108

C. BOSTAN, F. BORLEA, Corina MIHOC, Adelina Maria BECENEAGA

The ecological and economic impact of invasive species is perceived at all levels, locally, regionally and globally. The ecological invasion is considered the second serious threat to natural habitats by their fragmentation and loss. Plant invasion is a difficult phenomenon to control if the processes and factors involved are not sufficiently known. By discovering the determinants of invasion success at any scale, and the efforts to control them, we help the increase of the effectiveness in controlling this phenomenon. Ailanthus altissima, invasive species of trees, was regarded as "the most serious threat to natural areas", which can cause major losses of biodiversity and can eliminate native species occupying the same ecological niche. When disappearing species are of economic interest, loss of biodiversity is accompanied by substantial economic loss as well. The aim of this work was to study a habitat in Romania that suffered from an influx of Ailanthus altissima, to determine how widespread it is, which are the areas occupied by it and the consequences on biodiversity. The study was conducted in an area of the Natural Park Porțile de Fier namely in Moldova Nouă - Berzasca. Direct observations were made on species Ailanthus altissima, its spread was recorded in the study area Moldova Nouă – Berzasca, as well as tree height and diameter. The research conducted in the field has revealed the presence of the specie both in clusters, alignments and isolated specimens (solitary) on the Danube and the base of the slopes. This is explained by the fact that the species is favoured by the anthropogenic intervention in the natural ecosystems and the current climate changes. Besides its multiplication and natural spread, the species has become more present as a result of anthropogenic activity. Our studies have demonstrated the need for further monitoring to track progress and species spreading, as well as the need to start eradication actions to stop this invasion as the main threat to the biodiversity of the area.

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Ailanthus altissima, spread, impact, new areal

Presentation: oral

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THE YIELD FORMATION OCF COMMON PEA AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE pag. 109-116

Eva CANDRÁKOVÁ1, Marta ANDREJČÍKOVÁ2, Eva HANÁČKOVÁ3

During 2010-2012, the field trial of pea variety Xantos was established on Experimental site of SAU in Nitra, (E 18º09', N 48º19') with altitude of 175 m. The location has continental warm and moderate arid climate with an average annual temperature of 9.07°C an average annual precipitation of 561 mm. The mean temperature during the growing season is 16.2°C. The soil type is Orthic Luvisol with a loamy texture, medium humus content of 1.95% - 2.60% and a pH of 5.7. The tested variety is medium early, leafless type, with good plasticity to soil and climate condition. Three fertilization treatments as follows: 0-without organic and inorganic fertilization, PH – mineral fertilizers calculated to the 3 t yield level, PR- incorporation of all above-ground plant material of forecrop supplemented with mineral fertilizer to the balance equilibrium level. Common pea (Pisum sativum L.) was growing after maize. In autumn, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied. In spring, 20 kg ha-1 of mineral nitrogen as a starting dose was applied. The influence of mineral fertilization and green manure treatments on creation of yield component, yield of seeds and yield of pea straw was evaluated. Year condition of evaluated years differ significantly mainly in precipitation pattern. In 2012, the warmest (+1.5 °C above LTA) dry condition (87.8 °C of LTA) was noted. The wettest year was 2010 (61% above LTA). In 2011, the most suitable wheatear conditions were determined. The yield of pea was highly significantly influenced by year conditions and significantly by mineral fertilization treatments. The highest seed yield (2.11 t ha-1) and straw (4.04 t ha-1) was reached in 2011. The lowest yield of pea seeds (1.03 t ha-1) and straw (1.79 t ha-1) was noted in 2012. The close correlation relationship between biomass production and fertilization and forecrop residues incorporation was determined (r=0.9592+++) The highest nitrogen uptake was in 2011 (65.14 kg.ha-1) on mineral fertilization treatment with incorporation of forecrop aboveground biomass of maize. The phosphorus and potassium uptake was the highest in wet year (2010) also on mineral fertilization treatment with incorporation of forecrop aboveground biomass of maize. The lowest uptake of P and K was on the control treatments. The lowest total nutrient uptake was in 2012 due to lack of soil moisture and high temperature, thereby was limited function of the root system.

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common pea, harvest residues, fertilization, nutrient, yield

Presentation: oral

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YIELD FORMATION STRATEGIES OF COMMON PEA pag. 117-123

Eva CANDRÁKOVÁ1, Milan MACÁK2

During 2006-2008, the polyfactorial field trial of growing common peas variety Xantos was established on Experimental site of Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, in south-western Slovakia (E 18º09', N 48º19') with altitude of 175 m above MSL (Mean Sea Level). The location has continental warm and moderate arid climate with an average annual temperature of 9.07°C an average annual precipitation of 561 mm. The mean temperature during the growing season is 16.2°C. The soil type is Orthic Luvisol with a loamy texture, medium humus content of 1.95%-2.60% and a pH of 5.7. The Slovak variety of common pea Svit was tested. The tested variety is medium early, leafless type, with good plasticity to soil and climate condition. Three fertilization treatments as follows: 0-without organic and inorganic fertilization, PH –mineral fertilizers calculated to the 3 t yield level, PR- incorporation of all above-ground plant material of forecrop (maize for corn) supplemented with mineral fertilizer to the balance equilibrium level. Common pea (Pisum sativum L.) was growing after maize. In autumn, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied. In spring, 20 kg ha-1 of mineral nitrogen as a starting dose was also applied. The influence of mineral fertilization and green manure treatments on creation of yield component, yield of seeds and yield of pea straw was evaluated. The yield of seeds was highly significantly influenced by year condition. The yield range from 2.82 t ha-1 in 2008 to 4.06 t ha -1 in 2006. The same trends were noted in straw production, when the yield of straw was higher than seed production. Harvest index ranged from 0.79 to 0.96. The significantly higher yield was reached in mineral fertilization treatments (3.53 t ha-1) and treatments with mineral fertilization with incorporation of all forecrop aboveground material (3.48 t ha-1). Due to the nitrogen depression, forecrop residues treatments negatively affected the yield of pea (3.1 t ha-1). The yield of seeds was highly significantly influenced by number of pots per plant and TSW. The significant direct relationship between pots number per plant and TSW was found. The highest TSW was in 2006 (265.85 g). Mineral fertilizers and forecrop residue incorporation positively influenced the number of seeds per pod.

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common pea, crop residues, fertilization, yield, yield component

Presentation: oral

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THE VENUE OF NEGOTIATION pag. 124-131

V. Ciobanu, Angela Boglut

The leader of the team together with the members, based upon the information obtained in favor of the transaction, is trying to solve the problem of the location adequate for negotiation, hour, outside and inside temperature, inclusively the arrangement of the furniture, every detail that could favorably influence a good negotiation.

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room, space, facilities, negotiation

Presentation: oral

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REASONS FOR BUYING A PRODUCT pag. 132-138

V CIOBANU, Angela Boglut

The necessity of the buyer or of the seller to obtain a good price or to sell at a good price a merchandise essential for business continuation, price-quality → profit.

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negotiation, strategy, product, price, profit

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STUDY ON AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA L. ROOTS COLONIZED BY ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE IN VARIOUS HERBACEOUS PLANT COMMUNITIES pag. 139-144

Otilia COTUNA*, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU*, Carmen DURĂU* Mirela PARASCHIVU**, Elena PARTAL***

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is an invasive plant that has spread increasingly in Banat region, expanding their surface very fast, mainly the non-cultivated fields, abandoned pastures, roadsides, along the riversides, near construction sites and even waste areas. Recent researches in the field assumed that arbuscular mycorrhizae (MA) are playing an important role in the spreading and development of this strong allergenic weed. Former researches in this topic have been performed in France on 35 populations of Ambrosia. Therefore, it was noticed by the researchers that the spread of this invasive plant species could be facilitated by arbuscular mycorrhizae. The research aim of the work was to determinate the colonization rate of the Ambrosia artemisiifolia roots with arbuscular mycorrhizae in various herbaceous plant communities from Timisoara area and surroundings. Ambrosia artemisiifolia plants were collected from three locations, respectively the park inside the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara, one abandoned pasture belonging to locality Ghiroda located in the Giarmata Vii village area and a waste area located near the Timisoara International Airport. The mycorrhizal colonization rate of the roots by was determined using special techniques for cleaning and staining of the colonised roots for a good evidencing of the fungal structures. The method applied in this study for the quantification of the colonisation rateof the roots of the analysed root samples of Ambrosia artemisiifolia is onrelativelly common and is using trypan blue for mycorrhizae staining. Quantification of colonization rate of the roots was performed with the method of intersecting grid lines. The colonization rate of the roots of Ambrosia artemisiifolia ranged between 24 and 31%. The highest colonization rate was recorded in the roots of Ambrosia collected from park, respectively 31.02%. The greater colonization rate can be due in this site to the lack of the competition between plant species because it is well known that invasive plants are heavily mycotrophic, while grasses dominant in the park sward are less colonized. The lowest colonization rate was found in the Ambrosia roots collected from the abandoned pasture (24.70%). The fungal structures of the arbuscular mycorrhizae were observed to the microscope. There were observed fungal structures such as hyphae, which were prevalent, arbuscles, vesicles and even spores. Trypan blue staining has provided a good contrast and the mycorrhizal structures were well highlighted at the microscope.

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Ambrosia artemisiifolia, arbuscular mycorrhizae, colonization, roots, trypan, arbuscule.

Presentation: oral

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DIAGNOSIS OF VERTICILLIUM SP. FUNGUS FROM SEA BUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.) pag. 145-151

Cotuna Otilia, Renata Șumălan, Veronica Sărățeanu, Mirela Paraschivu, Carmen Durău

Sea buckthorn is a plant that has few diseases. Among the diseases that can occur in sea buckthorn plantation we mention: verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo - atrum, Verticillium dahliae), fusariosis (Fusarium sp.) and decay caused by fungi from the genera Phytium, Alternaria and Botrytis. Verticillium wilt can occur quite often in sea buckthorn plantations, the pathogen Verticillium sp. being dangerous and able to kill the shrubs during two years. This study was performed on sea buckthorn plantation suspected of being infected with Verticillium sp. from Variaş locality (Timiș County,Romania) belonging to the farm S.C. Classic Agro SRL Variaş. In order to establish an accurate diagnosis there were collected six samples of sea buckthorn (shoots of affected plants, entire plants) from the six cultivated varieties. The most affected variety was Clara (2.5 ha), the samples collected being only entire plants. Sea buckthorn samples were first analyzed visually, followed by microscopic analysis (stereomicroscope and microscope). The visual analysis of the sea buckthorn plants has highlighted the following symptoms: wilting leaves and twigs, yellowing of leaves followed by necrosis, poor developed plants collected and healthy plants, dry shoots, necrotic, primary root cortex soft, putrid, reddish brown in section, 25% of the roots of diseased plants have shown symptoms of decay, in section was observed vascular tissue getting brown, low actynorrhizae colonization, most of the active roots were not affected. The microscope analysis was performed on tissue sections from affected roots and shoots. There were placed tissue samples on different culture media (SAB, DRBC, water agar), which were then incubated for 6 days at 220C - 240C, obtaining laboratory cultures that have facilitated the correct diagnosis, because the fungal structures weren’t visible on diseased plants. On the culture media have appeared fructifications of the fungus Verticillium sp. From the tissues infected with Verticillium sp. have grown mycelia and conidia of Fusarium sp. Both fungi are vascular being particularly dangerous and being able to lead to the plant death. Fusarium sp. has been installed on dead tissue from other causes. In laboratory tests it was confirmed the diagnosis of Verticillium wilt produced by de fungus Verticillium sp. in sea buckthorn shrubs from the cultivar Clara. The fungus was also present in other varieties of sea buckthorn from the plantation. The variety Clara is totally compromised, only 6% from the plants were healthy aspect and the remaining 94% were affected by the pathogen.

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sea buckthorn, Verticillium wilt, Verticillium sp., diagnosis, vascular, analysis.

Presentation: oral

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LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE FORESTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE ECOSYSTEM pag. 152-157

A. CRĂCIUNESCU*, S. STANCIU*, Mihaela MOATĂR*

Abstract: Forests are vulnerable to climate change. It is therefore important to maintain and enhance their resilience and adaptive capacity, including through fire prevention and other adaptive solutions (e.g. appropriate species, plant varieties, etc.). At the same time, forest management can mitigate climate change if forests’ role as sinks in the carbon cycle is maintained or enhanced and by providing bio-materials that can act as temporary carbon stores or as carbon substitutes, replacing carbon-intensive materials and fuels. The European Union recently adopted rules for accounting, monitoring and reporting on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry under which Member States will, for example, provide information on their plans for enhancing sinks and reducing forest-related emissions. The EU and Member States have also made Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry -related commitments to be achieved by 2020, the 2nd Commitment Period under the Kyoto Protocol. Forests also mitigate the impact of extreme weather events by moderating temperatures, and reducing wind speed and water run-off.

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ecosystem, emissions, forest sector, biological productivity, available resources

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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROPEAN FOREST LEGISLATION FOR A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT pag. 158-165

A. CRĂCIUNESCU*, S. STANCIU*, Mihaela MOATĂR*

Abstract: This report presents the results of an extra budgetary project which analyses similarities and common approaches in European national forest legislation. The forest laws of 23 countries have been examined in order to find out whether provisions are made to put into practice the following three legal issues: reforestation obligations after logging through final cutting or loss of forest cover due to fire and natural calamities; regulations concerning public access to forests; and public use of non-wood forest products occurring on forest land. All three legal issues are addressed by the analyzed national legislation. In most countries legislation includes regulations for obligatory reforestation Public access to forests is allowed in most of the analyzed countries, although, forest owners have specific rights to limit such access. Limitations exist mainly with regard to nature protection in order to protect replanted or naturally regenerated forest stands. In most of the examined countries the public has usage rights to collect some non-wood forest products: Considerable variations between countries are to be found; the practice of such rights usually requires consent or authorization from the forest owner; and many rights may be subject to regulation and specific restrictions.

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forest law, reforestation, non-wood forest products, sustainable forest management

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CHANGING THE QUALITY OF MAIZE GRAIN AFTER APPLYING FERTILIZERS MICRO GRANULATES pag. 166-171

Crista F. ,Boldea M.,Isidora Radulov,Crista Laura, Alina Lato,Okros Adalbert, Lato I.

The main objective of the research is to determine how the localized application at seeding of different type of chemical fertilizers, influences the raw protein, amino acid, hectoliter weight and fat composition of the maize grain. Corn constitutes an important source of carbohydrates, protein, vitamin and mineral. The research takes place in experimental field from U.S.A.M.V.B. "King Michael I of Romania" in Timisoara Didactic Station from Timisoara and after that in the research lab of Soil Science Department from Agricultural Faculty. The experiments are stationary type, with wheat – maize – sun flower rotation. Each plot is sub-dived in four repetitions, linear, with size of 10 x 3 m (30 m2). The hybrid used for this experiment is MAS 44 A. The fertilizers used are: Microstar 10.40.0 + 11 SO3 + 2 Zn micro granulated fertilizers, 15.15.15 complex mineral fertilizers, N 28 liquid foliar fertilizers. To obtain changes as corn, chemical fertilizers were used rationally. Crop quality is appreciated not only by morphological and technological but by the content of biochemical compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and fats).

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quality indicators, corn, micro granulates fertilizers

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IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION ON MAIZE YIELD . pag. 172-177

Crista F. ,Boldea M.,Isidora Radulov, Lato Alina, Berbecea Adina, Nita L.,Okros A.

The main purpose of the research undertaken to develop this work was the impact of chemical fertilization on maize yield in the experimental field of SDE Timisoara. Fertilizers make their best contribution to the enhancement only if it falls within a hierarchical system of technological measures good and the doses used are related to crop plants, soil, climate and culture technology. The fertilization system influenced the maize harvest, leading to production of 9123 kg of maize / ha. In recent years, the amount of fertilizer used has remained relatively constant while average yields have steadily increased. Because of the complex nature of soil and weather variability, farmers face significant challenges in optimizing the amount of nitrogen to apply to each field, year and area within a field. This results in under-application of nitrogen in some years and fields, with resulting yield losses and over application of nitrogen in other years and field areas resulting in inefficient use of nitrogen resources

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fertilization, maize , yield,

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INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF NS SUNFLOWER CONFECTIONARY HYBRIDS pag. 178-183

Crnobarac J., Balalić I,.Marinković B., Jaćimović G., and Latković Dragana

A two year field plot was conducted on experimental fields of Institute of field and vegetable crops in Novi Sad. The effect of stand density on seed yield, protein content and mass of 1000 seeds were researched. Old and new perspective confectionary sunflower hybrids of NS Seed Company were used. There were six stand densities, from 20000-70000 plants per hectare with increasing step of 10000. There were significant differences between hybrids and in both years the highest yield had new hybrid NS-H-6485. In average, all 6 hybrids maximal seed yield in both years were at stand density between 40000-50000 plants per hectare. Protein content was higher in old hybrids (Vranac and Cepko) and gradually decreases with increasing stand density. Mass of 1000 seed, which is an important quality parameter, was higher in all new hybrids and in average for all stand density in both years was higher than 100 g. Hybrid NS-Goliat had especially large seed, even more than 150 g. Stand density had high influence on 1000 seed mass, and seed mass at the highest stand density was for approximately 50 % lower than at the lowest stand density in both years.

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sunflower, confectionary hybrids, yield, protein content, seed mass

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RESEARECH CONCERNING THE USE OF THE FOLIAR BIOFERTILISERS BIONAT PLUS AND BIONEX IN GARDEN STRAWBERRY pag. 184-188

SNEJANA DAMIANOV, RAMONA ŞTEF, IOANA GROZEA, ANA MARIA VÎRTEIU

Garden strawberry was cultivated in the spring of 2009 with fortified runners; it was a multiannual classical culture in the field of the Red Gauntlet variety, which matures in late May, a variety with good resistance to common leaf spot (Mycosphaerella fragariae), powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca macularis) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). Land preparation for cultivation consisted in fertilisation with complex NPK fertilisers using a rate of 700 kg /ha on a plot area of 0.05 ha. Maintenance works were applied in accordance with the cultivation technology recommended in this crop. Fruit harvesting was done every 2-3 days, during the ripening period, when the fruit pulp was still firm, and the fruit were 90% red in colour. The biofertilisers we used, Bionat plus and Bionex, were applied as two treatments together with recommended pesticides, as follows: T1 – upon full leaf appearance T2 – upon inflorescence appearance (white bud) The variety we used, Red Gauntlet, is an English variety suited for both field culture and greenhouse culture. The plant is medium vigorous, and it has a guided port. It was commercialised starting with 1957. The plant develops a suitable number of long runners. The variety is resistant to drought, frost and main diseases, particularly powdery mildew. It is among the best-yielding garden strawberry varieties – over 25 t/ha. The leaves are large, green and shiny, with rounded, curled median foliole. The fruit have resistant peduncles, which makes them difficult to detach from the plant. The fruit weigh 10-12 g, are short, conical, sometimes broadened and ribbed and with a slightly blunt tip. They are dark red with a rosy pulp. The achenes are small and superficially fixed in the pulp. The pulp is consistent, acidic-sweet, enough flavoured, and enough succulent. The inflorescence is hermaphroditic and it contains, on the average, 7 flowers. The petals are white and have the same length as the sepals.

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Bionat Plus, Bionex, biofertilisers, strawberry, treatments

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH (CYDIA POMONELLA) USING THE ENTOMOPHAGOUS WASP TRICHOGRAMMA SP. IN THE CARANSEBES POMICULTURAL BASIN pag. 189-193

Snejana DAMIANOV, Ramona ŞTEF, Ioana GROZEA, Ana Maria VÎRTEIU, A. CĂRĂBEŢ

Abstract: The product Trichotim has as a principle the insect Trichogramma sp. Trichogramma is a wasp measuring only 0.5 mm. It lays its eggs in the pests’ eggs, destroying them before they can damage the plants. Trichogramma is efficient in the destruction of 500 species of pests; the product developed based on this wasp has been homologated in Romania only for three such pests: cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella). This wasp species, almost invisible, is extremely widespread. The main issue for researchers was how to capture it from the wild and then how to create the conditions necessary to make it multiply in an artificial environment. The product Trichotim has been tested for four years, an interval during which Trichogramma showed its efficacy in both laboratory cultures and in the cabbage gardens of some farmers in the Arad County to whom it was offered as a promotion. The costs are higher than in a treatment with chemical substances, but the cultures we obtained were less risky for our health. One gram contains about 50.000 eggs of Trichogramma, an amount sufficient to store the crop from 1 ha of cabbage, of grapevine or of apple trees. The product Trichotim is used in the control of pests of grains, maize, sunflower, rape, cabbage, peas, clover, alfalfa, grapevine, apple tree, plum tree, and ornamental plants.

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Trichotim, treatment, variety, apple worm, effectiveness

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REACTION OF SWEET CORN HYBRIDS IN TERMS OF LOWER PLAINS OF TIMIS pag. 194-197

Gheorghe DAVID, Paul PÎRŞAN, Adrian BORCEAN, Georgeta POP, Simona NIŢĂ

Sweet corn is a crop plant at which in the last two decades cultivated areas increased significantly, due to the growing interest of being consumed by people both fresh and canned form. The main objective of this research was to determine the behavior of sweet corn hybrids in different climatic years, the soil type molic brown eutricambosoil. Also we aim to optimize fertilization and plant density.

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sweet corn, hybrids, fertilizers.

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WHITE LUPIN (LUPINUS ALBUS L.): A PLANT FIT TO IMPROVE ACID SOILS IN SOUTH-WESTERN ROMANIA AND AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF PROTEIN pag. 198-202

Gheorghe DAVID, Adrian BORCEAN, Florin IMBREA, Lucian BOTOŞ

Research was carried out in the hill area of western Caras-Severin County, on the Slatina Nera territory, an area with a moderate temperate-continental climate, the sub-Banat type, with Mediterranean influences. The annual mean temperature is 110C and seasonal mean temperatures meet the requirements of most crops. Annual mean precipitations reach 680 mm. The soil type is stagnic luvisol, with a pH 5.80 and a low moisture potential. In the experimental cycle 2011-2013, we carried out research on the possibility of introducing in the area the cultivation of white lupin cultivated for beans to reduce the area protein deficit in animal feed and to introduce a legume in the crop rotation. The improving effect of white lupin on acid soils depends on nodosities formation. Research results concerning the influence of fertilisation on nodosities formation because of the activity of symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium lupini) show that the best variant (the largest number of nodosities per plant) is the one fertilised with N40P60K60. Increasing the rate of nitrogen from N60 to N80, the number of nodosities diminished to 31 and 24, respectively. Among the fertilisation variants, the highest yield was in the variant fertilised with N60P60K60, i.e. 3,033 kg/ha, 45% larger than in the control variant. Protein content increased with the nitrogen rate from 33.8% (the control variant, N0) in the Medi cultivar, a trend obvious also in the Serbian cultivar). Protein yield showed the same increasing trend with the increase of the nitrogen rate. The highest values of 1,077 kg/ha in the Medi cultivar and over 990 kg/ha in the Serbian cultivar were in the variant fertilised with N60P60K60. Cultivating the wheat cultivar Alex after ban white lupin produced an increase of the yield with 26%, i.e. 748 kg/ha, a difference close to the variants fertilised with 20 t/ha of animal manure (an increase of 29%) and with chemical fertilisers N60P60K60 (i.e. 32%). This means that white lupin ensures the most economically advantageous increase in yield.

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Lupinus albus L., fertilizers, protein yield

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THE ROLE OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION IN THE MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE FROM TIMIS COUNTY pag. 203-209

D. DICU, D. ȚĂRĂU, Iuliana VINTILĂ, C. MARINCA, Lica TUTI

In the context of the current financial crisis from Romania that affected and continue to affect the agricultural sector and taking into account the importance of livestock and their access to available pasture areas (OU 34/2013), in both the public sector domain and private sector of the administrative-territorial units, the cadastral information has a major role in the National Register of Holdings (RNE), according to the Order of the President of the National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority no. 40/2010. Through its economic function, cadastre is an important tool in achieving the Romanian Constitution that the State shall ensure exploitation of natural resources in accordance with national interests, protection and recovery of environment and maintaining ecological balance, creating natural conditions for quality of life. The research theme aims to highlight the role of cadastral and soil information in achieving informational system for agriculture and forestry (HG 695/2006) which would constitute the most appropriate technical and scientific ways of managing the economic potential of lands, to conclude partnerships, substantiation of projects to ensure sustainable development of rural areas. The studied area is about 869 665 ha of which 693 417 ha is agricultural land (29 535 ha grassland and 124 461 ha pastures). For complete and systematic knowledge of the lands and carrying out a unified system of technical, economic and legal evidence, it must be known all the details about quality. The research of the ecopedologic conditions was made according to “The methodology of elaborating of pedological studies”, vol. I, II and III elaborated by the ICPA Bucharest in 1987, completed with specific elements from the Romanian System of Taxonomy of Soils (SRSTS-2012). Representing a well-defined condition with a high variability in space but relatively stable over time, pedological factors, through the major components, are essential in characterizing certain areas of land. Certainly, knowledge of natural conditions and the ecological potential of land from specific area for various utilities and some cultures, have an economic and social importance for both large and small farm producers, but especially for central and local government for the programs PNDR and PNDL at territorial administrative units level.

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informations, land, assessment, ecological, soils, cadastre map

Presentation: oral

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE OPPORTUNITY OF CONSERVATIVE AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT pag. 210-217

B. M. DUDA, *T. RUSU, Ileana BOGDAN, A. I. POP, Paula Ioana MORARU, R. M. GIURGIU, Camelia Liliana COSTE

This paper focuses on conservative agriculture, determined as minimal soil tillage, no tillage and enduring soil cover (mulch) together with rational rotations, as to achieve a more sustainable cultivation system for the future, in the context of the global warming and the permanent increase of population. Both farming and tillage play important roles in the agricultural systems. The conservative tillage systems in agriculture appeared in the U.S. and have developed in different ways, adapted to climatic zones and are considered unconventional or for soil conservation systems. Our research shows an improvement on conservative tillage, where no tillage, mulch and rotations significantly improve soil properties and other biotic factors also reducing the CO2 emissions. Advantages of conservative tillage systems are represented by improving soil physics and excellent control of soil erosion, accumulation and water retention in the soil, reduced labor and fuel costs and in some cases even increased productivity. In the conservative tillage systems, land must be covered with plant debris at a rate of 15-30%, and in minimal tillage system with crop residue mulch, coverage exceeds 30%. In the no tillage system, sowing is done directly in the stubble or on a ground covered with plant debris from the preceding plant, using precision machinery. The paper concludes that a conservative tillage system is a more environmentally friendly and sustainable management system for cultivating crops. Case studies from all over the world show that when using conservative agriculture for most of the crops we get a raise production sustainably and profitably. Advantages in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on global warming are also taken into consideration. These systems also have a big disadvantage, high consumption of herbicides for weed control. An increased attention for direct seeding requires preventive plant protection characters. Seeds must be treated with insecticide-fungicide and soil requires more herbicide than for the classic systems with plough. The paper concludes that farming and agriculture in the next decade will have to produce more food from less or the same land through more efficient management of natural resources and with less impact on the environment in order to sustain the permanent growing population demands. Promoting and adopting conservative agriculture management systems can help meet this goal.

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conservation agriculture; no-tillage; minimum tillage, mulching, global warming

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RESEARCH REGARDING EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF APHIS FABAE pag. 218-221

Liana Mihaela FERICEAN

This paper presents data referring the morphological characteristics and biometrical measurements of Aphis fabae, species captured from potato carrots, and tomatoes cultivations for a period of three years, from Didactic Station Timisoara and Varfurile, Arad county. The aphids have been collected with the yellow vessel traps on a two days. At Aphis fabae. apterous adult have green-brown or black ovoid body and big marginal tubercles on prothorax and on abdominal segments I and VII; body length varies from 1.8 to 2.4 mm. Alatae aphid are more elongate with head and thorax shiny black; oviparous females with distinctly swollen hind tibiae and abdomen is black-green.The smallest length of the body established for aphids captured in West Zone of Romania was1,40 mm, while the biggest was 2.20 mm. The average body length was 1,83 ± 0,20 mm. Regarding the length of the headnd thorax, it may be noticed that the maximum length of these parts was 0,95 mm and minimum length was 0,50 mm. The average value calculated for the length of these parts was 0,77 ± 012 mm. The minimum width of head was 0.20 mm and the maximum width of head was 0.45 mm. The average value calculated for head width was 0.32 ± 0.05 mm.As far as the thorax width is concerned, this was minimum 0.40 mm and maximum 0,80 mm. Mean thorax width was 0.61 ± 0.02 mm the minimum length of the abdomen was 0,80 mm and minimum width was 0.50 mm, the maximum length of the abdomen was 1.40 mm and the maximum width was 1 mm. The mean length of the abdomen was 1.06 ± 0.12 mm, while the average value calculated for abdomen width was 0,79 ± 0,14 mm. In the existent literature, there is little information referring to biometric measurement and for these reasons, knowing the following aspect is of paramount importance

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Aphis fabae, life cycle, biometrical measurements

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF SQUALIUS CEPHALUS SPERMATOZOA pag. 222-225

Liana Mihaela FERICEAN, I. BANATEAN – DUNEA, Olga RADA, Mihaela OSTAN

This paper presents data referring to the biometrical measurement of chub spermatozoa. The biological material under study has been made up by 70 masculs from the species Squalius cephalus, Cyprinidae Family that have been collected from the Nadrag river basin in the year 2013. The collection of samples for investigation has been done through an electric fishing device Tyo FEG 3000. The analyses of the biological material were made with Optika immersion microscope 100X 500X. R. The average of the long shaft head was of 3.51 ± 0.96 μm, and the average of short shaft head 3.01 ± 0.82 μm. The average length tail 28.18 ± 4.77 μm. The average of the total length of the spermatozoa 29.15 ± 5.36 μm. Squalius cephalus reaches sexual maturity at the age of 3-5 years at a length of more than 30 cm. In the existent literature, there is little information referring to theoretical prolificacy of the native fish species and for these reasons, knowing the following aspect is of paramount importance. Determination of fecundity and the development of sexual maturity are fundamental to fishery science. Due to the importance of these parameters in the dynamics of populations they must estimated for species of economic significance. The results of in-season and out-of-season spawning of chub were similar. There were no differences in the percentages of spermiation, as well as spermatozoa motility. In commercial fish farming has been more focused on the quality of eggs and larvae rather than that of sperm, even though the sperm quality of male broodstock also affects the production of healthy larvae. Sperm quality is a very important variable; it can influence the percentage of egg fertilization and thus the total production of viable eggs.

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biometrical measurement, crub, spermatozoa, Squalius cephalus

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THE RESPONSES OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. TO FOLIAR APLLICATION OF 28-HOMOBRASSINOLIDE pag. 226-235

Angelika FILOVÁ

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal phytohormones with a wide scale of effects. BRs, which play an essential role in plant growth and development, have been implicated in many physiological response. By exposing plants to the drought stress as well as to the heavy metals their survival is improved and also resistance and yield are increased. The plant response is regulated directly (by the synthesis of metabolites) or indirectly (by induction of antioxidizing compounds and enzymes), often in the interaction with other phytohormones. Experiments studying an impact of brassinosteroids on the reaction of plants stressed e.g. by water deficit are different in various parameters. The influence of application of 28-homobrassinolide (HBR) was studied in young plants of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. BELINDA,cv. MAS 97 and cv. SPIROV grown in the greenhouse under optimum and water deficit conditions. The leaves of 32-d-old plants sunflowers were sprayed with (28-HBR) onto the leaves at 0.01 and 1 μM concentrations for 3 days with a 1-day interval. Three levels of drought stress (0, 3, and 5 days withholding water) were applied. Thereafter, the effects of brassinosteroids and water stress were investigated on some biochemical and antioxidative parameters of sunflower plants. Lipid peroxidation, and proline content increased in plants subjected to drought stress. Based on our results it seems that brassinosteroids considerably alleviated oxidative damage that occurred under drought stress. The differences between drought-stressed and well-watered plants, brassinosteroid-treated and -nontreated plants were analyzed. According to the obtained results, it seems that in young sunflowers plants treated with lower concentrations (0.01 and 1µM) of 28-homo, drought had less negative impact on the monitored parameters compared to plants normally watered - growth rate did not change, differences in photosynthetic parameters were smaller. However, the observed differences between HBR-treated and non-treated plants were usually not statistically significant. Proline is accumulated in many plant species in response to osmotic stress, which is stimulated by drought. Results have been shown in sunflowers plants under drought stress, in which a reduction of root weight was correlated to stress severity. Treatment with BR fully compensated for the reduction in biomass caused by mild drought stress. On the other hand, in creases in biomass was correlated with increases in acid inverters activity in young leaves, which likely provided more assimilates to the plant due to their larger sizes. Furthermore, osmotic stress resulted in considerable reduction in the protein contents in all the three varieties of sunflowers. However, BRs not only restored but also stimulated the level of protein and free proline. In leaves of experimental plants cultivars MAS 97 and SPIROV after water stress treatment the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content has been increased on 11% and 30% respectively. The higher MDA content has been observed in leaves of cultivar BELINDA. The combination of drought and HBR has been shown MDA content in leaves of all experimental plants on control level which can evidence about protection effect of BRs under water deficit treatment on the leaves of experimental cultivars of sunflower plants. BR-regulated stress response as a result of a complex sequence of biochemical reactions such as activation or suppression of key enzymatic reactions, induction of protein synthesis, and the production of various chemical defence compounds. BRs open up new approaches for plant resistance against hazardous environmental conditions.

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28-brassinolidesteroids, drought stress, chlorophylls, Helianthus annuus L, MDA, proline

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PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITIES IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURES pag. 236-245

Angelika FILOVÁ

Plant cell and tissue cultures hold great promise for controlled production of myriad of useful secondary metabolites. In the search for alternatives to production of medicinal compounds from plants, biotechnological approaches, specifically plant tissue cultures, are found to have potential as a supplement to traditional agriculture in the industrial production of bioactive plant metabolites. Exploration of the biosynthetic capabilities of various cell cultures has been carried out by a group of plant scientists and microbiologists in several countries during the last decade. A number of medicinally important alkaloids, anticancer drugs, recombinant proteins and food additives are produced in various cultures of plant cell and tissues. Advances in the area of cell cultures for the production of medicinal compounds has made possible the production of a wide variety of pharmaceuticals like alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenolics, flavanoids and amino acids. Some of these are now available commercially in the market for example shikonin and paclitaxel (Taxol). Until now 20 different recombinant proteins have been produced in plant cell culture, including antibodies, enzymes, edible vaccines, growth factors and cytokines. Advances in scale-up approaches and immobilization techniques contribute to a considerable increase in the number of applications of plant cell cultures for the production of compounds with a high added value. Some of the secondary plant products obtained from cell suspension culture of various plants. Cell suspension culture systems are used now days for large scale culturing of plant cells from which secondary metabolites could be extracted. A suspension culture is developed by transferring the relatively friable portion of the callus into liquid medium and is maintained under suitable conditions of aeration, agitation, light, temperature and other physical parameters. Cell cultures cannot only yield defined standard phytochemicals in large volumes but also eliminate the presence of interfering compounds that occur in the field-grown plants. The advantage of this method is that it can ultimately provide a continuous, reliable source of natural products. The major advantage of the cell cultures include synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites, running in controlled environment, independently from climate and soil conditions. A number of different types of bioreactors have been used for mass cultivation of plant cells. The first commercial application of large scale cultivation of plant cells was carried out in stirred tank reactors to produce shikonin by cell culture of Lithospermume rythrorhizon. Cell of Catharanthus roseus, Dioscorea deltoidea, Digitalis lanata, Panaxnoto ginseng, Taxus wallichiana and Podophyllum hexandrum have been cultured in various bioreactors for the production of secondary plant products. Plant tissue culture represents the most promising areas of application at present time and giving an out look into the future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This study was financed by project: Vybudovanie výskumného centra ,,AgroBioTech“, ITMS kód: 26220220180.

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alkaloids, plant tissue cultures, production, secondary metabolites

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PROVIDING OF HIGH LONGEVITY OF OPERATING PARTS OF SMALL- SCALE MACHINERY IN AGRICULTURE pag. 246-253

A.P. CHERNYSH

The author of the article considers the scientific approaches to increasing the longevity of high- loaded operating parts of small agricultural machines by forming the technological repair units when choosing the optimal methods of hardening the functional surfaces with anti-wear low-cost material.

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unit for drilling, reclamation, drill, technological repair unit, hardening, surfacing, white cast iron, electric spark welding

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ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSING MAIZE SEEDS TO A LOW FREQUENCY FIELD ON BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ON ASSIMILATING PIGMENT SYNTHESIS pag. 254-264

Florin IMBREA

Magnetic field, particularly low-frequency magnetic field (LMF), induces in the biological tissues, currents that result in biological effects. They claim that biological effects induced by electromagnetic fields are adaptive or compensatory effects and that the body should adjust to this environmental factor. This paper presents the effect produced by pre-germination exposure of maize seeds to a magnetic field produced by low-frequency electromagnetic waves on the biological features and on the synthesis of assimilation pigments. Trials were carried out within the Laboratory for the testing of seed quality and of seeding material of the Department of Agricultural Technology of the Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine in Timisoara (Romania). The trial aimed at assessing the effect of LMF on germinating energy, germinating ability, root length, fresh root volume, length of aerial part, fresh aerial volume, as well as a chlorophyll content, b chlorophyll content, carotenoids, lipids, proteins, and fibbers measured in maize leaves 30 days after treatment. The plant pigments were determined with the spectrophotometer method, in accordance with the guidelines for analytical validation of the FDA, EMEA, FAO/WHO and the Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures “Benchmarking for design and development of innovative biotechnology, sustainable and strategic selection of genetic resources rich in bioactive compounds of plant origin” of the Department of Exact Sciences of the B.U.A.S.V.M. in Timisoara. The study showed significant differences from the point of view of the parameters analysed compared to the control that was not exposed to the magnetic field produced by low-frequency electromagnetic radiations.

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low-frequency magnetic field, biological features, assimilating pigment

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