Vol 52, No 2 (2020)
SPONTANEOUS FLORA JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS) DISEASE, FROM THE SOUTH WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 3-10
Adrian BORCEAN1, Gheorghe DAVID, Gicu Gabriel ARSENEJerusalem artichoke, known as topinambour in Romania, is a plant that is also known as porcini turnip. This plant could play a very important role in the management of resources in the future, especially since it is also a plant used as a food source. From the anatomical point of view, the tubers are used. They have a potato-like shape but the tuber colors are generally white, purple or yellow. Ethanol is extracted from this species tubers. This kind of alcohol that is extracted from the main crop of a Jerusalem artichoke plants is considered biofuel and meets all the requirements of the European Union Directive RED II (Renewable Energy Directive). This is because Jerusalem artichoke is a plant that is easy to implement as a field crop, even on poorer soil types. Also it has a diversified genetic resources needed for easy breeding. Tuber production can increase the biofuel industry or, in the worst case scenario, it can be used to obtain biogas, another biofuel. This is because the tuber production transformation on assimilated organic matter varies between 0.4-0.8 t/ha. The tuber production on poor land is between 6-9 t / ha and on fertile land it can reach 20-30 t / ha . Also, the tubers of Helianthus tuberosus can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to obtain sweeteners. In view of all the above, it is important to know which pathogens affect topinabur plants in spontaneous flora and reserve their inoculation, as these are the most likely factors that will affect topinabur crops under these conditions. implemented by farmers. The existence of spontaneous Jerusalem artichoke populations on the rivers valleys in the south-western part of Romania is a welcome fact because it shows the potential of the area for this plant on relatively poor and shallow soils. It should be noted, however, that these populations are affected relatively strongly in the first part of the summer (in June and July) by powdwry mildew and Aternaria sp. leaf spots
more abstractJerusalem artichoke, leaf diseases
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DownloadINFECTIOUS PRESSURE ANALYSIS OF PHLOEOSPORELLA PADI FUNGUS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 11-17
Adrian BORCEAN1, Casiana MIHUȚ1, Adalbert OKROS1Cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapi f.c. Phloeosporella padi) is one of the most harmful diseases present in the cherry orchards in Romania because it leads to the early drying of the leaves and even to the deformation of the cherries. This leads to a decrease of the crop quality. On the other hand, due to the early loss of a large number of leaves too early, the resistance of the trees to winter frost is reduced. This pathogen, along with the brown rot of cherries (Monilinia laxa fc Monilia laxa) is one of the well-founded reasons for two treatments, and in some years with warmer and wet spring even three treatments, in the first third of the vegetation period in the orchards cherry and cherry from the southwestern part of Romania. One of the main causes of the annual occurrence of this pathogen in the cherry orchards located in the sub-mountain area in the mentioned area is the existence of a large quantity of the inoculum from the spontaneous flora. The problem of existence in the forests of the mountain and sub-mountain areas of the wild cherry or of the cherry or bitter cherry (Cerasium avium var.silvestris) is well known, as they are known popular language in the reference area. These cherry trees in the spontaneous flora generally have the same pathogens as those of the varieties in the cherry plantations in this area. Therefore, the spread of pathogens is very easy and the transmission through air currents from the forests near the plantations is only a matter of microclimate and time. Knowing the infectious pressure of these pathogens is an advantage of farmers who have cherry plantations because in this way they can appreciate the need to apply treatments. Based on the properties of the pathogenesis and the epidemiology of these pathogens, it is possible to assess the exact moment of the intervention with a treatment and also, very economically important, a protection strategy in the orchard can be carried out, including the phytosanitary products with which it is used will intervene.
more abstractCerasium avium var.silvestris, Phloeosporella padi infectious preassure
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DownloadTHE MOST IMPORTANT FOREST FRUITS FROM BRASOV COUNTY pag. 18-23
Crisan Vlad, Dinca LucianIn Romania, the most well-known non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are represented by forest fruits, edible mushrooms and medicinal plants. According to Romsilva, the National Forest Administration, the quantity of forest fruits harvested in Romania is more than 3000 tons/year. The aim of this paper is to synthesize forest fruits present in Brasov County. In this county, mountain regions are covered by coniferous forests, mixture forests (beech and coniferous) and beech forests. In the hills and plateau regions there are broad-leaved forests, prevailing beech and common oak; the main forest species often met on low hills and high plains are Quercus species. Therefore, the most important forest fruits that were found in this area are: blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), blackberry (Rubus hirtus W. et K.), elder (Sambucus nigra L.), Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), Juniperus sp. fruits, wild apple (Malus sylvestris), hazelnut (Coryllus avellana L.) and mast (Fagus sp). The most important forest fruits from Brasov County were determined with an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) developed by Thomas Saaty and based on 19 well-established criteria. These criteria were used in other papers that have studied non-wood forest products from Romania. The analytical hierarchy process has emphasized hazelnut and blueberry as the most requested forest fruits while blueberries are the most important fruits from Brasov County according AHP hierarchy. Regarding harvesting cost and tools, blueberries are the most expensive berries while blackberries are the chippest ones. These extreme values of hierachy are the same when experts analyse criteria „Complexity of harvesting process” in which blueberries are representing the highest harvesting process while blackberries representing the lowest harvesting process. Using the analytic hierarchy process in estimating the importance of fruit species from a certain County proved to be an efficient method to classify them based on the largest quantity of criteria that can be considered.
more abstractforest fruits, Brasov County, NWFP, AHP, blueberry.
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DownloadPLANTS FROM BUZAU COUNTY PRESENT IN “ALEXANDRU BELDIE” AND W.U. HERBARIUMS pag. 24-31
Crisan Vlad, Dinca Lucian, Deca SorinThe present article describes the plants collected from Buzau County and present in “Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium from “Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry and W.U. Herbarium from the University of Vienna. Buzău County connects the Carpathian ark with Danube’s Plain as it occupies an area located at the border of the three historical Romanian provinces - Muntenia, Moldova and Transylvania. The county occupies the largest part of Buzău river’s hydrographic basin, accommodating harmoniously all relief forms: mountains in the north part, field in the south and the sub-carpathian hill area between them. The article presents the studied material, the number of vouchers with species harvested from this area as well as some characteristics of the plant collections. The most important species collected from Buzau County are also mentioned, followed by an analysis of their characteristics: the collection’s creation period and the plant’s harvesting periods. The found genera were systematized, with an emphasis on the most representative ones. Buzau County represents a territory with a rich biodiversity and has represented both in the past as well as in the present, an important source for the development and enrichment of herbariums from all over the world. The plants collected from this area belong to 56 different genera. Most of them belong to Quercus and Cytisus genera and were collected during the first half of the past century, with a peak registered between 1932 and 1942. Four species are present in W.U. Herbarium and not present in “Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium: Galium, Inula, Seratula and Asplenium. Even though more than 70 vouchers were collected by the famous botanist S. Paşcovschi, approximately 18 romanian and foreign specialists have covered the forests, meadows and pastures from Buzau County in order to collect plants that have extended the collections from both W.U. and “Alexandru Beldie” herbariums.
more abstractBuzau County, plants, WU Herbarium, “Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium
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DownloadAGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANIAN AGRICULTURE pag. 32-38
M.C., CUCU1, Ioana, PANAIT1In Romania, approximately 98% of the agricultural area is cultivated in a conventional system, which indicates the fact that it is an important consumer of chemicals used in agriculture. The use of chemicals as well as the increase in the degree of technical endowment have led to improved yields per hectare and in some cases even doubled production, however, although food security is becoming an easier goal to achieve, food security is becoming a vulnerable target. chemicals. The purpose of the study is to determine the trend of the use of chemicals in Romanian agriculture and to highlight their impact on the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The article presents a quantitative analysis of the statistical data collected and processed to determine as accurately as possible the situation of Romania in terms of agricultural chemicalization. The importance of the study stems from the fact that sustainable development is a concept that has gained more and more ground recently and reducing the amount of chemicals in agriculture is an important goal. The European Union's strategy for 2030 is to reduce fertilizer consumption by 20% and reduce the use of hazardous pesticides by 50%. The research results reflect the evolution of the quantities of chemicals used in Romanian agriculture, analyze the trend of the main agricultural regions, and determine the relationship between the degree of chemicalization and the yield of agriculture. In Romania, approximately 98% of the agricultural area is cultivated in a conventional system, which indicates the fact that it is an important consumer of chemicals used in agriculture. The use of chemicals as well as the increase in the degree of technical endowment have led to improved yields per hectare and in some cases even doubled production, however, although food security is becoming an easier goal to achieve, food security is becoming a vulnerable target. chemicals. The purpose of the study is to determine the trend of the use of chemicals in Romanian agriculture and to highlight their impact on the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The article presents a quantitative analysis of the statistical data collected and processed to determine as accurately as possible the situation of Romania in terms of agricultural chemicalization. The importance of the study stems from the fact that sustainable development is a concept that has gained more and more ground recently and reducing the amount of chemicals in agriculture is an important goal. The European Union's strategy for 2030 is to reduce fertilizer consumption by 20% and reduce the use of hazardous pesticides by 50%. The research results reflect the evolution of the quantities of chemicals used in Romanian agriculture, analyze the trend of the main agricultural regions, and determine the relationship between the degree of chemicalization and the yield of agriculture.
more abstractsustainable use, food safety, rationalization
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DownloadCONTENT ANALYSIS OF MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS: A CASE STUDY (ICE CREAM ADS) pag. 39-46
IOSIM IASMINAThis paper analyses the content of media communications (in this case, ice cream advertisements). Content analysis is not very popular among Romanian researchers, despite its wide range of uses: age issues, climate change, communication, cognitive science, cultural studies, economic studies, education, ethnography, gender issues, health, information and communication technologies, literature, marketing studies, media studies, political science, psychology, rhetoric, sociology, etc. In this paper, the authors make an analysis of ice cream ads to show researchers in marketing studies how important content analysis (conceptual analysis + relational analysis) can be in the promotion of products and/or services. Eighty-nine ice cream ads for 46 American ice cream brands were targeted for the content analysis presented below. Content analyses relied on two basic methods – conceptual analysis and relational analysis Conceptual analysis (which establishes the existence and frequency of concepts represented by words of phrases in a text) shows that there are four groups of explicit terms referring to ice cream in our corpus: explicit terms (ice cream types, ice cream ingredients, ice cream features, and ice cream shapes) and four categories of implicit terms (terms that are related to humans, terms related to human feelings and emotions, terms related to location, and other terms that could not be grouped into distinct groups). Relational analysis (which goes one step further by examining the relationships among concepts in a text) identified what other words related to ice cream appear in the corpus and the different meanings these words bear (terms related to humans and location. Three conclusions could be drawn from the study: despite the wide range of fields in which content analysis can be used as a research method, we found that the most frequently analysed were health and media studies (in most cases, they go hand in hand); ice cream ads make up the proper corpus for content analysis and the number of implicit terms related to “ice cream” is twice as big as explicit ones because both manufacturers (who agree with the ads they pay for) and advertisers focus on suggestion rather than on reality. Content analysis of ads are twofold beneficial: first, because it can help companies understand the vision of their competitors, and second, because it can help companies better advertise their own products and services.
more abstractContent analysis, media communications, theoretical aspects, methodological aspects
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DownloadSEED GERMINATION SURVEY OF ROMANIAN TOMATO AND PEPPER VARIETIES-1 pag. 47-55
Mihaela IORDĂCHESCU 1, Anca Amalia UDRIȘTE1*, V. POPA1, Liliana BĂDULESCU1Nowadays, people are more and more concerned with healthy food, and they are looking for ecological labeled products, hence the need for novel crop varieties with increased stress resistance in addition to other desirable organoleptic traits. Local Romanian varieties that are already proved to be adapted to local conditions can be used to develop new organic varieties with superior traits. Indicators of seed germination process, such as germination capacity, time, rate, and synchrony are taken into consideration by the plant breeders for the creation of a new crop variety. In the present study, nine Romanian tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties (Kristinica, Florina 44, Andrada, Buzău 1600, Buzău 47, Argeș 11, Argeș 20, Ștefănești 24 and Ștefănești 22) and seven pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties (Decebal, Vladimir, Galben Superior, Splendens, Cosmin, Roial and Cantemir) were compared during seed germination process. Seeds were sown on glass Petri dishes on filter paper disks soaked with distilled water. Each variety was replicated three times, and each replicate counted 30 seeds. Seeds were considered germinated when the radicle reached a length of at least 2 mm. The germination process was considered finished when no new seed germinated for three days in a row. Several indicators such as percentage of germination, mean germination time, mean germination rate, homogeneity and synchrony, as well as the seed size, were calculated. Differences among varieties were assessed by ANOVA. Significant differences were observed among the varieties in the end of the survey for all indicators assessed. These differences in the germination indicators can be correlated in future studies with genotype variation among the varieties and can be used as a basis for genotype-assisted breeding programs, by selecting for a desirable trait, such as synchronous germination, or short germination time, or against undesirable trait, such as low percentage of germination. Romanian varieties
more abstractCapsicum, germination, Romanian varieties, Solanum
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DownloadIMPROVING COMMUNICATORS' SKILLS IN TOURISM AND AGRITOURISM pag. 56-62
IASMINA IOSIMOur changing world, characterised by an increasing mobility of skilled workers, needs, more than ever, to improve the quality and effectiveness of services, hence the necessity to improve the effectiveness and quality of the training systems. Tourism and agri-tourism are increasingly important in an increasing number of countries of the world. High-quality, effective tourism services rely on good communication skills. Though some professionals in the field seem more concerned with the skills that could improve an individual and some educators seem to focus on skills that could help individuals work with others, the need to improve communication skills is shared by both stakeholders. This paper clearly defines concepts such as communication and communication skills (confidence, critical thinking, customer service, emotional intelligence, empathy, leadership, patience, project management, public speaking, social skills, and time management). Other authors group basic communication skills into behavioural characteristics, event planning and management, fluency in a foreign language, new media acumen, presentation skills, relationship building, relationships with vendors and agencies, visual communication skills, and writing and editing skills. In tourism, the most important communication skills are diplomacy, elective oral and written communication skills, human relations skills, and professional ethical standards. The paper emphasises what educators – body language, good instructions, and transfer of knowledge to their students – through case studies, educational games, group work, internship, out-of-class assignment, pair work, psychodrama, role-play, and simulation – and educational materials (language sue, teaching rules, and visual aids) should focus on in their attempt to improve communicators' skills in tourism and agritourism. Tourism actors should manage to build up. The conclusion of the study is that, in order to be good communicators, students majoring in tourism should be able to build up reports effortless, to be good listeners, and to observe the 7 principles of feedback given that adequate training of staff (employee, farmer, members of farmer’s family) is important in ensuring a high-level customer satisfaction
more abstractCommunication skills, communicators, improvement, tourism, agritourism
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DownloadSTUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT STRESS ON LACTATING HUNGARIAN SIMMENTAL COWS pag. 63-73
Katalin Kitti KOMLÓSI, A. RIBÁCSThe authors studied the effect of summer heat stress from Hungary on lactating Hungarian Simmental cattle. The study was carried out in July 2019, and involved 20 multiparous lactating cows. Each test day was characterized by a temperature-humidity index (THI1) for whose calculation at 15 hours – at the end of the warmest period – the data were registered. The cows water intake and milk production were measured, as well as the external body temperature, the pulse and respiratory rate of the animals were measured once a day, also at 15 hours. The relationship between the measured parameters and the THI1 value was investigated and the correlation between the parameters was studied. The data for each study day (n = 31; THI1 = 63-81) were used for the correlation analysis. The average value of the parameters measured on non-heat stress days (n = 12; THI1 = 63-68; hereafter NHS) and that on heat stress days (n = 17; THI1 = 69-75; hereafter HS) were compared. The cows’ daily water intake (l/cow/day) was 79.4 3.4 (NHS) vs. 84.4 5.2 (HS) (+6.3%; p 0.01). The daily milk production (l/cow/day) was 13.2 0.7 (NHS) vs. 11.9 1.6 (HS) (-9.8%; p 0.01). The external body temperature (C) was 38.4 0.3 (NHS) vs. 38.8 0.3 (HS) (p 0.002). The pulse (1/min) was 67.3 2.6 (NHS) vs. 70.3 2.3 (HS) (p 0.01). The respiratory rate (1/min) was 21.4 0.6 (NHS) vs. 22.0 0.9 (HS) (p 0.1 (NS)). Thus, even in the case of non-intensively bred dairy cattle Hungarian Simmental, which is well adapted to local conditions, an increase in drinking water consumption and a decrease in milk production can be detected already at 69-75 THI1 values. Water intake closely correlated to THI1 (r = 0.84; p 0.001). There is only a moderate correlation between external body temperature and THI1 (r = 0.47; p 0.01). Milk production was more closely related to THI1 (r = -0.84; p 0.001) than to external body temperature (r = -0.59; p 0.001). At the same time, respiratory rate and, in particular, pulse was strongly related to the external body temperature (r = 0.72; p 0.001 and r = 0.92; p 0.001).
more abstractheat stress, THI, cattle, Hungarian Simmental, milk production
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DownloadA CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL DARWINISM, COMPETITIVE VERSUS CONSTRUCTIVIST PARADIGMS pag. 74-79
Lungu, Marius-Robert; Urlica Alina-Andreea; Coroama-Dorneanu Laura IoanaAn ideology is a mixture of scientific and unscientific statements, which often include rational alongside irrational claims or assertions. That is what their success relies on and it also explains why ideologies are difficult to reject. It is easy to be mislead into thinking that they are entirely scientific, when they are only partially accurate. Ideologies are often meant to establish and legitimize a new worldview or even to replace religion as a form of secular religion. Social Darwinism may be regarded as such an ideology, given its fatal flaws which the paper purports to explore. The starting point of this particular ideology was Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, taken to include slightly different meanings than initially intended. According to this theory, organisms better adapted to the environment are more likely to eliminate their competitors. Additionally, this aspect was also deemed a mark of superiority as Social Darwinism states that human groups, races, and societies are subject to natural selection in the same manner that plants and animals are in the context of nature. Several philosophers, sociologists, economists and historians have taken up Darwin's theory, reinterpreting some accurately scientific facts so as to serve underlying ideological purposes. The question is whether it was right to apply the theory of natural selection to human society, which is supposedly a higher level of self-organization than that of nature. Given this supplementary hypothesis, the terminology of "social Darwinism" was later introduced and researchers who supported this novel outlook were named social Darwinists, despite essential differences from Darwin’s doctrine. The main concepts of social Darwinism include tenets such as fierce natural selection dictating success, the survival of the fittest, and the struggle for existence, which are considered under a radically different ethical paradigm by social darwinian interpretations.We argue that this kind of outlook has paradigmatically affected the world we live in a way which is unbeneficial to humanity and it should therefore be replaced by a more constructive, cooperative paradigm which we are striving to enforce, as educators within the humanities.
more abstractconceptual analisys, philosophy, social darwinism, natural selection, competition, cooperation, construction of meaning
Presentation: oral
DownloadRESEARCH OF THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER SIAPTON ON PRODUCTIVITY OF OIL ROSE (ROSA DAMASCENA MILL)-1 pag. 80-86
Roxana MINEVA, Antoniya STOYANOVAIn Bulgaria there are centuries-old traditions in the cultivation of oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill). Bulgarian rose oil and other products made from the colors of rose oil are well known and sought after in international markets. Since the beginning of the 19th century are exported to countries in Europe, USA, Australia, Japan, the Middle East, etc. Oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill) is grown for their flowers, which contain essential oils, producing rose oil. Rose-growing is a traditional industry in the economy of Bulgaria and the products produced by the pink color, are widely used in medicine, cosmetics, food. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of fertilizer "Siapton" on the productivity of oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill) and qualitative indicators of the received rose oil. The experiment was carried out in an experimental field at IREMK, Kazanlak in the period 2015-2017. The object of the study is the pink plantation of the "Svezhen" variety grown on leached forest soils. The bio fertilizer Siapton is a versatile organic fertilizer and biostimulant for leaf and soil applications containing amino acids and peptides. Ingredients: Total nitrogen 9.1%; organic nitrogen 8.7%; Ammonium nitrogen 0.4%; Organic carbon 25%; Total amino acids (of animal origin) 54.4%; Free amino acids 10.0%; Dry matter content 63%. For implementation of the objective study of the impact of liquid fertilizer on the productivity of the culture and quality of essential oil have been conducted biometric measurements and phenological observations during the growing season. And in the three years of the study pink color is retracted manually in phenophase blooms. The yield of rose oil is accounted for by micro distillation apparatus - Clevinger.For the purpose of the study, experiments were conducted under irrigation and irrigation conditions. Applying fertilizer Siapton leads to an increase in the mass and diameter of the color of oil rose. After treatment with the organic fertilizer Siapton yield of the pink color of the oil rose (Rosa damascena Mill) increases. Treatment at a dose of 350 ml/da under irrigated conditions ensures an increase to 21.57%, while under irrigation - 21.20%. With natural moisture supply, the highest yields of rose oil were obtained by treatment with biotor at a dose of 250-350 ml/da. At irrigation, the yields were 28.7% higher after treatment with 350 ml/da.
more abstractoil rose, irrigation regime, fertilize, yield
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DownloadTHE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN TOURISTS IN THE MURES VALLEY REGION, NAMELY IN THE WINE ROAD AREA, COUNTY OF ARAD, WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 87-94
R. PAȘCALĂU1, S. STANCIU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, A. ȘMULEAC1, Mirela AHMADI KHOE1, M. DANCI1, Andrea FEHER1, Iasmina IOSIM1, C. SĂLĂȘAN1, M. BAKLI2, M. AMARA2The present paper tends to give a fuller picture of the importance of the English language in rural tourism and the alternative of sustaining it by improving all connected facilities within the area, , emphasizing the importance of English in local tourism development in all the villages of the Mures Valley, namely the Wine Road Area, in Arad county. Tourism, as an important component of economic, cultural and social life, a phenomenon with multiple implications, has a powerful link between foreign tourists and local tourism in the English. Providing all the information, data, services available, in English advertising internationally, leads to an increase of foreign tourists in a recently officially declared: Tourist Resort of Local Interest. Tourism and English language are linked and nowadays they are major actors in conserving the feasibility and durability of localities from the entire local countryside as the phenomenon of urbanization keeps on growing and most of the teenagers are leaving the countryside for the urban areas abandoning old households and lands. Foreign tourists are attracted by our local beautiful landscapes, by the well-known hospitality, but without a mutual spoken language, the impact and the consequences would be minimized. Advertising on the international market by: organization of different types of activities, tourism fairs, on- line promotion, delivering flyers to local tourism companies and agencies, supported by local authorities through their tourism departments, information campaigns at Embassies of Romania in more foreign countries, promotion on social networks, short promotion videos in English or in Romanian, subtitled in English, introducing the local offer into tourism catalogues, all these activities point out the importance of the English language, spoken and written form. At the end of the paper, I proposed a possible touristic guided program for the "rural tasting tourism" in English, a program that includes 2 days.
more abstractEnglish, tourism, language, promotion, wine-road
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DownloadFOOD POLLUTION AS A RESULT OF VEGETABLE NITRIC OVERLOAD pag. 95-99
Hortensia RĂDULESCU ¹The study shows that the most important nitrate sources of agriculture origin which can pollute vegetal food stuffs are leaf vegetables well known as nitrate accumulators. In areas with intensive nitrate fertilization crops become overloaded with nitrates. Therefore spinach, lettuce, cabbage, carrots and parsley, to be ingested by the consumer, were experimentally fertilized with various doses of nitrogen and than the nitrate content was measured at their harvest. The nitrate content in leafs was determined by using standard methods, as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), approved by Romanian STAS 784/2-2009.Field experiments took place by fertilizing soil with six doses of nitrogen applied as mineral and organic fertilizer. The obtained results indicate a direct correlation between the nitrogen amount used as fertilizer and the nitrate content of vegetables. Nitrogen given as organic fertilizer (manure) establish at harvest time low nitrate content in vegetables, unlike the treatment with mineral fertilizer. Therefore the organic fertilizer is to be chosen instead mineral fertilization if the agricultural technology admits it. The nitrate content in vegetables is variable, depending also on the analyzed vegetable species and plant parts. The importance of the established results lies in informing the consumers about the nitrate accumulation in several leaf vegetables when intensive mineral fertilization is used. In order to prevent high nitrate content in leaf vegetable, the chosen nitrogen fertilizer dose depends also on several factors like soil features, climatic conditions, vegetation period of the crop and harvest time. The climatic conditions, the vegetation period of the vegetables and the harvest time are relevant for the nitrate content, since they influence the reduction process of nitrates. The usefulness of the paper lies in preventing the ingestion of high nitrate amounts by the consumer through leaf vegetables consumption, knowing that leaf vegetables are an important source of vitamins and minerals. To prevent the toxic nitrate impact on the consumer’s health, the daily intake of nitrates by food consumption should not exceed the acceptable level established by FAO and WHO representing 3,65 mg nitrate/ kg body mass.
more abstractnitrogen dose, nitrogen fertilizer, leaf vegetables, nitrate content, nitric overload
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DownloadPOTENTIAL NITRIC POLLUTION SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER FROM RURAL WELLS pag. 100-104
Hortensia RĂDULESCU ¹The paper presents the results of intensive agricultural practices on the quality of depth waters found frequently as drinking water in rural wells.In areas with intensive nitrogen fertilization and livestock breeding, groundwater becomes overloaded with nitrates. In this research, nitrate contamination generated by intensive agricultural technologies as well as nitric overload due to intensive animal breeding were studied on groundwater samples.The upper and deep layers of groundwater in several locations of Banat County, well known for the industrial livestock breeding and intensive agricultural practices, were collected and analyzed for nitrates, using the GRIESS method. Nitrates from water samples were determined by using standard methods, as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The water samples were taken from wells and drillings located in rural regions of Banat County, Jimbolia, Bobda, Dinias, Folea Tormac, Nitchidorf and Margina, where intensive agricultural activities were performed.The nitrate content of upper and deep layers groundwater from rural wells was established. In several analyzed wellwater samples from Banat County the upper layer and average depth groundwater proved frequently to be compromised due to intensive nitrogen fertilization and industrial animal breeding, exceeding the nitrate content in drinking water of 50 mg nitrate/ l water. The usefulness of the paper consists in preventing the consumer’s nitric contamination by drinking water from rural wells.The importance of the obtained results lies in informing the consumers about the nitrate content in depth water resources in areas of intensive fertilization with mineral nitrogen or industrial animal breeding.In order to avoid in time the appearance of nitrate-induced serious consequences on human health, FAO and WHO have established the daily acceptable intake of nitrate to 3,65 mg nitrate/kg body mass, meaning also 50 mg nitrate/ l in drinking water. Exceeding the toxicity limit mentioned above, may induce serious illness like methaemoglobinaemia and cancer. rural wells, groundwater, nitrate content, nitric overload, industrial animal breeding
more abstractrural wells, groundwater, nitrate content, nitric overload, industrial animal breeding
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DownloadTRANSLOCATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS FROM THE SOIL IN ROOT VEGETABLES IN THE PLAIN AREA OF BANAT pag. 105-110
Antoanela COZMA, Casiana MIHUȚ, V. D. MIRCOV, A. OKROS, Florina RADU, B. COZMA, L. NIȚĂ, Laura ȘMULEACThe purpose of this paper was to determine the distribution of some heavy metals from the soil in root vegetables, cultivated in a plain area of Banat: Cenad place, area considered unpolluted with such metals. The physico-chemical properties of the soils and surface waters, also the climatic factors specific to this area, allows ecological production and encourages the cultivation of vegetables with a normal content of heavy metals. The concentrations in Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn from the soil (total and mobile forms) and from some root vegetables (total concentration) were determined: carrot, parsley, celery and potatoes. The obtained results of the heavy metals determination, made by atomic absorption spectrometry in acetylene-air flame method (FAAS), shows that their distribution in soil and vegetables is non-uniform, depending on the nature of the metal and also vegetables. The analysis of heavy metals contents from carrots, parsley, celery and potatoes show that the vegetables contain significant amounts of essential mineral elements and insignificant contents of toxic or potentially toxic metals. Translocation of heavy metals from soil to the plant is conditioned by a series of factors, among which the most important are the nature of the heavy metal, the physicochemical soil properties, the mineral needs of the plant. Considering the accessible concentrations (mobile forms) of heavy metals in the soil and the average heavy metal concentrations in the vegetables (average values for the four analyzed vegetables) it can be stated that fraction of metal translocated from soil to vegetables has the following values (%) : 13.79 (Fe), 3.82 (Mn), 91.99 (Zn), 24.73 (Cu), 70.83 (Co), 62.32 (Ni), 76.32 (Cr), 2.98 (Pb) and <15 (Cd). For a healthy nutrition it is very important to know these contents. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples and in the analyzed vegetables are below the toxicity limits provided by the legislation. Therefore, vegetables grown in this area do not present a risk of contamination with heavy metals.
more abstractheavy metals, soil, root vegetables, FAAS
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DownloadTHE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION AND DISTANCE BETWEEN ROWS ON SOME SAINFOIN (ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA SCOP.) MORPHOPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS -1 pag. 111-116
C.-S. GAVRILĂ1, Doina, SILISTRU1, A.-I. NAZARE2, M. STAVARACHE2, V. VÎNTU2, C.SAMUIL2The research conducted during the period of March to October 2019, at the Meadows Research and Development Station, Vaslui (46°40'-36°10' north latitude and 27°44'-20°40' east longitude) followed the influence of fertilization and the distance between rows on the plants' height (cm), shoots number (shoots·m-2) and inflorescences number (inflorescences·m-2), at sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) seeds culture, in the first year of vegetation. The organized experience was bi-factorial, 3x5 type, placed according to the method of subdivided plots, with the plot harvestable area of 13.5 m2 (1.5 m x 9 m), in three replications, and the studied factors were: A - the distance between rows with three graduations (a1 - 25 cm, a2 - 37.5 cm and a3 - 50 cm) and B - fertilization with five graduations (b1 - unfertilized, b2 - N50P50, b3 - N50P50K50, b4 - N100P100K100 and b5 - cattle manure 20 mg·ha-1). Resulting from the study, it was found that by applying mineral or organic fertilizers and by sowing at smaller distances between rows higher plants were obtained, with a higher number of shoots·m2. The research conducted during the period of March to October 2019, at the Meadows Research and Development Station, Vaslui (46°40'-36°10' north latitude and 27°44'-20°40' east longitude) followed the influence of fertilization and the distance between rows on the plants' height (cm), shoots number (shoots·m-2) and inflorescences number (inflorescences·m-2), at sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) seeds culture, in the first year of vegetation. The organized experience was bi-factorial, 3x5 type, placed according to the method of subdivided plots, with the plot harvestable area of 13.5 m2 (1.5 m x 9 m), in three replications, and the studied factors were: A - the distance between rows with three graduations (a1 - 25 cm, a2 - 37.5 cm and a3 - 50 cm) and B - fertilization with five graduations (b1 - unfertilized, b2 - N50P50, b3 - N50P50K50, b4 - N100P100K100 and b5 - cattle manure 20 mg·ha-1). Resulting from the study, it was found that by applying mineral or organic fertilizers and by sowing at smaller distances between rows higher plants were obtained, with a higher number of shoots·m2.
more abstractplants height, shoots number, inflorescences number, correlation
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DownloadRESEARCH REGARDING THE BEHAVIOUR OF CERTAIN BEAN BIOTYES (VICEA FABA L.) UNDER CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENTIATED FERTILIZATION pag. 117-124
Nicoleta Liliana ȚIGRIȘ, Simona NIȚĂ, GH. DAVID, L. D. NIȚĂThe researches were carried out in 2017-2019, in the experimental field from the Experimental Didactic Station of the Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of ”King Mihai I of Romania” from Timişoara. The experiments were organized on a cambic chernozem soil , wet groundwater (slightly gleyic), slightly decarbonated, on loessoid deposits - dusty, loamy - clay, with pH -6.10 and a humus content of 2.58%.In terms of climate, according to Koppen, the climate falls within the formula c.f.b.x., namely a temperate climate, with rainfall throughout the year, but with a deficit in the summer months. Three biotypes were studied in the research, namely the Bioro variety and two populations. The research included a two-factor experiment with three repetitions. Fertilization was performed with variable doses of nitrogen fertilizers, applied on a constant background of P60K60. On average, on the fertilizer doses, the highest yield of 4523 kg/ha was obtained for the Purple population, followed by the White population with 3871 k ha, both populations exceeding the yield for the Bioro variety, for which the yield was only 3404 kg/Ha. The protein content was close, varying between 24.61% in the Purple population and 25.37% in the White population. In this paper, statistical correlations were made based on the following parameters from the laws of distribution of the random variable X like: mean, dispersion, standard deviation, which we will note by . Be it two estimated values 1*and 2* found from two selection variables. In other words, the dispersion is the square mean of the deviation from the mean. From the definition relations it is observed that the narrower the interval in which the values of xi are concentrated, the smaller the dispersion and vice versa. Dispersion is also called variance. The error we are working with is 0.05 in all cases of comparing the means.
more abstractbroad bean (Vicia faba), fertilization, protein content
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DownloadIDENTIFICATION OF THE PHYTO - PATHOGENIC FUNGUS CYTOSPORA LEUCOSTOMA (PERS.) SACC. IN CHERRY TREES FROM WESTERN ROMANIA (CASE STUDY) pag. 125-132
Otilia COTUNA1,2, Mirela PARASCHIVU3, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU1, Carmen DURĂU1Chronic wood infections caused by Cytospora species can be devastating to fruit trees. The Cytospora canker can be produced by many species of the genus Cytospora. Cytospora fungi commonly found in orchards are Cytospora cincta and Cytospora leucostoma. From a morphological point of view, the two species are difficult to differentiate. Cytospora species mainly affect branches, but can cause destructive infections in trunks and large branches, severely limiting the longevity and productivity of orchards. This cancer is considered serious in declining or poorly maintained orchards, where the trees are no longer vigorous. Due to infections, the trees can dry out and the economic losses are major. It can be found frequently in the improper managed orchards or old orchards were is producing important loses by the drying of the branches and even the death of the trees following the infection through lesions produced by hailstone, frost, insects and tools. Usually the most sensitive trees are the weakened ones. In the last years the fungi from the genus Cytospora become more frequent in the cherry orchards from Romania. It is problematic the fact that frequently the infected trees are young. This research is a case study based on the infection with a fungus from Cytospora genus from a cherry orchard from western Romania. The main purpose of the paper was to correctly identify the above mentioned orchard pathogen by laboratory analyses (macroscopic and microscopic). Tissue samples from branches and sprouts were placed on the culture medium for the observation of the mycelia. The prepared samples were incubated at a temperature of 24 oC, for 5 days. The results obtained show that the fungus responsible for the cherry tree death belongs to the genus Cytospora. The form and colour of the pycnidia from beneath the bark is specific to the species Cytospora leucostoma, this species being reported by other researchers too as present in the orchards from Romania. The perfect form of the fungus (Valsa) wasn’t observed.
more abstractCytospora leucostoma, Cytospora canker, pycnidia, cherry, pycniospores, perithecium, lesions
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DownloadSTUDY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO TECHNOLOGIES OF FERTILIZATION AND IRRIGATION ON GRAIN MAIZE-1 pag. 133-140
Antoniya STOYANOVAThe synergistic effect of irrigating and fertilizing corn for grain has been the subject of years of research. Grain maize shows its biological potential by properly combining irrigation, nutrient fertilization and other factors of the agro-technical complex of activities. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the following variants are laid: In some furrows are fertilized and in the adjacent watering; In the same furrows are fertilized and irrigated; Non-irrigation option.The size of the test plots is 70 m2 (length of 10 m, 5 irrigation and 5 non-irrigation furrows) and soil type meadow cinnamon soil (Gleyic Hromic Luvisols). Nitrogen fertilizer is fed three times at 1/3 - before sowing, before sowing and after the first watering with a total of 120 kg/ha in the 1st year and 180 kg/ha of active substance in the 2nd year of the field experiment.The aim of this study is a comparative analysis of two technology solutions for fertilization and irrigation of maize grain. Studied the distribution of nitrogen in the soil profile and the level of contamination of the effluent. The analysis of both technologies for irrigation and nutrition with nitrogen grain maize in irrigation fertilization (traditional technology) and without fertilization furrows (new technology) seeks to establish the ecological relevance of each of them. Assays were performed in method for simultaneous determination of ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen in the soil. Water samples of irrigation water were analyzed for nitrogen, the samples were taken at the beginning of irrigations; of effluent irrigation for both variants are taking an average sample of irrigation furrows in the beginning in the middle and at the end of the flow in them. It was found that only the first watering and irrigation fertilized furrows has substantial exports of both mineral and nitrate nitrogen in the effluent. Most nitrate nitrogen is exported in irrigation furrows and fertilized at a higher fertilization rates.
more abstractmaize, irrigation, fertilization, yield, nitrogen
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DownloadRESEARCH ON THE USE OF SLAG FROM THE STEEL INDUSTRY IN AGRICULTURE AND FOR AMELIORATION ACIDIC SOILS -1 pag. 141-149
Valentina Mihaela, PETCU (VASILE)1, M. MIHALACHE²The quantities of slag obtained world wide are increasing, which can lead to the removal of agricultural lands from the agricultural use and even to their pollution with various heavy metals. In accordance to statistical data, over 400 million tonnes of iron and steel slag are produced every year. Over the past 20 years, the recovery rate of these by-products from the steel industry has increased significantly. Innovative technological developments and the cooperation with other industries have brought the steel industry closer to reaching its Zero Waste goal. The slag obtained from the steel industry is a mixture of silica, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminium and iron oxides. Due to the characteristics of these secondary materials, respectively due to the high content of calcium oxide, they can be used on agricultural lands in order to neutralize the soil acidity and implicitly, for a better valorization of nutrients by the crop plants. Currently, the forecast given for the evolution of soils, both internationally and in our country, shows a continuous tendency of degradation of agricultural soils, agriculture being both a factor of degradation and a victim of the degradation caused by other socio-economic activities and also by agriculture itsel. In the last period, as a result of the application of agricultural technologies and due to the long-term fertilization with mineral Nitrogen fertilizers, a decrease in the soil’s reaction has been recorded. The efficient use of these by-products of the steel industry as an amendment in agriculture in order to neutralize the soil’s acidity, for improving crop productivity, for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and for stabilizing heavy metals from contaminated soils, turns them into a value-added product in sustainable agriculture. This paper aims to present the influence of these materials resulted from the steel industry in improving the reaction of acidic soils, the influence they have on the main chemical properties of the soils and the influence on the production and quality of agricultural crops.
more abstractsteel industry residue, steel slag, soil fertility, recycling, soil amendaments, acid soil
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DownloadTHE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS ON THE MAIZE YIELD UNDER THE CLIMATE AND SOIL CONDITIONS FROM LOVRIN IN THE PERIOD 2016-2019-1 pag. 150-161
C. I. ŞANDOR, D. ŢĂRĂU, Alina AGAPIE 2 , Gh. DAVIDThe increase, improvement and stability of agricultural production and therefore of food security in all agricultural areas (tropical, subtropical, temperate, etc.), is achieved by cultivating certain plants, creating optimal vegetation conditions for them through well-defined elements of technology, starting from the fundamental idea that man must cooperate with the environment, to consciously become a protector of it. Given these considerations and starting from the fact that there are relations of a varied and complex reciprocity between the properties of the soil and the main cultivated species, this paper presents, based on studies conducted during three experimentation years, within the theme "Research on pedoclimatic and anthropogenic factors that condition land productivity from the Low Plain of Banat” and carried out during doctoral school, several aspects regarding the physical-geographical characteristics illustrated by the maize yields on a typical Chernozem soil, slightly gleyic, epicalcaric, medium clay loam/medium clay loam from the research field in Lovrin. Given these aspects regarding the existence of risks due to various manifestations of natural factors or irrational human interventions, in this paper the authors try to transfer descriptive theoretical activities to analytical activities that provide practical solutions for the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the maize crop. The importance of the research topic derives from the fact that the soil/land properties are differentiated in the territory, due to the variation of pedogenesis factors and conditions, as well as to the fact that in the plant production system the productive potential of the soil is combined with the applied human labour, integrated by plants in the biomass production. The importance of the research topic derives from the fact that the soil/land properties are differentiated in the territory, due to the variation of pedogenesis factors and conditions, as well as to the fact that in the plant production system the productive potential of the soil is combined with the applied human labour, integrated by plants in the biomass production.
more abstractfertilizers, harvest, maize, soil, climate
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DownloadAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF VINGA LOCALITY, ARAD COUNTY-1 pag. 162-165
A. OKROS1, P. PÎRȘAN1, V. MIRCOV1, Casiana MIHUȚ1, Maria Manuela CRISTA1Agriculture is a traditional branch of the Romanian economy that has, as a means of production, the agricultural land fund (the totality of land situated between the borders of a country, including those under water), which provides the necessary food for the population, raw materials for some industries, and products for export. It has been practiced in our country since prehistoric times, with shepherding predominating, practiced in several forms including transhumance (the movement of herds according to the season from high to low areas). In the 19th century, after the Peace of Adrianople, the structure of land use changed in favour of plant cultivation, especially cereals, Romania becoming “the granary of Europe” in the 20th century. In the second half of the 20th century, some progress was noticed in agriculture due to mechanization, chemistry, irrigation, etc., but overall, because of collectivization, interest of the peasantry in production decreased. After 1990, Romanian agriculture faced strong fragmentation of agricultural land as a result of the 1991 restitutions (Law 18/1991), lack of funds for investments, and decommissioning of irrigation systems The natural and social conditions influencing agricultural production are the relief, which plays the role of thermal threshold causing a differentiation of agricultural practices on large relief units: in mountain areas, predominates animal husbandry; in hill and plateau areas, predominate viticulture, tree growing, and animal husbandry; in lowland areas, predominate the cultivation of cereals, industrial plants and vegetables; the climate is, generally, favourable, with, sometimes, phenomena that partially compromise crops (freeze, drought, etc.). From an administrative point of view, Vinga commune is part of Arad county and consists of three villages: Vinga - commune residence village located at a distance of 23 km from Arad, Mailat and Mănăştur municipality. Vinga commune is located in the southwestern extremity of Arad county, in Vingăi Plain, only 23 km from Arad municipality and approximately 30 km from Timişoara municipality.
more abstractVinga, agriculture, systems, profit, income, production
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DownloadLANDSLIDES AND THEIR CONTROL AT MARGINA VILLAGE, TIMIȘ COUNTY, ROMANIA-1 pag. 166-172
Gh. ROGOBETE1, Adia GROZAV1Land displacement processes on the slope can be differentiated after the types of movements in creep, landslide or mass movement, earth flow, rock fall, rock topple. By combination of two or more types results a complex displacement. Factors that determine degradation by displacement are the relief, vegetation, climate, rock and parent material, and plus the influences of erosion, earthquakes. The studied land is situated in the Făget Hills and near the river Bega, in the northeastern part of Timi; county. For the cadastral territory Margina has been made a pedological report at large scale of 1:10.000 for 5029,46 ha. There are 77 soil mapping units. In the southern territories of river Bega (Coșevița) there are Pleistocene and accumulation of alluvia, wherein prevail argillaceous marl. The soil mapping units established for the whole territory are: Luvisols; Cambisols; Gleysols; Stagnosols; Leptosols; Regosols; Fluvisols; Anthrosols. The total area affected of landslide is 194.28 ha, which represents 3.86 % from the total villige’s territory. The soil profiles situated in the territory with landslides are 10, 11, 12 and 38, namely: Stagnic Luvisols, Anthrosols, eroded, Luvic Stagnosols, stagnic Luvisols. A general characteristic for all soil profiles situated on the landslide field is the interference between the horizons. The bedding rocks are predominantly clayey (argillaceous marl) in which the expandable minerals are ~ 80%, with strong shrinkage – swelling phenomena. Corresponding to the recommended measures established by the studies can be constructed concrete plates, supportwalls, elements of ferroconcrete or soil conservation by afforestation. The land improvement must be realized within a single project for the whole torrential watershed. Corresponding to the recommended measures established by the studies can be constructed concrete plates, supportwalls, elements of ferroconcrete or soil conservation by afforestation. The land improvement must be realized within a single project for the whole torrential watershed.
more abstractactive, furrow, stairs, waves landslides, stagnosols, control, stability
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DownloadCONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF BANATULUI MOUNTAINS-1 pag. 173-181
L. DINCĂ1, Emilia VECHIU1Banat is a region from South-West Romania that is geomorphologically characterised by the repartition of form reliefs. The form reliefs from this area succeed each other in levels starting from East to West as such: low plain, high plain, hills and mountains. This region is characterised by low mountains that were formed by the presence of karst. From a geologic point of view, Banatului Mountains belong to the largest and most compact surface of chalky, carbonic rocks from Romania, Reşiţa-Moldova Nouă area. Data from plot descriptions present in forest management plans can be used in studying a territory’s geomorphology as they present detailed particularities for certain surfaces occupied by stands. The purpose of this present paper is to study the geomorphology of Banatului Mountains with the help of data from forest management plans realized for forests located in this region. The data that were taken into consideration were: altitude, relief category, field configuration, slope and exposition. The total surface occupied by national forests from Banatului Mountains is of 482.387 ha. Amongst them, the majority are situated at altitudes between 500 and 600 meters. The slope (with a significant percentage of undefined slopes) is the main form relief from Banatului Mountains. Field configuration in the forest area is mainly sinuous, occupying 6% of this area, while kneading fields occupy only 1%. Field inclination presents an increased growth from plain fields up to those with a 30g slope. The most accentuated slopes are registered by Baile Herculane (70g), Sasca Montana, Bozvici, Resita and Baile Herculane (60g). A reduced percentage was observed for fields with very low slopes (2%) or very high (5%), while fields with slopes between 20g and 40g have recorded significant percentages (80%). The entire Banatului Mountains chain is characterized by a relatively uniform repartition of stands based on the exposition, with a lower percentage of fields with East and West expositions.
more abstractaltitude, field slope, field configuration, exposition, Banatului Mountains
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DownloadACADEMIC VOCABULARY IN TEACHING ENGLISH FOR AGRICULTURE pag. 182-187
R. PAȘCALĂU1, S. STANCIU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, A. ȘMULEAC1, Mirela AHMADI- KHOIE1, Andrea FEHER1, , C. SALĂȘAN1, M. DANCI1, M. BAKLI2 , M. AMARA2This paper is aimed to highlight the need of extending a general academic vocabulary to the students of agriculture study program on English materials. It is focused in presenting vocabulary used mostly for specific purposes, namely agriculture. Academic vocabulary should be suitable for all the needs of the students from all cycles, although here we are referring to the bachelor one, whether it is used in classes, for reading the agriculture materials or just practicing the theories on the field, or even when the students are prepared for facing the real world of work. A good knowledge of the English academic vocabulary in the field of Agriculture will improve all the skills of the students: speaking skills (speaking with fluency, good pronunciation, good conversation with specific agriculture terms), as well as reading ones and comprehension (understanding the main ideas of the text, presenting reports in/from the field, skimming and scanning activities). Furthermore, we have noticed that a lot of words of general use started to have academic meaning in our corpus, and that is why we consider to be taken into account as academic vocabulary. Consequently, we have identified the need to create field-specific academic word lists, to be used when teaching English to agriculture students, giving them the possibility to assimilate these words and to incorporate them in their day-by-day English vocabulary use. Delivering to the students an academic English vocabulary from a specific field, namely here, agriculture will contribute to complete their profile, helping them to become professionals, in an international labor market, where specialists are required. English teachers from Agriculture field could implement the use of academic vocabulary based on the variety or diversity of agriculture terms, being aware that vocabulary learning strategies must be purposefully taught, to improve the existing situation, and contribute to their professional profiles.
more abstractEnglish, academic,vocabulary, teaching, agriculture
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DownloadTHE SENSITIVITY OF THE GALIUM APARINE L. SPECIES TO SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES pag. 188-197
Ramona ȘTEF, A. CĂRĂBEȚ, Ioana GROZEA, D. MANEA, Ana-Maria VÎRTEIU, Anișoara IENCIU, R. CHIFANGalium aparine L. from Rubiaceae family, is believed to has originated in Eurasia. Galium aparine it is a weed problem producing direct damages, on wheat production, through the consumption of nutrients, water, etc., but also indirect by the fact that it lodges the cereal plants, makes it difficult to harvest by winding on cereal heder, it is a plant host for nematodes, insects and pathogens. Studies conducted by different researchers have shown that the species Galium contents alkaloids, saponins, etc. which have negative effects on growth and germination of wheat plants as well as on animal health (causes poisoning). Research on the sensitivity and resistance of cleavers populations to herbicides is important for farmers, thus giving them the opportunity to select the appropriate management strategy. The research aimed to assess the sensitivity of Galium aparine to sulfonylureas. The sensitivity of cleaver to sulfonylurea herbicides was determined by the percentage of control and wheat production, obtained in the experimental variants. The experimental field was established in western Romania, in Timiș County, Cornești locality (45 ° 54 ′ 43 ”N, 21 ° 17′21“ E and 119 m altitude). The Romanian wheat variety Glosa was used in the study. The trial was placed according to the method of randomized blocks with four variants in 4 replicates. The herbicides used to reduce the population of Galium aparine in wheat crop were: Alliance 660 WG (diflufenican + metsulfuron-metil), Harmony Extra (tifensulfuron-metil 50% + tribenuron-metil 25%) and Saracen Max (florasulam 200 g/kg + 600 g/kg tribenuron-metil). At 14 days after the application of the treatments, the population of Galium aparine winter wheat was reduced by 42.5-83.75%. The herbicides efficacy in reducing the population of Galium aparine, decreases to four and six months after application, respectively. The significant positive yield results were directly proportional to the herbicides efficacy for Galium aparine. The yield losses caused by the Gallium aparine species were 1.33 t / ha, in the untreated variant.
more abstractGalium aparine, sulfonylurea herbicides, sensitivity, wheat
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