Vol 52, No 3 (2020)
COMPARATIVE VARIETY EXPERIMENT OF WINTER RAPES (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) HYBRIDS IN 2020. pag. 3-11
G. BENCZE, Z. FUTÓThe rape (Brassica napus L.) is currently one of the most important oilseeds in Europe. In terms of cultivation technology and growing season, we distinguish between winter rape and spring rape. In Hungary, the former is widespread due to higher yields. Rapeseed is grown on more than 25 million ha in the world, the amount of rapeseed produced annually is close to 45 million tons, the average yield is around 1.5 t / ha. In Hungary, in recent years this number has been around 2.5-3.0 t / ha, and its sown area is almost 300 000 ha, depending on the crop rotation. During the growing season of rapeseed, it requires a cooler or moderately warm, frost-free, rainy, humid, climate appropriate to its place of origin. Winter frosts are mainly affected by late-sown, late-hatched, so poorly developed rapeseed, while rapeseed, which has been strengthened until the onset of winter, can withstand dry frost. Variety experiment was set up in Szarvas at the experimental site of the Institute of Irrigation and Water Management of Szent István University in 2020. In the experiment, 12 hybrid rapeseeds were studied in a small-plot, triple-repeat randomized arrangement. The size of the plots was 18 m2. In the course of the research, we conducted autumn and spring surveys to monitor plant development. We also performed pathological bonifications during the spring, because today the cultivation of a modern hybrid can only be successful if it has sufficient resistance to the most important domestic rapeseed pathogens. Before harvest, we counted the number of branches, the length of the branches, the number of buds, and the length of the buds on the average samples taken from each hybrid plant. Of course, the yields obtained after harvest were compared and statistically evaluated together with the individual measurement results. In the case of the autumn development studies, we found that we start the winter with a good, medium-homogeneous development stock for the experiment. No meaningful difference was found between the hybrids. In the spring development studies of 2020, we concluded that the severe drought in winter did not significantly tolerate rapeseed stocks. During the pathological bonification, the recording was performed on a scale of 1 to 9. Where 1 was the highest infection and 9 was the infection-free herd. The data of the surveys showed that, apart from one or two minimal deviations, the herd could be considered infection-free for the most important rape pathogens. When examining the crop-forming elements and the yield, we already found differences between the individual hybrids. These differences were also statistically significant. Overall, yield averages ranged from 2.4t / ha to 4.4t / ha.
more abstractrape hybrid, variety experiment, yield
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DownloadEXECUTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND IDENTIFICATION WORK TO ACHIEVE THE TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT NECESSARY FOR THE ISSUANCE OF THE REGIONAL PLANNING CONSENT pag. 12-21
Nina Alina BONA1, A. ȘMULEAC1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, R. PAȘCALĂU1The scientific research for the execution of the topographic work and the edification involved in the peformance of the topographic support needed for the development of the Local Urban Planning, has been performed in the commune Mosnita Noua, Timis County, in an area delimited by DE.116/3.HC.20, and DC .97,, Drumul Boilor”(“The Oxen Road”) at approximately 1200m vest from the Eastern border of the old built-up area of Mosnita Veche. The equipment used for the implementation of the trigonometrical survey was a dual frequency receiver Trimble R6 Receiver, which is a compact upgradable system operating on 220 channels. The antenna, the receiver and the battery are included in the same casing. Equipped with technology Trimble R-Track, it allows the reception of the signals emitted by GLONASS satellites, which helps improving the GPS solution, enabling the researcher to obtain better results under more difficult conditions for the satellites measurements. The Local Urban Regulation represents the technical regulations system required for the elaboration of the technical documentation for the technical approval of plotting, construction, and the public utility endowment for the area for whish it has been issued. The Local Urban Regulation (R.L.U) has a double utility: firstly, it establishes suitable rules for the area for which it has been issued, in accordance with the sustainable development principles (the parcels’ configuration, the nature of the property, the position and the compliance of constructions and related arrangements, as well as the occupation and use conditions of the land). Secondly, it specifies the permanent character of the area (according to the provisions of the General Urban Regulation) and imposes the necessary restrictions and conditions needed for respecting those provisions. The Local Urban Regulation is issued at the same time with the Regional Planning Consent and once approved by the Local Council, on the grounds of the opinions and agreements set out by the law, becomes public authority act of the Local Public Administration. The application domain of the Local Urban Regulation is a land area from the administrative territory of the Commune Mosnita Noua, constituted by cadastral plots. A116/1/10,A 116/1/11/2, of an area 24.180 mp, identified by CF Mosnita Noua . The Provision of the Zonal Urban Plan could be extended to bordering areas.
more abstractGNSS, Trimble R6, GLONASS, P.U.Z., R.L.U., topographic surveying
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DownloadINHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. pag. 22-29
P. BOSIOC1, Florentina BOSIOC1, Monica PÎRLIȚEANU1, Camelia TULCAN2, Alma L. NICOLIN3*Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most resistant Gram-positive bacteria, capable of producing serious infections difficult to treat. The purpose of this paper is to show the inhibitory property of some essential oils against this species. The antibacterial action of herbal essential oils has been extensively studied but their effectiveness differs depending on the origin of the essential oil, the extraction method, and the plant parts from which the extraction was made. The essential oils used in this study are widely marketed oils from different producers. Overall, 19 essential oils were tested: oregano, garden thyme, wild thyme, lavender, peppermint, basil, rosemary, fennel, cumin, black cumin, dill, garden sage, grapefruit, bay laurel, patchouli, and tea tree. The bacteria tested for sensitivity to these essential oils was Staphylococcus aureus, obtained from the “Horia Cernescu” Research Laboratory Complex of the “King Michael I of Romania” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat in Timisoara, Romania. The method used was the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, commonly used to test the antibiotic sensitivity of various bacteria. The culture medium used to grow bacteria was supplemented with blood. For the interpretation of the results, a classification of essential oils was carried out according to the inhibition zone diameter (IZD). For oils with an IZD larger than 20 mm, Staphylococcus aureus has been characterized as highly sensitive; for a diameter between 15 and 19 mm, it has been characterized as very sensitive; in the case of diameters of 9-14 mm, it has been called sensitive; it was considered non-sensitive for diameters smaller than 8 mm. Thus, oregano, garden thyme, wild thyme, clove, and vervain oils have been classified in the extremely sensitive category. Bay laurel, patchouli, peppermint, and tea tree oils have been classified as highly sensitive, and lavender, basil, dill, rosemary, garden sage, rose geranium, and cumin oils have been classified as sensitive.
more abstractStaphylococcus aureus, essential oils, diffusion method, inhibition zone
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DownloadUSE OF ORTHOPHOTOIMAGES IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE ZONAL URBAN PLAN IN VULCAN AREA, DEVA MUNICIPALITY, HUNEDOARA COUNTY. pag. 30-38
A.-D. M.J. CORNOIU 1,2, L. DRAGOMIR1The studies presented in this paper were carried out in the western part of Romania, on the administrative territory of Deva Municipality, in the Vulcan area, in order to achieve a zonal urban plan. The purpose of the study is the acquisition of GIS data related to the realization of the plans for the technical approval for the Vulcan zonal urban plan. To achieve this plan, by default a GIS database, we used the LEICA TS02 total station with the measurement accuracy of 1 mm / km for distances and 2 seconds for angles, GNSS GPS rover RTK South S82T equipment to determine the points marked on the route that is to be traversed by the eBee senseFly drone, which helped with time management. Regarding the detailed topographic surveys, made with the help of GNSS equipment, total and aerial photography stations, the use of aerial photography technology is a real advantage, by reducing the working time, the investigated area and the complexity of the acquired data. The accuracy of these measurements is up to par with that from the usual equipment used. The advantages of using geographical information systems and their applicability in many fields has led to the spread of this concept. Most institutions, companies working with spatial data have initiated a GIS project. Once all the information from the field is collected, the office part follows, where all the collected information is gathered and a plan is made in AutoCad, respecting the layer levels. At the same time, the data taken with the aircraft is downloaded, thus making an orthophotoplan. The orthophotoplan is aligned on the points taken over with the GNSS equipment or the total station, during the measurements. After making this plan, it is loaded into AutoCAD to complete the database with information on postal numbers, street name, green areas in that area, street width. Some information will be retrieved automatically, but other will be entered manually for each entity. This working method offers a short working time while not compromising data accuracy.
more abstractAutoCad, Postflight Terra3d powered by Pix4D, Orthophotoplan
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DownloadDESIGN OF A SPECIALIZED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN BELINȚ, TIMIȘ COUNTY, ROMANIA. pag. 39-43
Maria Manuela CRISTA, D. LAICHICI, A. OKROS, V. D. MIRCOV, D. MANEAAgriculture has been ensured human food, being practiced differently, depending on the climate, environment, soil, and the requirements of crops or the need of animals for feed. In this work, we encourage the involvement of as many people as possible in this field, both for profit and a healthy life. The only way to improve our life and live healthier is agriculture, both for the producer and for the consumer. Implementation of the system is to take place in the municipality of Belinț, a city representative for the cultivation of vegetables (potato, cabbage, seedlings, etc.). The agricultural system is a complex of economic and social elements interconnected, designed and made by man in order to obtain vegetable and/or animal products to meet the human needs. Specialized agricultural systems are characterized by the fact that their activity aims to obtain a single produc, or the making of certain agricultural services. (ARDELEAN V., 1979, BORCEAN I., 1996). The region has always been agriculturally rich (especially for gardening), due to the wind from the NW, which brings to the earth a loess rich in salts. Deep down, the soil is limestone and sandy. This work includes the implementation of a specialized agricultural system. This system deals with the cultivation of vegetables with all technological links and economic aspect. The total area cultivated is 3 ha and it is a familiar business. (COSTE I., 1986., IANOŞ G., 1997). On the 3 ha, there grow salad, radishes, spinach, onions, garlic, cucumber, dill, parsley, carrot, parsnips, peas, beans, beets, cauliflower, cabbage, potatoes, maize, strawberries, pumpkin, and melon. In addition to growing in the open field, the farmer also has 4 solaria. The land area is divided into two plots. One of the plots has a surface of 1 ha, where the 4 solariums are found, which have a lenght of 20m and a width of 6m. In this plot are cultivated plants that require more manual labor for both their care and planting. In the second plot of 2 ha are cultivated plants that are cared for tehnologically, these being sweet corn, potato, beets, strawberries, melons, pumpkin and cabbage. Most of the work and sowing will be done with a tractor and the rest of the equipment depending on the requirements of the platns we want to grow. Both sowing and care work, will be mechanized, partially mechanized or manul. The treatments will be done with special machines. In addition to this, there will future plans for small businesses. (IOAN OANCEA 2005)
more abstractagriculture, systems, vegetables, farmer, soil
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DownloadDESIGNING A SPECIALIZED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM. pag. 44-49
O. EREMI, F. MARIAN, A. OKROS, Casiana MIHUȚ, V. M. DRAGOSLAVAgriculture is one of the main engines pushing a society towards change, having influences both in the economic and social environments. Agriculture, in turn, is influenced by various factors that come out of human control, such as natural and technical factors. Some of the main natural factors are the relief and the type of soil, while technical factors are represented by mechanization, irrigation, chemistry, and so on. Agriculture also has a significant impact in the social sphere. The process of social division finds its foundations in agriculture. This is easily observable by the emergence and development of new branches of material production derived from agriculture or based on the provision of food by agriculture. The paper presents the implementation of a specialized agricultural system. The subject addressed is the establishment of a fruit plantation and the presentation of economic and technological features. (ARDELEAN 1979, BORCEAN 1996) The area allocated to this project is 4 ha. This area is divided into 3 areas where 3 different types of trees are planted. The varieties planted are apple (Jonathan, Florina, and Golden delicious), pear (Daciana, Aromată de Bistriţa, and Untoasă bosc) and plum (Centenar, Stanley, and Tuleu gras). The areas will be the same for the plots where apple trees and plum trees are planted (1.1 ha) and plum trees are allocated an area of 1.8 ha. Before starting the planting process, work is needed to prepare the land, namely, cleaning the soil of plant residues, applying a product to improve the fertility of the land, and levelling it. The size of the pits in which the trees are inserted have a stand-alone size for all plots of 60x60x60 cm. (COSTE 1986, IANOȘ 1997) A tree plantation requires year-round care. In the spring and in the summer, when temperatures rise, trees get watered in case of drought, foliar fertilizers and treatments against diseases and pests are applied, shoots starting in unwanted areas are cleaned and, last but not least, the shoots are lead and the grass in the tree area is cleaned. When autumn comes, work is carried out to remove the dry branches and, if necessary, the resting process is hastened by removing the leaves. This plan focuses mainly on the costs of implementing fruit tree cultivation. The total investment amounts to 330,119 lei. But, as time goes on, the costs become lower and lower, and the need to invest will be much lower in order to maintain the tree plantation within normal operating parameters. (IOAN 2005)
more abstractagriculture, tree growing, investment, cultivation technologies
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DownloadTHE ORGANIZATION OF THE GREEN CADASTRE IN THE RESITA MUNICIPALITY. pag. 50-55
I. GOGA 1, C. BÂRLIBA1This scientific paper aims to detail the purpose of the Green Cadastre, its importance as well as the means by which the objectives of this project can be achieved. First of all, the Green Cadastre is an information system whose purpose is to analyze and store information and data related to green spaces located inside a locality, i.e. they must be in an urban area, not out of town (outside the locality). It aims to stop pollution in cities, remove ragweed, create new habitats for living things that live in trees, grass or water and of course to beautify cities. The importance of the Green Cadastre is related to the problem of pollution we face today, it has the consequences of destroying nature, such as forests, bodies of water and the air we breathe, this problem affects not only us but also animals whose habitats have been destroyed by it, the introduction and maintenance of the Green Cadastre in cities with and without green spaces can help in the fight against pollution. Some methods used by the Green Cadastre are the protection and conservation of green spaces, the expansion of green spaces by transforming neglected and damaged spaces into green areas, registering all trees in the area, proposing and implementing a set of measures to maintain a proper state of care and commitment for green spaces, obtaining data from topo-geodetic surveys and digitizing this data. The digitization process of the data pertaining to the green cadastre obtained after the topographic activities performed in the field, these activities are generally executed with the help of total stations and GPS devices. In the field part of this work, only a total Leica TCR 705 station was used, the method used for the topo-geodetic elevations is that of the supported polygonal course at the ends starting from a known station point. The digitization is done by importing the resulting data into AutoCad or DraftSight, the data is then divided into "layers" according to their category of use.
more abstractGreen Cadastre, Green Spaces, Surfaces, Pollution
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DownloadMOBILE APPLICATION FOR DETECTING SOME WHEAT PATHOGENS USING AI. pag. 56-65
Raluca INCICAȘ*, Otilia COTUNA, F. SALA*The present study aimed to develop an application for the recognition of five pathogens in wheat culture based on artificial intelligence (AI). Machine learning (ML), an important branch of AI, was the basis for the application of the pathogens recognition in wheat culture. Five pathogens in wheat cultivation were studied, Blumeria graminis, Pyrenophora tritici repentis, Puccinia recondita, Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia graminis. A data set of 323 images with pathogens studied in wheat culture was used. The images have been processed and transformed so that the model receives the same size for each image. The first step in building the data set to train the ML model was data augmentation, in order to increase the number of data through known changes. A training set and a validation set were used. Google Colaboratory was used to build the ML model. The React Native framework was used to have an application available on both iOS and Android. Heroku and Flask were used to integrate the systems. In order to evaluate the model the ”Class Activation Map visualization” (CAM) was used. One of the techniques that CAM uses is to produce heatmaps (areas of interest) on the parts of the image that correspond to the different classes, over the input images. The class activation heatmap is a 2D network of scores associated with a specific output class, calculated for each area of the input image, indicating how important each area is relative to the output class. To view these heatmaps on the images taken in the study, the ClassificationInterpretation class was used. Another method used in evaluating the model was the confusion matrix which will show for each label how many times it was correctly predicted. The model correctly predicted in a percentage of 88.4% for Puccinia striiformis, 72.03% for Puccinia recondita and 94.67% for Blumeria graminis.
more abstractartificial intelligence, identification, machine learning, pathogens, wheat
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DownloadMORPHOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FAGUS SYLVATICA AND CARPINUS BETULUS LEAVES. pag. 66-71
A.G. KOLOZSVARI1, Adina-Daniela DATCU1,2, F. SALA1This study purpose was to assess some morphometric and physiological indices at two woody plant species, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), to describe plant behavior in different forest zones, at different altitudes and light intensities. The samples were collected from a beech forest located in western part of Romania, at an average altitude of 230 a.s.l., in October 2020. Leaves that were intact and healthy were selected. These were scanned and then taken into plant physiology lab for dry weight determination. The analyzed indices were leaves lengths, perimeters and areas with a specific software. Dry weight of each sample was determined using an analytical balance, after the completion of drying process in an oven, at 100 ˚C. After this, specific leaf weight (SLW) was obtained. Regarding the results, in general, beech leaves were longer and with a higher perimeter than common hornbeam ones. The highest values of this indices were obtained for beech samples collected from the forest. Leaf area was higher for beech leaves, when compared with hornbeam leaves. Between gravimetric indices tested in this study, dry weight behavior was similarly with leaf areas one. Leaf area and dry weight of a sample are related with photosynthetic efficiency and plant investments can be noticed through leaves analysis. Also, variations in specific leaf weight values were observed. This index had the lowest mean values for the samples taken from trees located inside the forest. This can be due to a lower light level in that site. Higher values were obtained for the rest of the samples. In general, hornbeam leaves presented a higher specific leaf weight when compared with beech leaves, and the highest value was obtained for the samples taken from trees that grow at the forest edge where light intensity is higher than inside the forest.
more abstractmorphometric indices, leaf behavior, leaf area, specific leaf weight, beech forest
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DownloadTHE DROUGHT STRESS EFFECTS IN DIFFERENT CORN HYBRIDS PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND PHENOLOGICAL PHARAMETERS. pag. 72-81
Á. KOMLÓSI, G. BENCZE, Z. FUTÓWe feel the drought negative effects more time in the last twenty years, because the climatic factors are changed. The farmers must do anything versus the drought, that they can slack this negative effects. The best medicine for the drought the irrigation, however, in years appear a promising line in the hybrid produce. The drought tolerate hybrids produce is a new line, wich like can affect the crop quantity in a droughts year. We look five different hybrids reactions for the drought stress in this research. We made three different water supply and three replay in the study. We set the research in the Szent István University Irrigation and Watermanagement Institute in Szarvas. In the research we look three water supply level (soil water storage capacity (SWS), which were SWS40%, SWS60%, SWS80%) to five different maize hybrids in culture vessel. In the research we look the salt stress reactions in salted soil too. We received the best SPAD value with the SWS 80% water supply level. The relative clorofill contens value was decrease in the end of the vegetation period, but the decrease was the smallest in good water supply. The biomass weight of maize hybrids improvement in all cases with improved water supply. The biomass weight of drought-tolerant hybrids decreased the least under drought stress, whenever the decrease in biomass weight of sensitive hybrids were much more significant. The root weight of corn hybrids decreased significantly under drought stress. The decrease reduced from 280 g to 190 g / plant. The smallest decrease was achieved by the roots of drought-tolerant hybrids. Leaf area index (LAI) of maize hybrids was also examined. The best LAI values were achieved by maize hybrids at the SWS 80% (good water supply) level. LAI values decreased by 19.5–21.7% due to drought stress. As a result of the drought stress, the LAI and root weight values of the hybrids decreased, resulting in low cob weights. A significant mean positive correlation was found between the maize cob weight of the hybrids and the LAI values at r=0.493. In the salted soil the hybrids show bigger drought stress while worsened the yield results. Under saline conditions, the water supply and individual production of maize deteriorated significantly, but significant differences were found between the hybrids. Overall, drought stress significantly reduces the production of corn hybrids. The smallest decrease was shown by drought-tolerant hybrids, that’s why so important the proper hybrid selection.
more abstractmaize, SPAD, LAI, drought-stress, irrigation
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DownloadTOPOGRAPHIC-CADASTER WORKS FOR THE DESIGN OF AN ECOLOGIC PARKING FOR THE ȘAG-TIMISENI MONASTERY. pag. 82-90
A.-V. LALU¹, M. SIMON¹, A. ȘMULEAC¹, Laura ȘMULEAC1The herein work has as objective the performance of the topographic works and the information update for the plot in the administration of Șag-Timișeni Monastery, on the destination, height regime and constructions areas, as well as the registration of the geometry of the related plot, in the integrated system of the cadaster and land registry. Topographic surveys took place in the locality of Șag, Timiș county, having a total area of 36600 sqm. For the measurements performance we used the total station Leica Viva TS06, and for the measurements registration inn the coordinates system Stereographic 1970, respectively Marea Neagră 1975 we used the equipment GPS Leica Viva GS06, in order to determine the station coordinates, an extremely flexible equipment and that contains many applications. In the herein document, in order to determine the station points coordinates it has been used the RTK (Real Time Kinematic) method, using the reference station from Timișoara, that is TIM_2.3. The measurement engine used by Leica Viva is of SmartTrack type that collects satellites in several seconds, being ideal for the areas with obstructions, where other receptors cannot obtain a precise position. The GPS reference system is WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984), defined similarly to the ITRF system, by the determined land points coordinates. The processing of measurements obtained on site has been performed using the processing soft Leica Infinity. After handing over the land registry documentation, the beneficiary shall ask from the competent authorities a construction permit for the internal modifications of constructions. Topographic works from this document have been performed in order to update topographic and cadaster information for the arrangement of an ecologic parking for the Sag Monastery, where there have been done also updates on the immobiles identified on site and obtained based on the topographic surveys. Timișeni Monastery is an Orthodox Monastery from Romania located in the Șag locality, Timiș county.
more abstractLeica Viva TS06, Leica Viva GS06, GNSS, Leica Infinity, RTK, WGS 1984
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DownloadCONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE FORECASTING OF AGRICULTURE RELATED SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS IN THE WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA. pag. 91-99
V. MĂRĂZAN1,3, Karina Bianca Ioana HAUER2, V. D. MIRCOV1, A. OKROS1, Antoanela COZMA1The aim of this paper is to analyze and highlight the most important meteorological parameters which are in strong bound with severe weather events and their impact on agriculture in the Western part of Romania. Forecasting severe weather events is one of the most challenging tasks in operational meteorology. The complexity of the forecasting process comes from the large amount of data which is to be analyzed in order to issue a severe weather alert. Nowcasting is used as a short-term three hour forecast in which severe weather events might appear. It is usually issued with the help of the Weather Surveillance Radar either by a forecaster or by a computer software. Severe weather events such as squalls, supercells and flashfloods tend to become normal under the current climate change situation. One of the most important areas in which climate change and its associated severe weather events produce important damage is agriculture. The climate of a region is determined by factors such as physical, dynamic and radiative geography. They directly affect spatial and temporal variations of climatic elements in a given territory. The Western part of Romania is characterized as having a warm temperate continental climate with moderate humidity originating from the South and South Western part of Europe. By analyzing the synoptic situation, the convection indices (KI, CAPE, CTI, TTI) together with RADAR and satellite images, weather related hazards are identified and hazard maps are compelled. Due to the humid air, which originates from the South Western part of Europe, convection is initiated and severe thunderstorms may develop. Risks associated with Cumulonimbus clouds (hail, squalls, flashfloods) account for the majority of the agriculture-related severe weather events. This study points out the importance of agriculture related severe weather forecasts as well as mitigation strategies and adaptation measures for climate change.
more abstractsevere weather events, agriculture, sustainable development, Western Romania
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DownloadINNOVATIVE PROCESS FOR SOIL TILLING IN SMALL INDIVIDUAL FARMS. pag. 100-105
I. MĂRUNȚELU 1, Gh. BRĂTUCU 1This paper aims to present the special advantage of a new model of hand tool for tillage the soil in gardens and protected areas of small individual households, the so-called "miracle shovel" compared to other models of classic hand tools. It is very important for all supporters of organic farming to keep the structure of the soil during its processing. Working the soil with a regular tool requires a lot of physical effort and unpleasant pain in the lower back.The new tool model is an invention that has revolutionized the category of gardening tools. It has an ingenious, simple design and can be used as a tool that simultaneously performs the functions of fork, shovel and rake, simultaneously performing digging, harrowing, weeding, loosening and smoothing the soil. This tool was designed not only to make work easier, but also to improve the quality of work and increase labor productivity 2-3 times.The principle of operation of this tool is very simple. Due to the lever system, the mobile "forks" go through the fixed ones; fixed on the frame, carefully loosen the ground, as if we "comb" it with a comb. The soil is loosened to a depth of about 25 cm and a width of 43 cm without cutting the weed roots, which prevents them from spreading. Thus, weeds can be easily pulled by hand and the ground remains clean. It is no longer necessary to use the rake later because the soil remains loose and soft.In addition, it does not destroy the fertile layer on the surface by turning the furrow. Another advantage compared to a conventional tool is the conservation of the natural environment, the soil is not only loose, but is also sifted evenly. This allows the removal of overgrown weeds, keeps the soil moist, improving gas exchange, as a result of which the plants will receive more nutrients. Therefore, this tool is a reliable tool appreciated by many farmers and helps to work the soil effortlessly significant.
more abstractinnovative procedure, manual tool, miracle shovel, soil processing, small individual households
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DownloadLEAF AREA EVALUATION IN SOLANUM NIGRUM L. BASED ON FOLIAR PARAMETERS. pag. 106-114
Andreea MÂRZOCA, D. MANEA, F. SALA*The study investigated the leaf area of Solanum nigrum L. by non-destructive method. Determining the leaf area based on leaf parameters and a correction factor is accessible, sufficiently accurate, and with minimal costs. To find out the correction factor, and to make the working model, the leaves were taken at random from different plants, the species Solanum nigrum L. The leaves were scanned (1:1 ratio). Images of the leaves were analyzed imagistically and scanned leaf area (SLA) values were obtained. The foliar SLA index registered values between 11.481 – 32.878 ± 0.967 cm2. The length and width of the leaves were measured for each leaf (L and w). The parameter L had values between 5.40 - 9.90 ± 0.206 cm, and the parameter w had values between 3.25 - 6.45 ± 0.151 cm. To determine the leaf area based on foliar parameters (Measured Leaf Area - MLA), a relation of type MLA = L · w · CF was used, where CF represented the correction factor for the studied specie. To find the CF, the scanned leaf area (SLA) was compared to the measured leaf area (MLA). The CF value at which the average of the errors had the minimum value (MEM) was considered optimal in the case of the analyzed samples. In the case of the studied samples, MEM = -0.036 cm2, corresponding to CF = 0.52. In the narrow range of calculations, the MEM values varied between -1.884 cm2 and 1.813 cm2, corresponding to the variable values of CF. The RMSEP parameter confirmed the optimal value found for CF (RMSEP = 3.86015, according to CF = 0.52). The MLA values obtained, at CF = 0.52, showed a normal distribution. The experimental data set presented statistical certainty, according to ANOVA test (F> Fcrit, p <0.001). The variation of MLA as a function of leaf length (L) was described by a polynomial equation of degree 2, in statistical safety conditions, according to R2 = 0.875, p <0.001. The variation of MLA as a function of leaf width (w) was described by a linear equation, in statistical safety conditions, according to R2 = 0.942, p <0.001.
more abstractleaf parameters, measured leaf area, model, Solanum nigrum
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DownloadSOILS AND SPECIFIC VEGETATION OF THE SUCEAVA RIVER BASIN, ROMANIA. pag. 115-118
Aurelia MIHUȚ, A.MOISE, Casiana MIHUȚ, Valeria CIOLAC, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEAIn this paper, we present the soils that are found in the Suceava River basin, soils that have certain distinct features in terms of parental material but also of their physical, hydric, and chemical properties. Both alluviosols and certain gleic, salic, and salinized subtypes are found, i.e. soils that are influenced by groundwater located at shallow depths and which influence their features, fertility, and occupancy. Of the total area studied of 87,552 ha, forests occupy quite small areas, i.e. 19.34% compared to 44.66% by the forests of Suceava County, Romania. Moreover, at the level of our country, Suceava County has the highest degree of afforestation in the country, i.e. 52.88%, which is one of the reasons why it is worth studying, protecting, and highlighting. As for the zoning of vegetation in the Suceva River basin, there are both forests and meadows. Two sub-areas are present: the beech area and the sessile oak area. It is important that the forested area at both Suceava County and country level, where soils are not suitable for agriculture, be forested. There is also a need for afforestation of those soils that are found spread over large slopes, where there is a risk of landslides, erosion for better use, and conservation of these soils.Vegetation acts as a protective screen on the soil limiting the amount of water drained on the slopes, reducing the striking force of raindrops, and reducing areolar and linear erosion. Human intervention by deforestation and improper cultivation technologies favours accelerated erosion. In the forest area, soils are highly acid, there are fewer nutrients, poorly humified, and forming dark raw humus which causes reduced biological activity. Vegetable residues are very importantȘ in deciduous forests, two or three times more nutrients are obtained compared to evergreen forests. The territory studied falls within the area of silvostepe, with two subzones: the beech area and the sessile oak area.
more abstractsoil, vegetation, floor, river basin
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DownloadSOILS FROM THE LIPOVA FOREST DISTRICT, ROMANIA. pag. 119-126
Aurelia MIHUȚ, A.G. HERȚANU, Casiana MIHUȚ, A. OKROS, Antoanela COZMAThis paper describes all soil types and subtypes within the Lipova Forest District. Geographically, the Lipova Forest District is located in the western part of Romania, in the Lipova Hills, with the Mureș River as limits to the north, the hills within the Bega River basin to the south, and the boundary between the western plain and the Lipova hills (UP I and UP IX) to the west. The average altitude is between 120 m, in the meadow of the Mureş River, and 340 m. Most forests are found at altitudes between 200 and 400 m. Slope is the predominant geomorphological unit, followed by plateau, meadow and mane. The terrain configuration is usually flat and wavy, less often bumpy. Slope is a physical-geographical character with an ecological determinant role for soil and vegetation, bringing important changes in surface leakage. A number of arboreta suffer from the stationary conditions in which they vegetate, the soil being exposed to excess water – short-lived (0.67 ha) or seasonal (0.83 ha) – while others have stems damaged by game or rot at the base as a result of the origin of the shoots. These destabilising factors affect a total area of 2,687.18 ha as follows: 1.50 ha of low-to-medium intensity; unhealthy stems on 2,685.68 ha of which 10-20% (2,677.41 ha) and 30-50% (8.27 ha). These destabilising factors act either singularly or cumulatively (most often) with a different degree of intensity and, depending on it, they affect the normal development of the respective arboreta. Within the Lipova Forest District, the soils of the luvisol class predominate by 95%: luvosol, by 77%, preluvosol by 16%, and allosol by 2%. Next are the protisol class soils that participate with 3% of the area of forests and land for afforestation or reforestation while the smallest area is occupied by the cambisol class, which participate with only 2% of the area of forests and land for afforestation or reforestation.
more abstractsoil, forest district, luvosol, preluvosol, eutricambosol
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DownloadMONITORING OF PHYTOPHAGOUS HEMIPTERAN SPECIES FROM THE MAIN PARKS OF TIMISOARA. pag. 127-134
Ana-Covilca MUNTEAN, Ioana GROZEABased on the observations from the last two years, on the plants present in the parks near the central area of Timisoara, we decided to focus on phytophagous insect species of the order Hemiptera. This order considered in this paper are represented by stink bugs, seed bugs from Coreidae, aphids and flatid planthoppers. The reason why we focused on this category of insects was primarily based on the analysis of recent years and implicitly their increasing evolution, also on the attention paid to dangerous invasive species. Lately, they have started to be more and more present in big cities and especially in green spaces, parks and gardens, usually near people's houses or near buildings. Observations were made directly in the parks, approaching an adapted methodology, by dividing each park into sectors and establishing observation points. The study periods were April 1, 2019 - September 30, 2019 and April 1, 2020 - September 30, 2020. Depending on the species, the stage observed at a given time (during predetermined periodic readings) was either in the adult or larval or nymph level or both. Also, the plants subject to observation were grassy and/ or woody depending on their presence in the analyzed sector/ park. Thus, by periodically monitoring five main parks in the city of Timisoara, we found that there are differences between them in terms of identified species, population level and damage to plants. Some species of Hemiptera (Metcalfa pruinosa. Nezara viridula, Aphis sp. and Eriosoma lanigerum) have been present in high and medium populations and others (such as Leptoglosus occidentalis) in smaller populations. Of the species present, the following species have been identified as invasive ones, namely Metcalfa pruinosa, Nezara viridula and Halyomorpha halys. The aggressiveness of harmful insects on ornamental plants was described in terms of the level of abundance and symptoms observed. In conclusion, through the monitoring activity, which is a continuous update depending on numerous external factors and in the context of climate change, new dangerous species can be identified and new management solutions can be taken.
more abstractInsects, Hemiptera, phytophagous, monitoring, invasive.
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DownloadRESEARCH REGARDING IN VITRO REGENERATION OF SOME MAIZE GENOTYPES UNDER THE SALINE STRESS CONDITIONS. pag. 135-144
Georgiana NEGRUȚ 1,2, Dorica BOTĂU 1, T. SUBA 2, Dana SUBA 2, Constanța CHIPER 2Salinity is one of the most important forms of abiotic stress, widely distributed in both irrigated and non-irrigated areas of the world. Salty soils are soils with a high salinity content and are defined as soils that directly affect the growth and development of plants in the vegetative growth stage, prior to the reproduction stage, especially affecting crop species (Allakhverdiev et al., 2000; Sairam & Tyagi , 2004; Chinnusamy et al., 2005; Ashraf et al., 2008; Ashraf, 2009). Saline stress strongly affects the growth and development of plants, especially the corn plant, which is reported as a salt-sensitive species. Most crop species are sensitive to salinity, because after subjecting plants to saline stress, crop productivity is reduced by about 6-19%. In general, biochemical, physiological, morphological and anatomical characteristics of crop species directly affected by soil salinity are well established (Ashraf, 2004; Ashraf & Harris, 2004; Chinnusamy et al., 2005; Parida & Das, 2005). Most crop species are sensitive to salinity, because after exposing plants to saline stress, crop productivity is reduced by 6-19%. In general, biochemical, physiological, morphological and anatomical characteristics of crop species directly affected by soil salinity are well established (Ashraf, 2004; Ashraf & Harris, 2004; Chinnusamy et al., 2005; Parida & Das, 2005). There are also numerous reports that salinity induces water deficiency in many crop species, such as corn, sunflower, potato, and soybean (Katerji et al., 1996; Katerji et al., 1998; Katerji et al. ., 2004). A first response observed in plants induced with saline stress is a decrease in plant water potential, resulting in decreased water use efficiency, leading to general toxic damage and reduced growth yield and productivity (Glenn and Brown, 1998; El-Hendawy et al., 2005; Mansour et al., 2005). During our experiment of in vitro testing of four inbred maize lines it was easily observed that the lines are sensitive to saline stress, and also, the decrease of the plant size is directly proportional to the increase in saline concentration.
more abstractmaize, in vitro, regeneration, genotypes, salinity
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DownloadTOPO-CADASTRAL WORKS REGARDING THE REALIZATION OF THE GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN THE LOCALITY OF CONSTANTIN DAICOVICIU. pag. 145-152
Roxana-Denisa PAUNESCU, M. SIMON1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, A. ȘMULEAC1The research presented in this paper has been done in Constantin Diacoviciu commune, Peștere locality, Caras-Severin county in order to achieve the technical reception documentation for obtaining the OCPI approval with the aim of: Establishing natural gas distribution. To perform this work, the SOKKIA GSR 2700 IXC dual frequency equipment was used and the data processing was performed with the Carlson SurvCE software. In addition to Glonass tracking capability, the GSR2700 ISX includes support for the new L2c and L5 GPS signals. The system also offers many additional enhancements, including improved RTK performance, seamless GPS network support with GSM and GPRS / NTRIP, refined multipath migration, and multiple Bluetooth connectivity options. The system is wireless and easy to configure and works in basic and rover modes. The receiver has a display panel and provides sound notification in the field. These notifications are available in several generic languages and tones. The measurements were performed entirely by satellite technology through the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) procedure, receiving corrections from the permanent GNSS Resita station. In the topo-cadastral field - a concern of more than two millennia of people to measure and study the shape and size of our planet - new problems are constantly emerging, problems whose solution must be provided by current and future geodetic engineers. The road route was designed along the traffic arteries, as the sides and points of the road will be more accessible. The road points were located in places away from destruction. Between the neighboring travel points was made the location of the points with a perfect visibility, so that the directions and lengths can be measured without difficulty. Imagine a network of roads consisting of highways, national roads and streets that cross cities. The former ones have more lanes in each direction and ensure greater traffic flow, the latter having a single lane, being also the narrowest. The infrastructure of the gas pipelines is organized in the same way.
more abstractOCPI , Carlson SurvCE, GNSS, RTK, Glonass, Sokia
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DownloadINHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON ESCHERICHIA COLI. pag. 153-162
Monica PÎRLIȚEANU1, Ramona-Mădălina MIRON1, Florentina BOSIOC1, P. BOSIOC1, Camelia TULCAN2, Alma L. NICOLIN3*Bacteria are prokaryotic, single-celled microorganisms, among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most existing habitats. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, short bacillus that does not form spores; it is mobile, usually with peritric flagella, forming individual colonies or pairs. The genus Escherichia is part of the large Enterobacteriaceae family, having as a habitat, largely, the intestines of humans and animals. Because some strains cause serious infections and are resistant to conventional treatments, herbal extracts are studied and used, at least as an adjuvant, in the treatment of these conditions in humans and domestic animals. Herbal essential oils are increasingly popular, being used both in perfumery, cosmetics, and natural medicine industries. Currently, there are numerous scientific studies that have experienced the properties of these oils. In this research, the inhibitory effect of 19 essential oils on Escherichia coli was studied. The method used was the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, often used in microbiology laboratories to test the antibiotic sensitivity of various bacteria. The reading of the results was achieved by measuring the inhibition zone in mm using a ruler, including the disc diameter (6 mm). The essential oils used were purchased commercially and the bacteria tested was Escherichia coli, a resource obtained from the “Horia Cernescu” Research Laboratory Complex of the “King Michael I of Romania” Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Timisoara, Romania. The results obtained show that Escherichia coli is highly sensitive to oregano (34 mm), wild thyme (32 mm), garden thyme (27 mm), rosemary (25mm), tea tree (22 mm), and clove (21 mm) oils. It is very sensitive when treated with cinnamon oil (17 mm), peppermint (15 mm), and basil (15 mm), and sensitive when treated with lavander (10 mm), fennel (9 mm), dill (9 mm), garden sage (9 mm), and cumin (9 mm) oils. It is non-sensitive when treated with patchouli (0 mm), grapefruit (8 mm), vervain (8 mm), black cumin (7 mm), and rose geranium (7 mm) oils. The main objective of this study is to test some commercially obtained essential oils on E. coli bacteria to verify the veracity of these products and their effect on in vitro bacterial cultures.
more abstractEscherichia coli, essential oils, disk diffusion method, inhibition zone
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DownloadFRACTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LEAF GEOMETRY IN POPULUS ALBA L.. pag. 163-170
Simona ROȘU, F. SALAThe study used fractal analysis to evaluate and describe the geometry of the leaves at the Populus alba L. specie. The leaf samples were taken randomly, from mature trees, from the Cenad Forest Protected Area, Timis County, Romania. The leaves were scanned in a 1:1 ratio, and binarized images of the leaves were used for fractal analysis of leaf geometry. The box-counting method was used for the fractal analysis in order to obtain the values of the fractal dimensions (D). Foreground pixels (FP), correlation coefficient R2 for D, and standard error (SE) were recorded. The values of the parameters of the leaves L (leaf length), w (leaf width), Per (perimeter), and SLA (scanned leaf area) were determined. The ANOVA test (Alpha = 0.001) confirmed the statistical safety of the data and the presence of variance in the data set (p <0.001, F> Fcrit). The coefficient of variation (CV) indicated the values: CVL = 14.910 for the leaf length parameter (L), CVw = 19.531 for the leaf width parameter (w), CVPer = 16.865 for the leaf perimeter (Per), CVSLA = 33.594 for the scanned leaf area (SLA), CVFP = 33.151 for foreground pixels (FP), and respectively CVD = 2.838 for fractal dimension (D). From the comparative analysis of CV values, it was found that the smallest variation was recorded in the case of fractal dimension (D), and the largest in the case of scanned leaf area (SLA). This suggests that the fractal dimension (D) is the most stable parameter in the characterization of leaf geometry in the species Populus alba L. Diversity profile indicated a similar distribution of the studied parameters. In relation to the dimensional parameters of the leaves, the variation of the fractal dimensions (D) had variable interdependence relations, in conditions of R2 = 0.878 in relation to FP, R2 = 0.908 in relation to Per, R2 = 0.909 in relation to SLA, R2 = 0.799 in relation to L and, respectively, R2 = 0.698 in relation to w. Polynomial equations, of degree 2, described the variation of the fractal dimensions D in relation to FP, Per and SLA, in statistic safety conditions, p <0.001.
more abstractbox-counting, diversity profile, fractal analysis, leaf geometry, Populus alba
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DownloadLEAF AREA DETERMINATION IN POPULUS ALBA L. BY NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD BASED ON LEAF PARAMETERS. pag. 171-177
Simona ROȘU, F. SALAThe study aimed to determine the leaf area of poplar by non-destructive methods, based on foliar parameters. The biological material was represented by the Populus alba L. species, from the Protected Area Cenad Forest. Leaves were taken, randomly from the crown of trees, from mature branches. The values of the parameters leaf length (L) and leaf width (w) were obtained by measuring with a ruler, with an accuracy of ± 0.5mm. The leaves were scanned in a 1: 1 ratio. From the imaging analysis of the images, the values of the scanned leaf area (SLA) and the leaf perimeter (Per) were obtained with a high precision. To determine the values of the measured leaf area (MLA), as a non-destructive method, a relation of type MLA = L · w · CF was used, where CF is the correction factor and its value influences the accuracy in finding the MLA values. The ANOVA single factor test confirmed the data safety and the presence of variance in the experimental data set. The value CF = 0.66, at which the minimum value of the mean error (MEM) between SLA and MLA was obtained, was considered as the optimal value of the correction factor (CF). According the optimal CF value, the measured leaf area (MLA) values were determined. A high degree of matching was found between MLA and SLA values, and the relationship was described by a linear equation, statistically safe, according to R2=0.963, p<0.001. The correlation analysis highlighted the existence of very strong correlations between MLA and SLA (r = 0.981); between MLA and foliar parameters L (r = 0.919), w (r = 0.954), Per (r = 0.961); between SLA and Per (r = 0.952); between SLA and w (r = 0.951); between Per and w (r = 0.935). Strong correlations were recorded between SLA and L (r = 0.888) and between Per and L (r = 0.882), and moderate correlation was recorded between L and w (r = 0.771). The regression analysis facilitated the evaluation of the variation between SLA, respectively MLA and studied leaf parameters. From the analysis of the values of the coefficients of the regression functions, it was appreciated that the width of the leaves (w) had a stronger influence in the description of the leaf area, compared to L and Per.
more abstractfoliar parameters, leaf area, model, Populus alba
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DownloadLAND COVER CHANGE DETECTION IN TIMIS COUNTY BASED ON CORINE LAND COVER DABASES FROM 1990 - 2018. pag. 178-187
C. SVESTAC1, M. V. HERBEI2, F. SALA3,*The purpose of this paper was to perform an analysis in order to detect the change in land cover in Timis County. Timis is the largest county in Romania in terms of land area, occupying 8.696,7 km2, respectively 3.65% of the country’s surface. It is intersected by the parallel of 46 Lat. N, by the meridian of 21 Long. E and 22 Long. E. For this to be done, the existing database at European level was used, following IMAGE and CORINE Land Cover (CLC) 2000 project managed jointly by the European Environment Agency in Ispra, Italy and downloaded from the portal www.landcopernicus.eu. The database Corine Land Cover includes 29 countries from Europe, covering an area of approximately 4.5 km2, at a scale of 1:100.000. This research wants to analyse based on Geomatic Technologies, the land cover change detection in Timis County, based on the open-source data CLC. For analysis, four groups were taken from the data set, Artificial Surface (AS), Agricultural Areas (AA), Forest and Seminatural Areas (FSA) and Wetlands and Water Bodies (WWB), whose evolution was analysed during the period 1990 to 2018. Data manipulation and processing were performed with specialized programs, such as: ArcGIS v. 10.3, Microsoft Excel and Past. In this study was used GIS data: raster and vector, Vector Data sets CLC 2990 – 2018, Limits of administrative units, countries, territorial administrative units, localities – in vector format, Statistical data in database format, Base maps in raster format and a SRTM model – raster format. Timis county, according to Land cover, it is a county that has mainly agricultural lands in its component. It shows that most of the land in Timis county (51.4% and 32.9%) has an elevation between 0-100m, respectively 100-200, and most of the land covers characteristic of this range, is specfic up of Agricultural areas 46.1%, respectively 32.9%. In the year 2018, the percentage of the agricultural area in Timis County was 78.17%, which represented 45557.69 ha.
more abstractland cover, monitoring, Timis County, GIS
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DownloadEFFECTS OF SOIL BACTERIAL INOCULATION ON MAIZE AND SUNFLOWER ORGANIC MATTER AND CROP PRODUCT. pag. 188-197
J. SZEDLACSEK, Z. FUTÓThe aim of my dissertation is to dispel the doubts about bacterial treatment and to find out which preparation is worth to use under operating conditions, under given soil conditions, and whether they can actually have a measurable effect on plant productivity and, if so, to what extent. in addition to the specific operating technology. Area treated with Biofil Savanyú and Biofil Savanyú + Biofil S performed above control. Thus, considering the totality of chlorophyll measurements in the second place, Biofil Savanyú was performed, which produced high chlorophyll values in all measurements, so the nutrients were better in the area treated with this preparation compared to the control. The area treated with Biofil Savanyú + Biofil S produced significant chlorophyll fluctuations, from this it is concluded that certain components of the bacterial content of the two preparations are in competition with the plant population for water and nutrients as a function of improvement or deterioration of the water supply. For Bactofil A10 and Bactofil A10 + AlgaFix, chlorophyll values in the second half of the culture period were around or below the control plot values, Thus, chlorophyll accumulation was not significantly affected, and in some cases chlorophyll accumulation was even pushed back compared to the control plot, suggesting a less favorable rhizosphere and an adverse effect of nutrient competition. In the case of plots treated with Bactofil A10 alone, a small increase in the generative phase as a result of the improved water supply indicates that the bacteria after a suitable puppet or spore survived, they were reactivated and improved as a result of improved water supply and bacterial activity. The area treated with the combination of Biofil Savanyú + Biofil S formulations also produced a significant increase, although the same was true for the plot treated with Biofil S, Thus, knowing this, I declare that the response of the bacterial strains in Biofil S to soil dehydration and re-wetting is better, as for the strains in the Biofil Savanyú formulation. The area treated with Biofil Savanyú + Biofil S, which produced the smallest yield, produced the best 1000 seed weight. In summary, bacterial inoculation can increase the average yield by 500-600 kg / ha. Bacteria improve soil nutrient supply with favorable soil moisture, which improves the yield parameters of plants.
more abstractsoil bacteria, maize, sunflower, soil inoculation
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DownloadBACTERIAL BIOPREPARATIONS - A "GREEN REVOLUTION" FOR AGRICULTURE. pag. 198-205
G. TOADER1, Viorica CHIURCIU, Valentina FILIP, P.CHIȚONU, N.MAIEREAN, Floarea BURNICHI, Elena-Violeta TOADER, C.I. ENEA, Daniela TRIFAN, Luxița RÎȘNOVEANU, L.ILIE.Approaches to new technologies in the field of agriculture (technologies proposed by specialists in the field) in order to protect plants, increase productivity, greening the soil and reduce the impact of pollution of agricultural ecosystems are green, non-polluting technologies to be implemented by farmers to reduce costs in agriculture. polishing, obtaining healthy, ecological products and supporting the restoration of processes carried out in the soil, increasing beneficial microbial populations, all in order to achieve an intensive system of sustainable agriculture. Excessive use of fertilization and plant protection products in agriculture has led to the emergence of soil acidification, a phenomenon that has accentuated forms of damage to soil, plants, agricultural products, beneficial soil fauna but especially with negative effects on man and animals. Excessive fertilization and application of PPP products without respecting the indicated doses have irreversible effects on the environment. Soil acidification is a big problem for farmers. The fact that the areas affected by this phenomenon are expanding from year to year detonates "a minus" for current systems and technologies in the agricultural field of our country. The use of alternative fertilization and plant protection technologies such as natural composts, seaweed, as well as the use of microorganisms -bacterial biopreparations- will lead to the occurrence of agricultural ecosystems, to soil recolonization (useful and beneficial fauna restoration soil) but especially an increase in the level of organic elements and microelements in the soil, the solubilization of insoluble compounds in order to provide plants with the mineral elements necessary for their growth and development and, implicitly, agricultural production and obtaining much healthier products for humans and animals. This paper aims to present the main advantages of using bacterial biopreparations, both economically and in terms of crop productivity, aspects related to plant biometrics but especially the benefits that these bacterial cultures have on agricultural ecosystems, namely soil, plants, environment, man and animals.
more abstractBacterial biopreparation, alternative technologies, ecology, increasing agricultural productivity
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DownloadTHE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN THE DOROBANȚI COMUNE, ARAD COUNTY. pag. 206-209
Alexandra UNGUREANU, M. BERECICI, A. OKROS, CASIANA MIHUȚ, D. MANEASince ancient times, agriculture has been a vital area of human activity. It is the only source of food, but also a major supplier of raw materials, both for industry and market. Human evolution leads to the creation of optimal conditions for the development of the agricultural sector and it becomes a fundamental activity that will increase the local economy. The man begins to get his own food, while modernizing agriculture. (ARDELEAN V., ZĂVOIANU I., 1979, BORCEAN I, 1996) Agricultural development is the result of the changes stimulated by demographic pressure aimed at increasing agricultural production to ensure the basic food needs for a much larger population than the one currently existing. Dorobanți is located in the Western Romanian Plain, namely in its central part. The structure of the plain was formed over the crystalline foundation of the Pannonia Depression. The perimeter presented, although located in a plain, has various morphological differences, which has led to the fragmentation of the territory into three geomorphological subunits. These subunits are represented by the Comlăuș Plain, the Macea Plain and the Turnul Iratoş Plain. (COSTE I, 1986) The Comlăuș Plain is a small area located east from and at about 1.5 km from the territory of Curtici and south from the Curtici-Sântana county road. The Macea Plain: from under the loessoid materials with low thicknesses come out the sands that cover a wide strip about 2.5 km wide oriented towards NW – SE. The Turnul Iratoş Plain: over the sands existing at the end of the Quaternary, the beginning of the Halocene, there were loessoid deposits of relatively small thicknesses of 2.0 m similar to those of Banat at Biled Bulgaruş Lovrin. From a geological point of view, nature is of particular importance, showing the physical and chemical properties of the parental materials of the soils. In the Comlăuș Plain to date appear loessoid deposits of fine medium texture, reshaped, rich in carbonates. In the Macea-Curtici Plain, Zimand, the soils formed on sands. The texture of soils formed in some interdunes is medium (medium clay), or medium and fine sandy clay. (IANOŞ G, 199, IOAN OANCEA, 2005) On dune ridges, coarse fractions show higher values. To the west of the area occupied by the sands, namely the Macea-Curtici Plain, Zimand-Cicir, in the studied perimeter, over the sands, at the end of the Quaternary, the beginning of the Halocene, the loessoid materials were deposited. Their thickness is small and does not exceed 1.5 to 3.0 m< much of them have been reshaped. The territory under investigation is characterized by a moderate continental temperate climate with shorter and milder winters with a certain circulation of air masses of various types, circulation marked either by centres of action of dynamic origin (Azores and subtropical anticyclone), or seasonal thermal action centres (Siberian anticyclone, Asian or Mediterranean depression).
more abstractDorobanți, crops, cereals, agriculture agricultural systems
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DownloadANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ROOT EXTRACT OF ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L. ON CAUSAL AGENTS OF APPLE BITTER ROT. pag. 210-219
Dunja, ZIVANOV, Mladen, PETREŠ, Milena, POPOV, Mila GRAHOVACDuring storage, apple fruits are exposed to the potential infection by various phytopathogenic fungi. The damage that occurs in this period can be substantial due to the fact that the fruit is already formed and ready for market placement. Some of the most common fungi in apple storage are Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Colletotrichum spp., Monilinia spp., Botrytis cinerea. Control of these fungi mostly relies on chemical treatments before harvest. The negative impact on the environment, pesticide residues in soil and plant parts and resistance in target organisms, are just some of the consequences caused by frequent use of chemical pesticides, which is why research and application of biopesticides in plant protection is desirable. In previous years, the weed species Aclepias siryaca has been spreading intensively in the Balkans, including Serbia. Supposedly, it has arrived in Serbia from the neighboring country of Hungary, where it was mostly grown as a honey plant. Today, this plant causes great damage to the ruderal and arable agricultural lands. With its large habitus, it is a great competitor to other plants, both spontaneous and cultivated crops, especially in wheat, sunflower, soybean, barley, rapeseed crops, in orchards and vineyards. Chemical measures have so far proved to be the most successful form of control of this plant, applied in the early stages of development, but the best way is still a combination of mechanical and chemical methods. Although this plant can cause great damage on the one hand, on the other hand, there is the potential to find practical application in the control of some other weed species and phytopathogenic microorganisms. This trial examines antifungal effect of root extract of invasive plant species Asclepias syriaca against causal agents of apple bitter rot – Colletotrichum spp., with an aim to evaluate its potential as a biofungicidal treatment of apple fruits.
more abstractfruit storge, essential oils, biopesticides, Asclepias syriaca, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides
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DownloadANTROPIC IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY IN THE LOWER MURES BASIN. pag. 220-230
Andreea RANCU, Laura ȘMULEAC, R.PAȘCALĂUWater is life, it is an environmental factor without which man would not be able to carry out any kind of activity, being necessary both for daily personal consumption and for the development of industries. Water leakage on the earth's surface is the mechanism by which erosion sculpts the natural environment, leading to the creation of valleys and delts with fertile surfaces favorable to the development of human centers. It is a major topic of interest that this environmental factor is the most polluted of all. Thus, due to pollution, the biological and physico-chemical conditions of an ecosystem are modified. This aquatic ecosystem can be represented by both still and flowing waters. The work aims to present the water quality of the Mures River on the section Savarsin - Arad - Nadlac for a period of three consecutive years, namely, 2017, 2018 and 2019. The analyses were carried out within the Mures Water Basin Administration. Following water analyses carried out by the Water Quality Laboratory of the Mures Water Basin Administration, the results were compared and interpreted with the physico-chemical quality standards of Order 161 from 2006. The following indicators were targeted for assessing the ecological status/ecological potential of the chemical status respectively: biochemical oxygen consumption (CBO5),chemical oxygen content (CCO-Cr), dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen (N total), ammonium (N-NH4),nitrites (N-NO2),nitrates (N-NO3),total phosphorus (total P), phosphates (P-PO4),anion-active detergents, total phenols, dissolved arsen, dissolved chromium (Cr3++ Cr6+), dissolved copper (Dissolved), dissolved zinc, dissolved nickel and dissolved lead. Based on the analyses carried out, it was found that most indicators fall into the higher quality classes, with the exception of the biochemical oxygen consumption (CBO5), whose 2017 values were in the third quality class, and then improved their values thus reaching the second quality class from 2018. As well as the chemical oxygen content (CCO-Cr) which in 2017 and 2018 is in the quality class III, then in 2019 reaching the second quality class. The rest of the indicators are in the first and second quality classes.
more abstractwater quality, nutrients, pollutants, anthropogenic impact, quality indicators
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