Rjas

Vol 53, No 1 (2021)

ASSESSMENT OF AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN pag. 3-9

Aliev N.N.2, Chursin A.I. 2, Okros Adalbert3, Niță Lucian3, Casiana Mihuț3, Borcean Adrian3, Mărăzan Vlad4

Abstract: The territory of Tajikistan has unique natural and climatic conditions, and also differs in its complexities and characteristics. The article presents the division of the territory according to the geographic, geological and biological characteristics of the republic, gives an assessment of the ecological state of the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan, identifies the main problems in this area and proposes measures to eliminate them. For each of the newly created agricultural landscapes, depending on the altitude location, with certain violations, clear characteristics are given. Raise the issue of pollution of air and water basins of the republic, the sources of these pollution are given. Attention is focused on the quality of water, in connection with which the issue of the Aral Sea has been raised. Summarizing the highlighted environmental problems are noted, the required immediate measures to eliminate them. The elevation marks of the republic's relief surface range from 300 to 7500 meters above sea level. Such a range of heights in a relatively limited area, only 143.1 thousand square kilometers, predetermined a variety of natural and climatic conditions: from the sultry arid valleys of the South-West and North of the country to the high-altitude cold deserts of the Pamirs. Mountain ecosystems occupy from 600 to 7000 m above sea level. They concentrate from 70% to 80% of the species diversity of communities, as well as most of the summer pastures and forests. In the foothills and plains, semi-desert and desert zones are usually located. By geographic, geological and biological characteristics, the republic is divided into: Sughd-Zaravshan, Central-Tajikistan, South-Tajikistan, Gorno-Badakhshan ecological provinces. Thus, the territory of Tajikistan is represented by a variety of ecological provinces with unique natural and biological features. Today, the state of natural ecosystems in Tajikistan is unsatisfactory and requires studying the reasons for their deterioration. Over the course of 30 years, under the influence of anthropogenic pressure, their area has significantly decreased, and some are under threat of extinction. As a result of land development, the area of natural low and medium mountain ecosystems has also decreased. Each of the newly created agricultural landscapes, depending on the high-rise location, has certain violations. In low-lying areas - in areas of irrigated agriculture, the most common problem is a decrease in the bio-productivity of the territory. It arises due to a violation of the water-salt balance, leading to flooding, waterlogging and salinization of territories, as well as due to a violation of irrigation regimes and imperfection of irrigation systems. Another problem that negatively affects the ecological situation of lowland agricultural landscapes is the excessive use of pesticides, insecticides and mineral fertilizers. One of the factors contributing to the deterioration of the ecological situation on these lands was the replacement of cotton-alfalfa crop rotations with cotton-cereal (mainly wheat) crop rotations, which led to a decrease in soil fertility everywhere.

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ecological state, problems, the Republic of Tajikistan

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SOIL DEGRADATIONS IN RICE (BANLOC, TIMIS COUNTY) pag. 10-17

R. BERTICI, D. DICU, L. NITA, Laura SMULEAC, Alina LATO, M. HERBEI, R.C. HERBEI

Hydrotechnical arragement for rice cropping from Banloc – Topolea (Timis) worked since 1786 year. In this paper we present the environmental conditions (climate, geological, geomorphological, and hydrological and vegetation), hydro technical scheme, irrigation regime, the design of field irrigation systems and soil cover. In the irrigated plots for 120 years and 25 years and also in the field limitrophe to the rice cropping it was effectuated physical, chemical, hydrological and morphological determinations (particle –size distribution, air porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pH, CaCO3, soluble salts, humus, macro and microelements content, redoxpotential). The findings and results from the soil and water analysis allow us to have some relevant information about profound impact of the long time irrigation upon soil profile and on the other environmental conditions. The alterations yielded in the internal arrangement and also in the limitrophe zone. The most evidently alterations are observed in the soil profile irrigated for 120 years while in the soil profile irrigated for 25 years the changes are difficult to be recorded. For instance, in the plot with 120 years irrigated a lot of properties are modified: the texture species became clayey, the bulk density are great even in the topsoil (1.33/1.68 g.cm-3), infiltration velocity is diminished from 38 mm.h-1 to 5 mm.h-1 at 50 cm depth, the level of carbonates lowers from 40 cm to 150 cm depth. There are proposed some measures to control land degradation and to increase the economic efficiency of the rice cropping.

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irrigation, rice, alteration, bulk density, infiltration

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REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR CHANGE DETECTION IN THE AGRO-FORESTRY-PASTORAL SPACE pag. 18-26

Loredana Copăcean1, Luminiţa Cojocariu1*, M. Simon1

Abstract. The systems, whose practices can be considered agro-forestry-pastoral, can contribute to the development of rural communities. Our country's traditional agriculture incorporates these sustainable practices of natural resource management, which contribute to the economic use of land. In Romania, small farms continue to play an important role in providing families with food for their own consumption. Agricultural farms are mostly mixed, multi-active, the main occupation being animal husbandry, depending on the area and traditions, agricultural crops in arable land, vineyards and orchards. The monitoring of the changes regarding the land use in ATU Pişchia, Timiş County, was performed based on the land cover maps from the Corine Land Cover database, in different years and the statistical and cartographic data processing was done with the Land Change Modeler (LCM) module implemented in Idrisi Selva software. The data were analyzed both in terms of quantity (losses and surface increases) and in terms of locating changes for different categories of land use. The analyzed area has a rural character, the land use is predominantly agricultural and the lands belong to private owners, which means "mobility" in land use from one year to another. Key words:change detection, land use, agro-forestry-pastoral space, European Green Deal

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change detection, land use, agro-forestry-pastoral space, European Green Deal

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THE ROLE OF HYDRO-AMELIORATION ARRANGEMENTS IN THE PREVENTION OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION pag. 27-34

Crista Maria Manela, Niță Simona, Niță Lucian, Okros Adabert, Casiana Mihuț, Ienciu Anisoara

The comprehensive analysis regarding the scientific substantiation of the need to rehabilitate the modernization and extension of the arrangements for regulating the water regime from the surface and soil mass so that the level of pedophreatic water does not rise to join the rainwater highlights some essential aspects. Due to the malfunction of the hydro-amelioration works due to the clogging of the canals, their flooding by vegetation, the reduction of the evacuation capacity by pumping, the damage of the bridges, footbridges and other works, the water evacuation is done at low parameters which causes the rise of pedophreatic level , causing secondary wilting and salinization. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of performing hydro-amelioration works and the influence on groundwater pollution. Excess moisture has a negative effect on plant development, so crop yields decrease. Excess water favors the multiplication of hydrophilic weeds, it also determines the appearance of fog, a favorable condition for the appearance of pathogens. The soils specific to the studied area, having an adhesive plastic consistency as well as a degree of natural compaction, but also an additional compaction due to the soil works often at too high humidity require additional energy consumption to perform technological works specific to cultivated plants. Another major drawback of these soils is the fact that the periods of time in which good quality agrotechnical works can be carried out, which would contribute to the improvement, even temporarily, of the microbiological activity in the soil, by increasing its air content, are short. , the soil moving from excess moisture to deficit, relatively quickly. Due to this characteristic, the farmers in the studied area, practically have to equip themselves with tractors, agricultural equipment and combines, so that they can carry out in a short time the specific agricultural works. "In the area studied in the conditions of flat lands, there are microdepressions in the form of" croves "which, although they are not easily noticeable, in the conditions of excess humidity are harder to blow, remaining like lenses in the wilted plot.

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water, precipitation, soil work, salinization

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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROPHYSICAL INDICES OF THE PRELUVOSOLS FROM THE AREA OF SAGU LOCALITY, ARAD COUNTY pag. 35-42

Crista Maria Manela, Niță Simona, Niță Lucian, Okros Adabert, Casiana Mihuț, Mircov Vlad

This paper aims to obtain a fund of pedological and agrochemical information on the soil cover in Șagu commune, Arad County in terms of its properties: morphological, physical-mechanical, hydrophysical and chemical, in order to establish their quality in terms of productivity and data regarding the nature and intensity of the limiting factors and of the possible degradation phenomena, which should substantiate technically-scientifically the most adequate technological measures specific to each distinct piece of land from an ecological aspect. The soil, as a means of production in agriculture and horticulture, has certain peculiarities, which distinguish it from other means of production. Thus, the soil is a natural means of production, which is formed and evolves on the land surface, over time and under the influence of environmental conditions. Also, unlike other means of production that wear out by use, the soil, if used rationally, not only does not reduce its fertility but, on the contrary, can increase it. In the case studies are presented the analysis and graphic interpretation of the analytical data obtained following the sampling of soil samples from Șagu commune, Arad County and their physico-chemical analysis. The soil is connected to the environment through a continuous flow of matter and energy. In its long evolution, under the action of natural and agricultural factors, the soil tends to a steady state, characterized by equalizing tendencies of imports and exports of energy and substances. The type of soil found within Sagu locality, Arad county is preluvosol, with two studied subtypes, vertical-stagnant and stagnant. The problems of raising the fertility of the soil must be seen both in terms of current requirements to increase agricultural production, improve the quality of primary production (and not only) and increase yields in agriculture, and their harmonious combination with the main parameters physico-chemical properties of the soil, with which they are in close interdependence.

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soil, preluvosol, ph, humus, degree of base saturation

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STUDIES ON THE SOIL COVER IN BRETEA ROMÂNĂ, HUNDOARA COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 43-48

Anișoara DUMA COPCEA, Casiana MIHUȚ, Daniela SCEDEI, A. OKROS, STOICA I. TRUȚAN, V. CRAIOVEANU, Carolina ȘTEFAN

The Commune of Bretea Română is made up of the villages of Băţălar, Bercu, Bretea Română (seat), Bretea Streiului, Covragiu, Gânțaga, Măceu, Ocolișu Mare, Plopi, Ruşi, Vâlcelele Bune, Vâlcele, and Vâlceluţa, a territorial-administrative unit located at a latitude of 45039’N and at a longitude of 2301’E. The meadow under study is located in the Euroregion 5 West, Hunedoara County, Haţeg Depression. The average annual air temperature ranges from 5 to 60C. The average annual amount of rainfall water varies between 1,000-1,200 mm. Within the general climate, various microclimates are differentiated according to the slope, the exposition and the use of the land. The goal of this work is to gather pedological and agrochemical information on the soil cover of the locality presented in terms of its characteristics: morphological, physical and mechanical, hydro-physical, and chemical, with a view to establishing their quality in terms of productivity, as well as data on the nature and intensity of limiting factors and possible degradation phenomena, which underlie the most appropriate technological measures specific to each distinct portion of land from an ecological perspective.The object of the research is the lands located in the perimeter of the territorial administrative unit Bretea Română, Hunedoara county, respectively the types of soil identified in the respective perimeter. They were researched in relation to environmental factors, natural or modified by man, which condition their existence, together forming homogeneous ecological territory units (T.E.O.) with specific pre-suitability or favorability and different technological requirements.

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Bretea Română, territorial-administrative, gather pedological, agrochemical information

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PEDOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SOILS IN DROBETA TURNU SEVERIN, MEHEDINTI COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 49-53

Anișoara DUMA COPCEA, Casiana MIHUȚ, A. OKROS, D. N. POPA, A. STOICA, I. TRUȚAN, V. CRAIOVEANU, A. CĂRĂBEȚ

. The grading of agricultural land is a complete operation of in-depth knowledge of the conditions for growing and developing plants and of determining the degree of favourability of these conditions for each use and cultivation. Agricultural production, and especially plant production, directly influenced by environmental factors and conditions in continuous stability, and to varying degrees of relation to man’s intention and decision to change it, is a decisive factor in the economic development of society. Naturally, the manifestation of each climate attribute is determined by the geographical position of the place analysed, especially from a latitudinal point of view. These two elements determine, together with exposition, the ratio of the earth’s surface to the sun and, implicitly, the way of receiving heat and, to a good extent, the manifestation of atmospheric precipitation. The geological and, last but not least, lithological complexity of our country’s territory has made soils evolve on extremely varied rocks and parental materials, from ultra-basic to acidic rocks, from clays to sands, from rich and complex rocks, in geochemical aspect, to poor materials. Soil conditions, i.e., soil as a repository of vegetation, water, and food elements, represent a complex of attributes that act directly and indirectly on the growth and fruiting of plants. The potential and ecological capacity of an area of land to ensure plant development and yield is called fertility. Soil fertility, in accordance with climate factors, allows the reaching o agricultural parameters specific to each crop.

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Assessment, agricultural land evaluation notes, class fertility improvement.

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A NEW HOST SPECIES FOR THE ARTHROPOD CORYTHUCHA ARCUATA IN PERI-URBAN AREAS OF WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 54-60

Ioana GROZEA, Ana Covilca MUNTEAN, Ramona STEF, Ana Maria VIRTEIU, Alin CĂRĂBEȚ, Levente MOLNAR, Monica BUTNARIU, Adrian GROZEA, Snejana DAMIANOV

One of the most recently reported arthropod species in Europe is the oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata (Insect Class: Order Hemiptera: Tingidae Family). Through this paper we aimed to highlight the adaptation of the insect on new plant species and the implications it has on it. Our study focused on a species very present in the decorative arrangements of gardens and green spaces, namely the Japanese quince (Chaenomeles spp.). The observations were made between April and October during 2020, in three green spaces and two private gardens in the peripheral areas of Timisoara or in the surrounding localities. Accidentally, the insect was reported on this plant, the previous observations being focused primarily on the species mentioned in the literature, in generally on Quercus sp. That is why we turned our attention to Japanese quince and watched the evolution of populations and damage to these plant species. From the observations of bushes from each space analysed, we found that the species is present in all these, in various population levels. Out of a total of 3230 individuals, most specimens found were adult forms associated with eggs, but also immature forms (larvae and nymphs) were found on plants. The first specimens were reported at the end of May, the maximums were recorded at the beginning of June and the last specimens were found at middle of October. Among the areas under study, shrubs in private gardens were by far the most attacked because the population level was also high. And the distance from the Green Forest, due to the presence of oak (which are favourite plants) was taken into account and, as a conclusion, we can say that in the spaces located less than 1 km from it the number of specimens was higher and farther (over 3 km) the fewer specimens.

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Oak lace bugs, Corythucha arcuata, level of population, Japanese quince, damage.

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INTERSPECIFIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INVERTEBRATES PRESENT IN MAIZE GROWN IN MONOCULTURE pag. 61-68

Ioana GROZEA*, Maria Alina Costea, Horgoș HORAȚIU, Alin CĂRĂBEȚ, Ana Maria VÎRTEIU, Levente MOLNAR, Snejana DAMIANOV, Adrian GROZEA, Ramona ȘTEF

Invertebrate species present in a corn crop may or may not interact, fulfilling various roles. Some of them are phytophagous consuming parts of the plant, others have a carnivorous diet consuming other animal organisms and others are indifferent. Starting from the various roles that invertebrates can play, we decided to analyze the situation on these categories, in a maize crop (in monoculture) in Timis County, for a period of 2 years, respectively 2019 and 2020. Thus, bearing in mind the fact that the phytophagous species play a harmful role for the plant, the carnivorous ones can be useful by consuming the phytophagous ones and the indifferent ones do not have a defined role, we quantified all the species found both terrestrial and in the soil. We thus found that most of the species present were phytophagous. Of the 18 invertebrate species found, 61.1% were phytophagous, 22% carnivorous and 16.6% indifferent to plants or animal organisms present. In the underground environment, 8 species of invertebrates were identified, and in the terrestrial environment, the rest, 12 species remained. Predominant among the phytophagous species were the insects Diabrotica virgifera and Aphis maydis. Among the carnivores, the arthropod species Argiope bruennichii and Coccinella sp were noted, and among the indifferent ones, the annelid Lumbricus terestris and the arthropod Formica pratensis predominated. Trophic or accidental connections were observed between invertebrate species present in the analyzed corn field. Thus, trophic connections were observed between arachnid, carabids and coccinelids as predator species and many phytophagous insect species present on plants. In conclusion, we can mention that there are many categories of species in the field with analyzed corn, and the cause could be the practice of the system in monoculture, which favours the excessive multiplication of all existing invertebrates in the soil but also on plants.

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Invertebrate, phytophagous, carnivores, trophic connection, maize

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PROVOCATION STUDY OF A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT IN WINTER WHEAT USING ZN FOLIAR FERTILIZERS APPLIED AT DIFFERENT TIMES pag. 69-80

Katalin IRMES, István KRISTÓ, Marianna VÁLYI-NAGY, Attila RÁCZ, Melinda TAR

Due to extreme climatic conditions, we must increase our attention to prevent yield loss and the quality of deterioration caused by abiotic stress effects. Nowadays, the drought stress that weighs on our area requires unusual changes both in breeding and agrotechnical aspects. Therefore, to achieve a reasonable nutrient replenishment, provision of macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) for the cultivated plants is not enough, but we have to complement the microelements, depending on the environmental conditions. The different microelements, such as zinc, copper and molybdenum, in Hungarian soils are available in different amounts and conditions, and their availability depends on many external factors such as phenological phase, soil condition, temperature, etc. Therefore, in our studies, we apply zinc foliar fertilizer in three different doses during different phenological phases of winter wheat (BBCH22 and BBCH40). By the using of zink, we aim to reduce the abiotic stress effects of the plants during the vegetation, with which we also expect an indirect effect on the yield and quality parameters (gluten and protein content) of the treated plants. The experiments were conducted in cereal monoculture based long term field trial at four different NPK nutrition levels at Szeged Research Station of Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences on chernozem soil in 2020. In addition to the control plots we perform the same three zinc foliar treatments on all four nutrient levels: 1.) 1 l/ha at tillering, 2.) 2 l/ha at tillering and 3.) 1 l/ha at tillering + 1 l/ha at BBCH40. In 2020, although foliar fertilizer treatments did not show a significant effect on the yield, an interaction between zinc and nutrient levels was discovered. Nor can we detect a significant difference between the different foliar fertilizer treatments and the control plots in terms of content parameters either. Although we did not obtain positive results for the zinc treatments, we can see a correlation between changes in the proportion of macronutrients and the efficiency of zinc for all parameters studied.

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Winter wheat, Foliar application, Zn, Long term field experiment

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THE INFLUENCE OF WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER PEA INTERCROP ON GRAIN YIELD AND PROFITABILITY pag. 81-88

István KRISTÓ1 - Melinda TAR - Péter JAKAB - Martina MILÁNKOVICS – Katailn IRMES - Attila Rácz - Marianna VÁLYI-NAGY

In Hungary sowing structure was simplified in the last 2 decades, which causes problems from an agronomic aspect in crop rotation, plant protection and tillage. Futhermore from economic aspect this increasing process makes vulnerable our plant production. It was required the sowing structure diversification in a gradual form. A possible way to increase the sown area of protein plants is plant association. Our investigations were made in Szeged-Öthalom, in 2018-2019 year, where the experimental plots were 10m2, in 4 repeats, with 2 winter wheat varieties (GK Szilárd, Cellule) and 2 field pea varieties (Aviron, Enduro). We use 2-2 different seed density (winter wheat 3 and 5 million seed ha-1, winter pea 0,6 and 1 million seed ha-1) in every varieties in every combination. As a result of the comparison of winter wheat and field pea sowing together or alone, both of these 2 varieties grain yield were significantly less in plant association. This yield depression was observed when we were used 100-100% winter wheat and pea seed density together. However there were combinations, which gave higher yield, and income than pure stands. We have noticed that for either wheat or pea, grain yield is determined not only the seed density, but also the choice of the varieties and their combinability.

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winter wheat, field pea, intercrop, yield, profitability

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THE EFFECT OF SOIL TILLAGE PROCESS ON SOIL PHYSICAL PARAMETERS, YILED OF OIL SEED RAPE AND PROFITABILITY OF PRODUCTION pag. 89-96

István KRISTÓ - Péter JAKAB - Katailn IRMES - Attila Rácz - Marianna VÁLYI-NAGY - Melinda TAR

Large scale exmeriment was established in one growing season (2018/2019) in Hungary, Szeged-Öthalom. Experimental field were 3-3 ha. Applications has the same general agrotechnical control and plant protection, but differed from each other the method of tillage. Our aim was to observe that field cultivator against conventional ploughing, and disc-whether has an effect to the soil physical parameters (soil moisture, mechanical resistance, soil structure),potential yield of oil seed rape and profitability of production. If we ploghed the experimental filed, mechanical resistance was much bigger under the cultivated layer, but it was not created critical soil compaction or plough pan. Because of the mechanical resistance, soil moisture content in the subsoil (30-40 cm deep) was low. Clod forming effect is also determined. For oil seed rape is essential to aggregate soil stuction in the fertile layer, which can be achieve with combinator just before sowing. Unfavorable soil condition influenced development, crop formation, and yield of oil seed rape, furthermore the profitability of production. We have got the lowest yield and profit with conventional ploughing. Primary tillage with disk to 20 cm deep in surface soil evolved enough loose soil structure. In this layer water leaked and soil moisture has better condition. Even deeper layer became harder and drier, which delayed the root development of oil seed rape. Root development has an effect on nutrient and water uptake, thus tillage with disk has a medium yield and profit. Field cultivator with clod breaking roller can be able to change cultivation depth and suitable for stubble stripping, primary tillage, and seedbed preparation too. In this time we have got the best values of physical parameters, and profit from all soil tillage process.

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oil seed rape, field cultivator, plough, disc, soil physical parameters, yield, profitability

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ASPECTS REGARDING SEVERE WEATHER AND THE INFLUENCE ON AGRICULTURE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE pag. 97-102

Vlad MĂRĂZAN, Karina Bianca Ioana HAUER, Antoanela COZMA, Adalbert, OKROS, Vlad Dragoslav MIRCOV

Agriculture is the one of the most important priorities and economic activities in developing countries. Climate change, which is already affecting the society at a global level, has an impact on the increase in magnitude and frequency of severe weather events. As such, both agriculture and industry are affected by climate change and their revenues decrease, thus affecting the entire economic cycle. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical considerations regarding climate change induced severe weather events and to highlight some practical techniques used in operational meteorology in order to improve the forecast of severe weather events. By analysing the morphology and dynamics of thunderstorms, by applying the correct parametrization in weather forecast models, nowcasting and by issuing on time weather alerts, financial losses may be limited. Throughout this paper, the parametrization of convective cells will be described, operational forecasting techniques will be presented and the application of ingredient-based forecasting methodology will be discussed. Severe weather associated hazards like hail, heavy rainfall, damaging winds and even frost will be analysed in order to establish a local climatology of these phenomena. With the aid of Weather Surveillance Doppler Radar (WSDR) and by associating some instability convection indices with synoptic charts, the agriculture-related severe weather events can be identified and their formation pattern can be established. Further on, by establishing an analysis methodology and by compelling all available data, weather-related hazard maps are to be compelled and are to be used by agrometeorology forecasters in order to seek viable solutions. The Western part of Romania is characterized as having a moderate-continental climate, with hot influences from the Southern part of Europe and with humid advections from the South-Western part of Europe. In combination with cold advections from the Northern Europe, both summer as well as winter specific agriculture-related severe weather events are present.

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agriculture, severe weather events, climate change, operational forecasting, sustainable development

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STUDIES REGARDING THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM FROM THE GREAT BRĂILA ISLAND - ROMANIA pag. 103-115

Mocanu IONUȚ, Prepeliţă(Popovici) CĂTĂLINA IONELA, Bucur DANIEL

Abstract. A significant part of the agricultural area of the Romanian state faces the negative effects of drought, insufficient water reserves and poorly functioning, deficient irrigation systems. The absence or degree of degradation of irrigation infrastructure has caused about 48% of the total agricultural area ( 7.1 million in 2019 ) to be affected by these unfortunate phenomena. The most affected areas were the Romanian Plain, Southern Moldova and Dobrogea). Adapting agriculture to climate change, adapting the food production system and reducing its effects on agricultural production, mainly but also on other components of the environment and population, involves the rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructure and, in particular, the construction of new irrigation systems. The aim of the paper is to identify the most suitable solutions for the rehabilitation and modernization of the irrigation infrastructure, as a whole. For this, the refurbishment works done in the plot number 37 owned by the Irrigation Water Users Association from the Great Braila Island, have been inventoried. Based on these observations and measurements, the behavior of the exploitation and the technical and economic efficiency of irrigation and the recommendation of rehabilitation solutions for arrangements in areas with similar characteristics of the framework and socio-economic characteristics.

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Keywords: climate change, drought, irrigation system restoration

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MONITORING THE ATTACK OF SEPTORIA TRITICI ROB. ET DESM. IN TIMIS COUNTY IN 2020 pag. 116-119

MOLNAR L., GROZEA Ioana, ŞTEF Ramona, VÎRTEIU Ana-Maria, DAMIANOV Snejana, CĂRĂBEŢ A. F.

The year 2020, from the climatic point of view, was an unusual year, due to the fact that spring and the beginning of summer were was much colder, with much lower temperatures than the multiannual averages, inspired us to make observations on some diseases frequently found in Timiş County. Thus, we made observations on the fungus Septoria tritici Rob et Desm., which under normal conditions in Romania is a secondary disease that occurs in colder years, and in dry years is almost completely absent. Normally the septoria blotch does not end up infecting the gonfalon leaf (F) in any year, but this year due to low temperatures this fungus also reached the gonfalon leaf. In 2020 we studied the attack of Septoria tritici Rob et Desm., In six localities in Timiş County, in the wheat beech ripening phase, phenophase also delayed due to low temperatures, wheat accumulating more difficult this year the sum of temperatures necessary for its development.The localities studied were Beba veche, Murani, Bethausen, Poieni, Ştiuca, Clopodia and Foieni. The frequency (F%), the intensity (I%) and the frequency of attack of the fungus on the gonfalon leaf (F) and on the third leaf below the gonfalon (F-1) were assessed, the results were analyzed. statistically and analyzed as such.

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Autumn wheat, Septoria tritici, Septoria tritici blotch of wheat, Timiş county

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WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER PEA INTERCROP: AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY OF CROP MANAGEMENT PRESERVES HIGH YIELD QUALITY AND STABILITY AT LOW INPUT pag. 120-127

Marianna, VÁLYI-NAGY, Melinda, TAR, Katalin, IRMES, Attila, RÁCZ, István, KRISTÓ

In Hungary for the most part of the arable land were one-crop plant productions, which means mostly corn, wheat, barley, sunflower and autumn rape. This overproduction were increased the number of fodder need animals and protein requirement, which we couldn’t be able to fulfill only from national production. Filed pea has the highest yield of leguminous plants in the whole world. In spite of the continously growing demand of protein plant and excellent properties the sown area of field pea is very small in this region. Intercrop is a possible way to increase the sown area and diversificate plants to cultivating two or more simultaneously in the same field: sowing, take care and harvest together. The research was established in one growing season (2019/2020), with 2 winter wheat species (GK Szilárd, Cellule) and one filed pea species (Aviron), in 4 repeats, on 10 square meter random layout plots in the research site in Szeged-Öthalom. We use 2 different seed density in every species in every combination, and compared grain yield and inner content values of the mixed parcels with the control and fertilized plots. The grain yield of mixed wheat-pea stands is generally small, but in two cases we observed higher grain yield than the control plot, what we couldn’t prove it statistically. In addition inner content values (crude protein, gluten, zeleny) were still the same level. There were no differences between wheat pure stands and plant associations statistically. The highest values without exception were winter wheat with fertilizer plots. However the most preferred plant association- because of their inner content- were the Aviron 100 seed-2 with both winter wheat species.Our aim is to evolve an alternative technology for farmers how to produce by low input and high yield stability. Pea-wheat intercropping is a promising way to produce cereal grains in an efficient, economically sustainable and environmentally friendly way.

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winter wheat, winter pea, intercrop, yield stability, low input, sustainable production

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ESTABLISHING THE OPTIMUM REGIME FOR IRRIGATION AT BARLEY AND TWO ROWED BARLEY IN NORTHERN BĂRĂGAN AREA pag. 128-137

Coada (Nenciu) Daniela

Establishing the optimum regime for irrigation at barley and two rowed barley in Northern Bărăgan area Author: Coadă (Nenciu) DANIELA , Prepeliță (Popovici) CĂTĂLINA IONELA, Totolea (Huțanu) ADRIANA MIHAELA,Bucur DANIEL University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Iași Corresponding author:dana_nenciu2006@yahoo.com The expansion of the areas cultivated with barley in the irrigated area of Northern Băragan imposes the knowledge of the water consumption and the optimum regime for irrigation, aspect less presented in the research literature. In the present paper there are presented the results of the researches performed in the Northern Băragan area, where, at present, it is cultivated the biggest part from the ploughland. The researches were performed in the years 2016-2020 at “Famagrion SRL” Commercial Company, under the representative field conditions of the dry steppe from Bărăgan. It was used the recommended technology fir this area. The differentiation of the experimental modalities was made taking into account the maintenance of the moisture of the soil between the water capacity from the field and certain minimum limit values in relation to the accessible moisture of the plants (available water, the interval of the active moisture), at the developing depth of the main mass of roots. The management of the irrigation system (application of the watering) was based on the moisture measurements from the soil carried out decadal in three repeated intervals for each modality. These measurements allowed the calculation of the water consumption through the balance method. For the calculation of the water consumption, it was taken into account the total of the rainfall amount. The results obtained certify the opportunity of irrigating these plants in order to ensure the moisture and compliance of the requirements regarding the water consumption for establishing the increased productions, both on normal soils and those affected by the salinization processes.

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interval of active moisture, available water, norms of irrigation, average productions

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AGRONOMIC RESPONSE OF MAIZE IN “TIMIS PLAIN” pag. 138-144

Simona NIȚĂ1, L. NIȚĂ1, Liliana PANAITESCU2, Gh.DAVID1, A. OKROS1, A. BORCEAN1, Ș. BĂTRÂNA, Maria CRISTA1

The aim of the paper is to present research on the testing of maize hybrids in the pedoclimatic area of Ohaba Forgaci, with a view to introducing them into culture and optimizing some technological chains in order to obtain economic and high-quality harvests; 11 maize hybrids from almost all maturity groups were tested. The maize seed used in the research tests had a high cultural value, in accordance with regulations currently in force. The conducted research was single-factor experiment carried out during 2018-2019 regarding the specification of technological chain particularities relevant for corn, specific for Ohaba Forgaci. From a geomorphological point of view, the researched perimeter is part of the physical-geographical unit "Banat-Crişana" which is situated in intermediate relief steps between the Western Carpathians and the edge of the Pannonian depression. The following main forms of relief are found in the respective sector in which the researched perimeter is located: hill, terrace, alluvial plain, meadow. From a thermal and rainfall point of view, the studied perimeter displays a temperate continental climate. The annual value of the aridity index "de Martonne" is 33.3 (exoreic regime), and for the annual hydro-climatic index the value 100 was obtained, a typical value for a balanced hydrological figure. The experiment was organized on a vertic-stagnic preluvosol type of soil, medium loam-clay / medium clay-loam, on medium-fine swelling clays from Ohaba Forgaci.

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maize, maize technology, climate

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SOIL RESOURCES AND THEIR FAVORABILITY FOR VARIOUS CULTURES IN THE AREA OF COMMUNE REMETEA MARE, COUNTY. TIMIŞ pag. 145-151

Okros Adalbert, Nită Lucian, Casiana Mihuț, Niță Simona, Mircov Vlad, Anișoara Duma Copcea

The soils in the researched perimeter were formed and evolved through the interaction of the complex of pedogenetic factors, the most important of which are: relief, water, parent rock, climate, vegetation, man. Thus, in the researched perimeter, two areas with well-differentiated soils are distinguished, the result of different pedogenetic conditions. In the high plain and the hilly area on more or less carbonate reddish materials, the typical or moly preluvosols were formed and evolved. In the northern part of the researched perimeter (Ianova area) where the amount of precipitation reaches around 680 - 720 mm, on the less drained lands or slopes with northern exposure, the luvosols are formed. In the micro-depression forms due to the long stagnation of the water from the precipitations, the very accentuated stagnogleization processes generated the formation of the stagnosols. Within the researched perimeter we find vertosols on smaller areas. Within the perimeter investigated in similar situations there are pellosols, soils with a pelvic horizon at the surface or at most 20 cm (below the plowed layer) that continue up to at least 100 cm, contain over 30% clay in all horizons up to at least 100 cm. In the northern part of the researched perimeter (Ianova area) where the amount of precipitation reaches around 680 - 720 mm, on the less drained lands or slopes with northern exposure, the luvosols are formed. Based on the field study, 9 types of soil were identified as follows: 1.Aluviosols: 370.10 ha, 4.26% 2.Eutricambosols: 2406.79 ha, 27.69% 3.Preluvosols: 3089.90 ha, 35.55% 4.Luvosols: 360.44 ha, 4.15% 5. Pelisoils: 1244.89 ha, 14.32% 6.Vertosoluri 454.27 ha, 5.22 7.Gleyiosols: 372.83 ha, 4.28% 8.Stagnosols: 346.42 ha, 3.98% 9.Erodosols: 47.43 ha, 0.55%. Land use The area studied has the following categories of use: -arable 7,256.08 ha -grassland 1,221.17 ha - hayfields 198.63ha - orchards 14.38 ha AGRICULTURAL TOTAL = 8,691.08 ha -forests 906.51 ha -water 203.45 ha -unproductive 39.33 ha -roads 147.05 ha -constructions 137.32 ha TOTAL = 10,124.74 ha

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soil, favorability, cultures, classes Remetea Mare

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ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: REVIEW ON RECENT DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES pag. 152-161

Prepeliță (Popovici) CĂTĂLINA IONELA, Coadă (Nenciu) DANIELA, Bucur DANIEL

The increasing degradation of irrigation systems in Romania in recent decades, amid lack or insufficient maintenance and due to inadequate operation, coupled with low rainfall and unevenly distributed in the growing season, significantly affects agricultural production and living standards of the population from the irrigable territory of Romania. Due to this state of affairs, it was considered appropriate to conduct an analytical study to identify solutions to solve the objective problems faced by agricultural producers in Prut meadow amid drastic climate change in recent years, by rehabilitating and modernizing the irrigation infrastructure in the area. The increase of the technical-economic efficiency was taken into account, through a sustainable land-use. and by reducing irrigation water amount, aiming to obtain large, safe and quality agricultural production, while maintaining soil fertility. For this purpose, the scientifically substantiated results presented in scientific papers, technical and economic expertise as well as in projects and rehabilitation works performed on the components of irrigation facilities were analyzed. Both the works and the modern solutions adopted within the hydro-amelioration systems from the Prut meadow, from other areas of the country, as well as from abroad were analyzed. The investigations carried out highlighted possible appropriate research directions for the arrangements in the reference area, in order to streamline the crops irrigation activity.

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analytical study, crops irrigation, irrigation infrastructure restoration, technical-economic impact

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FROM TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE TO DIGITAL AGRICULTURE (AGRICULTURE 5.0) - TREND, CHANGES, IMPORTANCE pag. 162-168

George TOADER, Daniela TRIFAN, Luxița RÎȘNOVEANU, Cătălin-Ionuț ENEA, Alin-Ionel GHIORGHE, Emanuela LUNGU, Viorica CHIURCIU, Paul CHIȚONU, Luca LAZĂR, Leonard ILIE

The information that agricultural crops provide to farmers (production, degree of pest attack, soil water reserve, soil nutrient reserve pH, etc.) proves to be valuable information for farmers, the decisions that will be taken later analysis of this information being beneficial, advantageous and profitable for farmers. The implementation of new agricultural technologies and systematic data management have led to the emergence of the typology of "smart farm", a farm that will grow and become profitable as more data is collected, data that will be key elements in modern agriculture. Based on these data, agricultural producers (regardless of the branch of agriculture) will be able to make decisions so that the farm can make a profit. The advantages of obtaining large productions, of a high profit derive from the interpretation of the data obtained from the innovative technologies that more and more farmers implement in their farms, technologies such as sensors, drones, bet-bots, robots, etc. Data from agricultural crops obtained from the implementation of new, non-invasive technologies with the environment will increase crop efficiency, soil resources, reduce pollution of the environment and agricultural ecosystems and obtain healthy crops for humans and animals. The present paper aims to present a new type of farm, a technological farm, inside which any process will be monitored with the help of state-of-the-art technologies. The implementation and use of these new technologies on farms, data collection and interpretation is a crucial step for the farmer as well as a benefit by which farmers reduce farm costs, protect the environment, know exactly what parameters have crops and any disturbance of the agricultural ecosystem produced by pathogens, pedo-climatic factors, etc. The final aim of this paper is to present some of the technologies used by farmers to assess agricultural ecosystems, based on data obtained from crops, making decisions based on these data (after their interpretation), implementing a sustainable process of making of decisions and execution of tasks with the help of technological equipment available on the farm.

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emerging agricultural technologies, artificial intelligence, agricultural robotics, automated agricultural production systems

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REVIEW ON THE GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LOLIUM PERENNE SPECIES pag. 169-175

Toporan Ramona Loredana, Samfira Ionel

: Lolium perenne is a forage species still widespread as a natural population and is found in most of Europe, but also in part of the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Due to the rapid growth and the ability to persist by asexual reproduction the species does not have to be sown every year, however frequent pruning makes it impossible to reproduce by seed. Genetic studies applied to the forage species L. perenne are needed to better understand the extent of intraspecific variation, how this diversity is divided in and between populations, and to help deduce phylogeographic patterns. The genus Lolium contains nine both inbred and inbred species, of which only Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum are the most important taxon from an agronomic point of view and are widely cultivated as forage species. In the family of the forage species Lolium perenne, polyploidy is predominant, being present both autopolyploids and allopolyploids. Productivity and persistence improvements have so far been achieved through hybridization and recurrent selection, or through the use of polyploidy. However, researchers consider it necessary to increase tolerance to limiting factors of production such as frost, drought and heat, resistance to pests and snow molds to expand the geographical area of the species. The genetic advances in the performance of Lolium perenne as a forage species, especially in pasture conditions, remain a constant challenge along with obtaining a good yield.

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Lolium perenne, genetic advances, yield

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THE IMPACT OF PERENNIAL LOLIUM ON THE BIODIVERSITY AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE GRASSLANDS pag. 176-182

Toporan Ramona Loredana, Samfira Ionel

The aim of the paper is to highlight the role of natural germoplasm resource of the species Lolium perenne by adapting it to a wide variety of abiotic conditions. The impact of the presence of the species together with other legume species such as Trifolium repens in the construction of multifunctional temperate climate associations is also studied. The concept of meadow multifunctionality has developed with the reconsideration of their sustainability character in terms of an emphasis on the negative impact on the environment. Land use change in recent decades, the abandonment of grazing and the decline of traditional agricultural practices or afforestation are a major threat to biodiversity. Often the bispecific dominance between Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens is improve both feed quality and soil quality due to the added value of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The species of Lolium perenne due to its high ecological plasticity is thus considered to be particularly important especially due to the fact that it covers a wide range of environmental conditions thus developing models of great genetic diversity which leads to a development of genomic resources. Lolium perenne is thus adapted to defoliation, fertilization and growth cycles, which is particularly important because defoliation through animal grazing can have major effects on the structure and functioning of grassland ecosystems affecting the production of shoots and root rotation of communities. of plants, but also photosynthetic rates and carbon allocation in plants: energy flow in the plant-soil system. Thus, the highlighting of the qualities of Lolium perenne species are important premises for the genetic progress of this species but especially for understanding the natural functioning of plant associations dominated by it, which leads to environmentally friendly management practices.

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Lolium perenne, grazing, ecological plasticity, natural germoplasm

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RESEARCH PROTOCOL FOR THE DIGITALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTHERN BARAGAN PLAIN, ROMANIA pag. 183-192

Daniela TRIFAN, George TOADER, Emanuela LUNGU, Alin Ionel GHIORGHE, Valentin BARDAHAN, Adrian LEOPA

The paper presents the plan for a research project, entitled Research on the digitalization of agriculture in Northern Baragan Plain, through the use of drones and satellites, with the purpose of monitoring crops and efficiency [AGRODATA] The steps for creating the soil sensor network, the online database, the soil and crop scanning with the help of drones and satellites, with the formulation of warnings and recommendations for each soil are presented. Starting from the climatic data, continuously recorded, to the realization of the agrochemical maps and to the monitoring of the crops, the working method and the advantages of using the Agrodata system are presented in stages. The increase in economic efficiency through the use of this system derives from the fact that the attack of diseases and pests is observed in time, phytosanitary treatments can be carried out locally, so that the consumption of diesel and pesticides decreases significantly. By using the Agrodata system, it is estimated an increase in the economic efficiency of field and horticultural crops from 20 to 35%. The research proposed in this project is endorsed by the need for farmers to reduce trekking across their land, under the conditions of obtaining updated real-time information on crop status

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remote sensors, drones, satellites, agriculture, digitalization

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HOW RELEVANT IS THE HIERARCHICAL-ANALYTICAL PROCESS IN THE PARTICULAR CASE OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FROM CĂLĂRAȘI COUNTY, ROMANIA? pag. 193-201

Ciprian Tudor, Cristinel Constandache, Lucian Dinca

In Romania, the biodiversity of forest species is very high, being into a constantly growing, due to the variaty of relief forms, temperate-continental climate and normally hydrological regime which creates many types of ecosystems. Beside wood products, the most popular categories of non-wood products met into the Romanian territory are: mushrooms, forest fruits, medicinal plants, resins and wild species, being important forest resources that can be exploited and processed.. As such, the goal of the present article was to highlight the most representative NWFPs from Călărași county, the selected one’s being the forest fruits. As materials, it were utilised the data published in annual reports from Călărași County Forest Administration, as well as the databases from the Catalogs of National Institute of Statistics. The documentation was important to establish the range of distribution for forest fruits, the applied technology of harvesting and so on. As methods, it was used the Analytical-Hierarchy Process (AHP), by means of pairwise comparisons. The sensivity was achieved by using the Expert Choice Desktop software package. The degree of novelty is represented by this kind of multicriteria analysis, which brings essential informations about the actual state of forest fruits. It was found that the most promising forest fruis are: hazelnuts, wild pears and the acorns. The research limitations is related to the lack of detailed information about economics or ecology of NWFPs. The statistics of NWFPs are available, but the informations are poorly disseminated and is not accesible across the Europe. Originality of the paper is related to the collected data which is unique, being utilised for the original interface of NWFPs encountered in Calărași county. Relevance comes from the idea of trading forest goods, maintaining a good collaboration with stakeholders or managers, who want to perform their economic strategy.

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analytic hierarchy process (AHP), Expert Choice Desktop, harvesting period, market demand, forest fruits

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THE SERIES OF PLANTS FROM EQUISETUM GENUS PRESERVED IN “ALEXANDRU BELDIE ” HERBARIUM, ROMANIA pag. 202-209

Ciprian Tudor, Cristinel Constandache, Maria Dincă

The collection of vascular plants from Equisetum Genus, contains approximatively 19th different taxa, with distinct appearance, belonging of Pteridophyta division, Equisetopsida class. As such, the goal of the present article is to understanding the modality of preserving these species into the “Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium. The current state of the article in the field of research, highlights the botanical values from the past, with implications in present through the ways of promoting the interests of national patrimony. As materials, it was used 88 vouchers harvested in period 1852-1993, mainly from Southern Carpathians, Bucegi Mountains group. The adopted methods were focused on the determination of conservation degree, period of harvesting and so on. The degree of novelty is represented by the multitude of vouchers collected from the entire Europe, by the famous botanists during the interbellic period. The results are based on the inventory of plants from Equisetum Genus preserved in “Al. Beldie” Herbarium, 19 species were identified, namely in order: Equisetum arvense L., Equisetum heleocharis Ehrh., Equisetum hyemale L., Equisetum limosum L., Equisetum maximum Lam., Equisetum palustre L., Equisetum pratense L., Equisetum ramosissimum Desf., Equisetum scirpoides Michx., Equisetum sylvaticum L.., Equisetum telmateia Ehrh., Equisetum trachyodon A. Br, and Equisetum variegatum Schleich. The most number of recordings were found for Equisetum arvense (19 vouchers) and Equisetum hyemale (17 vouchers), followed by Equisetum paluste L. (9 vouchers), Equisetum sylvaticum (9 vouchers), Equisetum linosum L. (5 vouchers) and Equisetum maximum Lam. (4 vouchers). The research limitations are conditioned by the identification of the habitats and the lack of Equisetum species from the Romanian flora which not reflect the possibility to discover the new taxa and how to protect them by damages. It’s important to have knowledge in recognising the species, for further research studies which are not implemented yet.

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conservation degree, Equisetum genus, taxa, vascular plant, voucher.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REGARDING QUALITY INDICATORS FOR RAPESEED GENOTYPES - PERLA TYPE AND MAXIMUS PT225 HYBRID, IN WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 210-217

Ovidiu Costică UNGUREANU, Elena UNGUREANU, Viviane Beatrice BOTA, Iulian Octavian STANA, Violeta TURCUȘ

Considering the necessity of complex preparation and efficient biomass valorization, as well as the high utility potential of rapeseed cultures, for this study we focused on quality indicators for two rapeseed genotypes. The purpose was to find optimal solutions in order to extend the rapeseed crops and increase the production capacity for this source of rich vegetal fats and proteins. The monofactorial experiment included two hybrid types of autumn rapeseed, which were cultivated in optimal technological conditions, in four repetitions. The experimental variants used are V1 – Maximus PT225, and V2 – Perla autumn rapeseed genotypes. We evaluated the plant’s size, the height of the insertion point for the first silique, number of siliquae, Weight of 1000 seeds, seed production, as well as protein, fat, starch, and glucosinolates content, in percentages, and made a comparative analysis. The Maximus PT225 hybrid performed better than the Perla type in most evaluated aspects, except for the starch content. The glucosinolates content was between safe concentrations for both human and animal consumption. The difference in profit values obtained was negligible, both variants proving economic efficiency. The results show that these two types of autumn Rapeseed can be successfully cultivated in Romania’s Western area, in optimal conditions.

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Rapeseed, genotype, hybrid, Romania

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THE CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF OLD FORESTS FROM THE CURVATURE SUB-CARPATHIANS pag. 218-226

VECHIU Emilia, DINCĂ Lucian

Forests have an important role in forest ecosystems and especially in conserving biodiversity. The present study intends to analyse and characterise old stands located in the Curvature Sub-Carpathians. Old stands have an essential role in conserving biodiversity, have a complex structure and store significant carbon quantities. The studied stands are located in a fragmented mountain relief, being present in basin and valleys, at altitudes between 500-600 m. Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most common species found in European broadleaved forests with different vegetation conditions. The analysis of old stands is achieved based on the following main elements: species, surface, origin, age, average diameter, average height, volume, altitude, production class, flora, soil type, station type, exposition, production/protection subunits, structure and slope. Data pertaining to these elements was extracted from forest management plans realized during 1999-2007 in 10 forest districts present in the studied area. These forest districts occupy a surface of 141.191,3 ha, having over 371 management units older than 160 years. The main species present in the old stands from the Curvature Sub-Carpathians are: Fagus sylvatica L. (Common beech), Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak) and Quercus robur L. (Pedunculate oak). These species vegetate on litic luvosoil and common eutricambosol, and have an average diameter of 54-78 cm. The majority of old stands are situated within regular forests with common ranges: wood for lumber, constructions or cellulose .

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old grow forest, soil, forest type, age, composition

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NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FROM COVASNA COUNTY pag. 227-233

VECHIU Emilia, DINCĂ Lucian

Of particular importance, in addition to wood, which is the main forest product in forests, non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are of major interest. These non-wood forest products represent an important food source for the population. The most common NWFPs are represented by: medicinal plants, edible mushrooms, forest fruits, seeds and animals. The following NWFPs have been identified in Covasna County: Cantharellus cibarius, Macrolepiota procera, Christmas trees, cetin, Urtica dioica L. (nettle), Allium ursinum L., Juniperus sp. and Tetrao urogallus (capercaille). Covasna County is located in the central part of the country, in south-eastern Transylvania, occupies an area of 375 km² and is surrounded by the Eastern Carpathians. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the main important NWFPs in this region. The hierarchy of these products was created with the help of an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) that aims to analyze several decisions with the help of well-established criteria. Within this hierarchy, 19 criteria were taken into account that refer to several aspects, among which: harvesting period, tools needed for harvesting, distribution range, market potential, etc. Following this analysis process, it resulted that the most important NWFPs in Covasna County are: Chrismas tree, Cantharellus cibarius, Tetrao urogallus and cetin. The first two products are the most sought after and popular on the market.

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non-wood forest products, AHP, Covasna county, Chrismas tree, Cantharellus cibarius

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INFRAORDER CIMICOMORPHA (HEMIPTERA, HETEROPTERA): PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION pag. 234-240

Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU, Ramona ȘTEF, Alin CĂRĂBEȚ, Levente MOLNAR, Ioana GROZEA

Cimicomorpha infraorder includes insects with a major ecological role in agroecosystems, having a cosmopolitan (worldwide) distribution. In general, the vast majority of species have phytophagous food habits, but a relatively large number are predators with an intermediate stage in the food chains of their respective communities. Some species may have economic importance as phytophagous and as predators. Therefore, the knowledge of the species composition of the true bugs fauna and their taxonomic classification is of major importance for the specialists in the field. This research focused on alfalfa crops, to determine the true bugs harmful species, also the predatory ones and of course their dominance in Western Romania. The biological material for the present study was collected between 2015 and 2019, using the sweep net method, the Barber traps and direct observation method. After collecting and identifying the biological material, an updated list of Romanian Cimicomorpha species from alfalfa crop was generated, with 833 samples belonging to 21 species and 4 families. Considering the old classification given by Dafour (1833), which emphasized that the Cimicomorpha infraorder can be divided into two series and analyzing the alternative new classification proposed in 1995 by Sorensen, the insects collected from fields are part of 2 suprafamilies: Cimicoidea, Miroidea. All species identified in the studied area have a wide spread in the territory of Romania, with one exception – Nabis capsiformis (Germar, 1837), collected for the first time.

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true bugs, Cimicomorpha infraorder, alfalfa, classification, western Romania

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AGROSILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS IN DISADVANTAGED AREAS. CASE STUDY pag. 241-248

A. SLEV1, A. BRATU1, M. SIMON1*

The systemic and dynamic structure of the agro-forestry-pastoral systems unitarily integrates the way in which their components and the functional relations between them are arranged in space and time. It materializes through the intertwining of biological components (grassland vegetation, trees, animal species), technique - the use of resources: meadows and fodder crops and socio-economic (consumer products, financial resources, human component). The aim of the paper consists in the analysis from a territorial aspect of the analyzed area, of the way of use and exploitation, with emphasis on the meadows with a high biodiversity. In the inventory of the lands according to the use method, the Corine Land Cover database was used, 2018 edition, and for the establishment of the meadows with High Natural Value (HNV) the National Rural Development Program 2014 - 2020 was used. The data were processed with Autocad 3D Map and ArcGIS 10.2.1. By applying the specific methodology, land cover / land use maps, HNV meadow map and statistical data on grassland areas and agricultural crops were obtained. The territorial analysis shows that the largest share belongs to forests and pastures, the arable lands being distributed on small areas, generally fragmented. Among the agricultural crops predominate alfalfa, red clover, guide, triticale, rye and small areas with corn and wheat. In the analyzed area, sustainable agriculture is practiced, both in the extensive breeding of animals and in terms of cultivation technologies.

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agro-forestry-pastoral systems, disadvantaged areas, HNV meadows

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PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS AS ELEMENTS DEFINING SOIL QUALITY IN THE UPPER AND MIDDLE COURSE OF THE BEGA RIVER pag. 249-258

L. NIŢĂ*, D.ŢĂRĂU*, D.DICU *, R.BERTICI*, K.I LAȚO*, Casiana MIHUȚ*, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA*, Simona NIȚĂ*, Alina LAȚO*, Andreea Alina ABRUDAN**

The purpose of the researches carried out is based on current scientific and practical discussions on the accumulation of knowledge regarding physical and geographic conditions as elements defining soil quality in order to elaborate strategic programmes for sustainable management of soil and land resources. The issue addressed refers to an area of 158.259 ha (of which 90.563 ha, 57.22% is agricultural land and 60.323 ha, 38.11% is forest), located in the upper and middle course of the Bega River. This paper provides basic knowledge and methodological elements for the evaluation and characterization of natural and anthropogenic resources, in the hope that the presented information will raise the interest of the decision maker so that in the near future the agricultural research and practice, together with environmental protection, should strive to develop interdisciplinary studies. The studied perimeter belongs to the great Pannonian Depression rather to the Timiș Plain, a plain from the western part of Romania. Over the Pliocene deposits, formed by a succession of clay-sandy, clayey and marly layers, in the lake phase were placed clayey muds. Groundwater in flat areas is 1.50 - 3.00 m deep in the dam area at 3.00 - 5.00 m deep, but in microdepressions at 1.00 - 1,500 m deep. The operation of classifying agricultural land in quality classes based on the assessment grades highlighted a series of limiting factors that influence the production capacity of agricultural land within the researched space among which we mention: granulometric composition (soil texture), the reserve of humus, soil reaction, degree of compaction, excess of humidity, some of which are exemplified by the affected areas.

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quality, natural, land, management

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STUDY OF THE ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE LANDS DEGRADED BY MINING EXPLOITATION WITHIN PERIMETER OF SUNCUIUS, BIHOR COUNTY pag. 259-263

I.GAICA1, ,Silvia PRUNAR1, L. DANCEA1 Madalina BORCA1, D.DICU1

The perimeter studied is part of the Suncuius refractory clay deposit. The mining activity led to profound changes in the relief in the area, resulting in geomechanical changes (landslides, subsidence), qualitative and quantitative changes in water, changes in pedological, agrochemical and biological. In order to establish the features of the studied waste dumps, we sampled soil to be analysed in laboratory conditions with specific methods. We then analysed the soil samples from the point of view of their pH, humus content, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The existing natural flora on the surfaces that were affected by the mining activities was completely destroyed. On these surfaces a new vegetation was installed for the most part, but in a different structure from the initial one. The investigated dumps are at the beginning of the colonization period with edaphic organisms and therefore we consider that, in the conditions of a natural evolution, the process of installing the biota with a decisive role in the incipient phases of pedogenesis, is a very long one. In the ecological reconstruction strategy it is important to know the factors making up the climate by comparing the specific features of the area and the different ways they have been influenced

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degraded lands, mining activity, ecopedological conditions, vegetation

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