Rjas

Vol 44, No 2 (2012)

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DYNAMICS OF FOLIAR DISEASES OF WHEAT IN THE CLIMATE OF TIMISOARA pag. 3-8

Adrian Eugen BORCEAN, Simona NIŢĂ, Levente MOLNAR

The goal of the present paper is to present the dynamic of main foliar diseases of wheat caused by the fungus Erysiphe graminis and Septoria tritici. The biologic material consists from an assortment of three of the most used wheat cultivars. In the experimental field the technology used was the standard technology applied for this location area. The experience was implemented on the soil and climatic conditions from Didactic Station. Last three years bring a very significant change of the main climatic factors (temperature and rain water) with a direct influence in dynamic of majority of diseases caused by fungus and bacteria. Taking all this in consideration we are revealing in the present paper the behavior of three from the most important cultivars from the Western Plain at the attack of both funguses under the last three years climatic changes. The experience was calculated after normal statistic method for experiences with two factors, where the first factor the cultivar and the second factor the observation year. The achievements bring by the present work consist from the first author experience in research of the wheat diseases and also the possible reactions of the pathogen relating to local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data refer strictly to the relation between cultivars and pathogens. Practical implications of the research are that all data presented in the present paper are a part of a complex study of wheat diseases protection strategy. This strategy is important for the funguses , Erysiphe graminis and Septoria tritici because they can be considered as endemic diseases for wheat in the Western Plain of Romania. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of cultivars behavior under specific conditions. The relevant data, experimental results give an overview of pathogen behavior in relation to experimental conditions.

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wheat, Erysiphe graminis, Septoria tritici

Presentation: oral

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STUDY CONCERNING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FUNGUS HELMINTHOSPORIUM TURCICUM DURING 2009-2011 pag. 9-13

Adrian Eugen BORCEAN, Gheorghe DAVID, Simona NIŢĂ

The goal of the present paper is to present the dynamic of main foliar diseases of corn caused by the fungus Helminthosporium turcicum . The biologic material consists from an assortment of six corn hybrids. In the experimental field the technology used was the standard technology applied for this location area. The experience was implemented on the meadow soil and climatic conditions from Almajului Valley, near the town of Bozovici. Last three years bring a very significant change of the main climatic factors (temperature and rain water) with a direct influence in dynamic of majority of diseases caused by fungus and bacteria. Taking all this in consideration we try to reveal in the present paper the behavior of six from the most cultivated Dekalb corn hybrids from the western part of Romania, at the fungus Helminthosporium turcicum attack under the last three years climatic changes. The experience results was calculated after normal statistic method for experiences with three factors, where the first factor is the experimental year, the second factor was the hybrid and the third factor the nitrogen amount. The achievements bring by the present work consist from the authors experience in research of the corn diseases under climatic change and in technological conditions of intensive agriculture. Also it is interesting from the point of view of possible reactions of the pathogen relating to local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data refer strictly to the relation between hybrid, nitrogen amount and fungus Helminthosporium turcicum . Practical implications of the research are that all data presented in the present paper are a part of a complex study of corn diseases protection strategy. This strategy is important for the fungus Helminthosporium turcicum because it can be considered as endemic disease for corn in the western part of Romania. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of corn hybrids behavior under specific conditions. The relevant data, experimental results give an overview of pathogen behavior in relation to experimental conditions

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corn, Helminthosporium turcicum, climate change, nitrogen amount

Presentation: oral

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IDENTIFICATION OF SOME CULTIVARS OF BRASSICA NAPUS WITH RESISTANCE TO VERTICILLIUM LONGISPORUM pag. 14-18

Madalina Cristina BURLACU (ARSENE), C. LEONTE, F. LIPSA, D. P. SIMIONIUC, E. LAZARESCU

Verticillium longisporum is a soil born vascular fungal pathogen on Brassicas oil crops (Heale et al. 1999). Due to the high demand for rapeseed oil, the area under oilseed rape cultivation continues to rise dramatically (Eynck et al 2008). The current European cultivars posses a low level of resistance for this disease, so a severe infection can produce major yield losses. The aim of this study was to identify some oilseed rape cultivars with resistance to Verticillium longisporum. For this purpose we tested a number of 39 cultivars of oilseed rape to Verticillium longisporum by artificial infection. The experiments were conducted in the climatic chamber under controlled condition. Ten-day seedlings were artificial infected with the pathogen by root deep inoculation. The winter oilseed rape varieties Express (less susceptible) and Falcon (highly susceptible) were used as reference controls in our experiment. In order to determine the most resistance cultivars, for each accession was calculated area under disease progress curve (AUDPC).

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: resistance, Verticillium longisporum, Brassica napus, AUDPC

Presentation: oral

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AND DIFFERENT PESTICIDES AGAINST AN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA (BURRILL.) WINSLOW ET AL. STRAIN ISOLATED FROM A NURSERY STOCK pag. 19-23

Irina-Paraschiva CHIRIAC, Eugen ULEA

Fire blight is considered the most damaging disease of seed trees and the pathogen is one of the most studied. Since the damage caused by Erwinia amylovora is large and irrecoverable we intend to control the bacteria . Isolated from a nursery stock located in Sârca, Iasi, Erwinia amylovora strain was sown on two culture media NSA (Nutrient Sucrose Agar) and King B, and later it was tested the effectiveness of some products to control the pathogen. Eleven products were used three pesticides and eight plant extracts : Salvia officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Hedera helix, Ocimum basilicum, Levisticum officinale, Tagetes patula and Galium verum. Out of the eight plant extracts five presented a good antibacterial activity. Erwinia amylovora formed colonies with a diameter less than 1 cm on King B medium mixed with Tagetes patula, Galium verum, Ocimum basilicum, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Alcupral 50 PU and Salvia officinalis. From the three fungicides tested in vitro the lowest antibacterial activity was recorded on culture media mixed with Aliette 80 WG. The results were interpreted statistically using ANOVA test.

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fire blight, bacteria, Alcupral 50 PU

Presentation: oral

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SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUGS (NEZARA VIRIDULA L.) A NEW PEST OF TOMATO CROPS IN WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 24-27

Ioana GROZEA, Ramona ŞTEF, Ana MAria VÎRTEIU, Alin CĂRĂBEŢI, Levente Molnar

The last two years (2010 and 2011) tomato crops from west of Romania have been invaded a new pest species known as Nezara viridula (southern green stink bugs). This pest is dangerous both stage adult and larva, too. The fruits of tomato are quantitatively and qualitatively affected. First, on fruits appear smaller yellow spots, in time these get bigger and may include entire surface. Injuries occur on young fruits (green tomato stage) and mature fruits (red tomato stage). From observations made in last two years larva of southern green stink bugs prefer especially green tomato stage while the adults of this pest attack more mature tomato. In all cases studied al individuals were observed on the basal part near the stem. During feeding, the bugs injected the toxic saliva; following the affected zone of green tomatoes is stopped in developing and red fruits are unfit for consumption because their bad flavor. Regarding the period of day with great activity of feeding it can be mentioned that adults and larva were present on the plant especially in middle of day (between 11 and 16 h). This aspect is confirmed by information from available specialty literature who said that the stink bug is native from an equatorial zone of Africa. The highly temperature and drought in the last years could be the main cause of appearance and increasing of pest population. Besides tomatoes plants the adults of southern green stink bugs was observed on other plants (legumes and ornamental plants). This work is an informational work scientifically papers which aims to bring in attention of specialists and tomatoes producers the importance of this invasive species known Nezara viridula. Knowledge of species through the morphological, feeding, behaviors and ecological aspects helped the clarify uncertainties about this pest and also taking measures to reduce their highly population at below economically damaging. This is the first scientifically information of occurrence of invasive species Nezara viridula in Romania.

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Nezara viridula, tomatoes, adult, larva, injury

Presentation: oral

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THE USE OF AZOTOBACTER IN ORGANIC MAIZE PRODUCTION pag. 28-32

Timea HAJNAL-JAFARI, Dragana LATKOVIĆ, Simonida ĐURIĆ, Nastasija MRKOVAČKI, Olga NAJDENOVSKA

Maize is an important field crop which is mainly grown in the system of conventional production accompanied by the use of mineral fertilizers. Organic maize production is not widespread but it has been getting more attention recently. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of azotobacter on the microbiological activity in the rhizosphere and on the grain yield of various maize hybrids grown in the system of organic production. The experiment was conducted in field conditions at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Department of Organic Agriculture and Biodiversity in Backi Petrovac. Four maize hybrids (ZP 555 su, NS 609b, 620k and NS 6030) and three concentrations of Azotobacter chroococcum were used. The grain yield of maize was determined at the end of the vegetation period. The number of azotobacter, the number of aminoheterotrophs and dehydrogenase activity in the rhizospheric soil were determined, too. The grain yield increased in the variants with azotobacter. The greatest increase in the grain yield was recorded in ZP 555 su hybrid and it amounted to 1000 kg/ha. In NS 6030 hybrid, the increase in yield amounted to 280 kg/ha and in 620k it amounted to 450 kg/ha. In NS 609b hybrid, there was no effect. The use of azotobacter did not significantly affect the number of azotobacter or aminoheterotrophs. Dehydrogenase activity increased in the variants with azotobacter. The paper presents preliminary results of the research conducted during one year. Therefore, no final conclusions can be drawn. Still, the results indicate in which direction further research should be done.

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Azotobacter chroococcum, maize, yield, number of microorganisms.

Presentation: oral

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SYNTHETIC POPULATIONS – SOURCES OF PRECOCITY IN MAIZE BREEDING pag. 33-41

Ioan HAS, Voichiţa HAS, A. GULEA

In the maize breeding the local landraces could presented a special interest, evenly like useful gene sources for adapting capacity and for physiological and agronomical traits and for valuable quality. The exploration of these resources can be possible only through complexes studies and measures which will determine the biodiversity keeping and the sustainable use of this. The creation of maize hybrids which, among other features, to be early it is a big concern of breeder teams. In northern and pre-montane areas, due to thermal lowered resources, precocity is indispensable to achieving maturity. The objectives of this research were: -to explore the phenotypic variability existing for early maturity in a large range of maize local and synthetic populations; -to identify genotypes that could be interesting in heritability of short growing season. It was noticed some maize local populations which can be used like initial genetic material for breeding of precocity, such as: Avram Iancu, Bereni, Corbu 189-84, Cerbal, Dumbravita, Desesti, Mara1, Mara2, Eremitu, Giulesti, Satu Lung, Satu Mare, Tarna Mare, Vlaha, and synthetic populations Tu Syn. 6, Tu Syn Mara1, Tu Syn Gutin, Tu SRR 2I(5D), Myn Syn AS-G, Carnota Composite. The highest values of additive effects for grain dry matter content were recorded at: Tu Syn Mara (ĝ n = +1.80), Tu SRR 5D (2I) (1) (ĝ n = +0.62) and Tu Syn 1 (ĝ n = +0.45). Therefore, Tu Syn Mara, Tu SRR 5D (2I)(1) and Tu Syn 1 produced hybrids with the most early maturity.

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maize germplasm, precocity, GCA, general combining ability; SCA, specific combining ability

Presentation: oral

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OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES AND DON CONCENTRATION IN KERNELS OF TRITICUM SPELTA pag. 42-46

Kamil HUDEC, Magdaléna LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ

The presence of mycotoxins especially deoxynivalenol (DON) is a high concern of grain growers. Contamination in feed and foodstuffs can cause serious health problems and diseases. Six spelt wheat cultivars were cultivated in the Slovak republic under ecological farming conditions on a Haplic luvisol at the location with continental climate. Pre-crop of spelt was peas. The experiment was organized into six randomized blocks in three replicates. During 2007 and 2008 growing seasons, the concentration of DON was detected in T. spelta varieties: Bauländer Spelz, Franckenkorn, Holstenkorn, Oberkulmer Rotkorn, Rouquin and Rubiota. The liquid chromatography WATERS BREEZE equipped with binary pump WATERS 1525, RHEODYNE injector and UV detector WATERS 2487 was used with a stainless steel reverse phase 150x3,9 mm, 4 mm spherical particle C18 Nova-Pak column. The effect of varieties on DON concentration was significantly different, with the year x variety interaction also being significant. The lowest DON concentration was determined in Rouquin (165 mg.kg -1 ), whereas the highest production of mycotoxin was found in Holstenkorn and Oberkulmer Rotkorn (676,4 and 545,4 mg.kg -1 ). In three varieties (Bauländer Spelz, Franckenkorn, Oberkulmer Rotkorn) significant differences of DON concentrations between years were determined. The detected levels of DON did not exceed the maximum levels according to EU regulation 1881/2006.

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Triticum spelta, Fusarium, DON, kernels

Presentation: oral

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THE PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENTS USED IN CANOLA CULTURE REPRESENT AN IMPACTFUL FACTOR ON HONEYBEE FAMILIES pag. 47-52

Alin JIVAN, Valeriu TABĂRĂ, Antonina RISCU, Dacian LALESCU

Beekeeping has a major economic importance, because these have an important role in most crops pollination that are destined for seed production. This study is part of the first researches realised on canola culture, in Romania and was observed the evolution of honeybees family, before and after the application of pesticides, which represents a stress factor. After seven days from the treatment application the number of honeybees identified at the entry in the beehive decreased sudden, from a maximum number of 367 honeybees registered at the beehive entrance at the beginning of researches to a minimum number of 77 honeybees, and after 14 days from the pesticides application, the number of identified honeybees started to increase till 323 honeybees. The witness had a slight increase during the entire measurement period, at the beginning of the study it had a maximum of 330 honeybees at the beehive entrance and in the second week of observation the maximum recorded value was of 512 honeybees at 12 o’clock. In the third week of observations in the control variant the maximum number of honeybees recorded was of 605, honeybees identified at 12 o’clock. Based on these observations we have noticed that in the three studied variants the number of honeybees in the control variant where no pesticides had been used, has been throughout the entire period higher than in the two studied variants and where insecticides had been applied for protecting the canola culture. Therefore we can say that the honeybees in the first area suffered more because of insecticide used in canola culture. Number of bees found in the first area was less than in the second area, and also was less than the control area where the bees did not suffer at all, and have had steady growth throughout the flowering period of rape culture. The second area has the smallest amount of honey. To prevent these negative aspects, occurs the necessity of friendly relations between the beekeepers in pastoral and farmers cultivators of canola, for avoid negative phenomena that can happen during collecting.

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canola, honeybee, decreased, insecticides, toxic

Presentation: oral

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STUDIES REGARDING THE CONTROL OF CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS L. IN BANATULUI PLAIN pag. 53-57

Dan MANEA, Ramona ŞTEF, Ioana GROZEA, Gheorghe CÂRCIU, Simion ALDA

In the first part of the are presented aspects regarding the control of weeds in wheat crops, among which Convolvulus arvensis L. is more prominent, a problem species popularly called bindweed (Ciocârlan et al., 2004; Fritea T.,2001). In the second part are described the materials and methods used to control problem weeds by which were evaluated the degree of control of the species Convolvulus arvensis L. in % and the wheat crops in q/ha on non-herbicide - treated variants and on those herbicide - treated. In the chapter called results and discussions are presented the results of the research regarding the total number of weeds/m 2 in the non-herbicide - treated variant in wheat crops and the occurrence percentage. In wheat crops 12 species of weeds were recorded, with a total number of 58 on m 2 and a occurrence percentage of 100%. The bindweed was present in wheat crops in a number of 11.33 weeds/m 2 with an occurrence of 19.53%. The last part of the paper includes the conclusions, where one can notice that the most efficient bindweed sprouts reduction, in the year 2011, was obtained with the herbicide Dicamba 120 g/l + 344 g/l acid 2,4 D - 0,9 l/ha, with a control degree of 90,90%. A control of over 70% was registered also in the variants treated with Bomoxinil: 280 gr/l + acid 2,4 D - 1,0 l/ha and 300 g/l acid 2.4 - D + 100 g/l dicamba - 1 l/ha. All tested herbicides were highly selective for the variety of wheat cultivated (Lovrin 50), presenting no visible signs of phytotoxicity. The wheat crops obtained in the experimental field were influenced, on one hand by the climatic conditions, on the other hand, were positively correlated with the performances of herbicides in controlling total weed-growth and that with bindweed.

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field bindweed, weed, herbicide, winter wheat

Presentation: oral

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MYCOFLORA OF MAIZE SEED pag. 58-62

Stevan Nikola MAŠIREVIĆ, Sladjana Stanko MEDIĆ-PAP, Slavoljub BIRVALSKI

Corn is the one of the most important crops in Serbia. Corn is grown on 1.200.000 hectares. It is susceptible to a number of ear and kernel rots, some of which are widely distributed and can cause significant damage in humid areas. Ear and kernel rots can reduce yield, quality and feed value of grain. Toxins produced by the fungi in corn can also have serious implications to the end use of the grain. Fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium are the most significant fungi which can cause corn ear and kernel rots. The aim of this paper is to test health of mercantile maize seed which belong to 3 different hybrids (PR 34N43, PR 36K67 and PR 37N01). Seed health testing was done using filter paper and nutritive media (PDA) method. The weather during vegetation period (April-October) was very variable. Total rainfall amount for Sombor for that period in Sombor area was 744 mm. Fungi from genera Fusarium , Penicillium , Aspergillus and Alternaria were isolated from tested corn seed by both methods. No significant differences were found between tested hybrids in the level of seed contamination. Two species from the genus Fusarium were found in the tested corn samples F. graminearum and F. moniliforme . These species are some of the most common on corn in Serbia. Tested hybrids which belong to different FAO maturity groups showed differences in susceptibility to ear and kernel rot. Although the observed percent of Fusarium species was from 5.6-9.7% there is no significant difference between yield of tested hybrids. But if the infection potential is present, during storage condition (if the conditions in the storage are not optimal) sever seed contamination could appear. So, the next step is monitoring of mycotoxins production of isolated species, in the first place the two Fusarium species and Penicillium and Aspergillus .

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mycoflora, corn seed, Fusarium spp., yield, meteorological conditions,

Presentation: oral

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THE EVOLUTION OF THE ATTACK OF THE SPECIE TETRANYCHUS URTICAE IN THE VINE PLANTATION IN SAG, COUNTY TIMIS, DURING 2009-2010 pag. 63-67

Lavinia Madalina MICU, Doru PETANEC, Marius DICU, Cristina CORADINI, Stela HAMZA

The recognition of major pest species in the vineyards of our country ,the way of plants jury, the importance and the economic impact on production targets, is essential to protect plants and to productive increase.The main objective of this study was to monitor the progress of Tetranychus urticae attack to the vine plantation/vineyard from the town Sag (Timiş county). Because of the fact that in the time period studied 2009 - 2010, the weather conditions were favorable to the development of harmful species of Tetranychus urticae and existing large reserve as well as the lack of prevention and control work were very little (or none),and the density number of this species vine leaves was high

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Tetranychus urticae, vine plantation, attack

Presentation: oral

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RESEARCH REGARDING COLORADO BEETLE CONTROL (LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA SAY.) AT POTATOES CROPS THROUGH UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS, IN THE ARDS TURDA CLIMATIC CONDITIONS pag. 68-72

Felicia MUREŞANU, Dana MALSCHI, Adina IVAŞ

Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is and will remain the main pest of potato crops. It seeks to combat it, more so as enable transmission of the virus X (PVC) and could reach total causing damage, in an attack early harvest losses are possible in 50 to 80% while a later attack, they can reach up to 30%. This pest developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, which has enhance management studies determined based on a better and more thorough understanding of the ecology pest. În currently there are different methods based on biological products, various chemicals (pheromones) that causes certain behaviors (in this case aggregation) with efficiency superior, clean, reducing the quantities of toxic chemicals in the cultivation of potatoes, there is not resistance (as happens with insecticides), and thus do not affect consumer health tubers of potatoes. The paper presents results obtained at SCDA Turda during 2006-2008, regarding the biotechnical use of unconventional methods of control or limitation under ETD ( Economic Thresholds for Pest ) of the Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.) from the potato crop. This method was tested based on the use of compositions attraction of mentioned pest, obtained at the Institute of Chemistry Cluj-Napoca, which were used as traps for beetle aggregation pheromone in Colorado; two variants were synthesized pheromone of aggregation, V1-PEG and V2 -ExFr. Adults to follow this pest abundance and frequency of attack (%) in each variant. These aggregation pheromones are effective and can be introduced in the management of integrated control in potato .Finally, using this method biotech (aggregation pheromones) to reduce chemical treatments necessary to combat pest and therefore useful to protect useful fauna.

more abstract
biotechnics method, aggregation pheromone of the Colorado beetle, population density, abundance of adult

Presentation: oral

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BIODIVERSITY OF OCCURRENCE OF THE EPIGEIC GOUPS IN DEPENDENCE ON TYPE OF FARMING SYSTEM pag. 73-77

Jana PORHAJAŠOVÁ, Milan MACÁK, Jana URMINSKÁ

: The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of different types of farming on occurrence of principle epigeic group in two evaluated time periods. First experiment was realized at Dolná Malanta experimental station of the Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, during 1996-1998. Collections of epigeic material was realised during vegetation period from April to October by soil trap. Total area of trial was 1200 m 2 dividing into three treatments as follows: A – no mow treatments, B mow without removing of cut grass, C mow with removing the cut grass. Totally 117 837 individuals of soil organisms were collected from which belong to 28 principle epigeic group. Dominant occurrence of Acarina, Araneida, Coleoptera, Collembola, Heteroptera and Hymenoptera totally 6 epigeic groups was determinate. Occurrence of other groups was on the recendent and subrecendent level. The attributes of specific identity according by Jaccard ranged from 89.29 to 96.29 %. The average attribute of diversity for three treatments on the level 2.01131 reflects stability of this ecosystem. The second trial of conventional farming was carrying out during 2004-2006 at the experimental farm Kolíňany Slovakia. Samples were taken from five treatments: A unfertilized; B 25t ha -1 farmyard manure; C 50 t.ha -1 bio sludge; D 50 t ha -1 farmyard; E 100 t ha -1 biosludge. In 2004 the soil trap were paced in canopy of Helianthus annuus, in 2005 at Beta vulgaris field and last year of the trial in the Zea mays field. During three year study totally 44 664 individuals belongs to 22 groups from five treatments were determined. Dominant groups were Acarina, Aphidinea, Araneida, Coleoptera, Collembola a Diptera. Occurrence of other groups was on the recendent and subrecendent level. The attributes of specific identity according Jaccard (I A ) ranged from 81.81% to 100.00 %.The average value of the diversity was 1.78307. On the average evaluation of five treatments in terms of the occurrence of zooedaphon showed that application of 50 t ha -1 bio sludge supported the most suitable soil condition for zooedaphon development with occurrence of 11 452 individuals.

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biodiversity, ground beetle, Coleoptera, organic mater, soil organisms, epigeic groups

Presentation: oral

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THE ATTACK OF THE OROBANCHE CUMANA WALLR. AND IT’S INFLUENCE ON A DIFFERENTIAL SUNFLOWER HOST ASSORTMENT UNDER DOBROGEA CONDITIONS pag. 78-84

Simona Mariana PRICOP, S. CRISTEA

Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is the most important parasite of the sunflower crops in the South-East of Romania and is especially spread over Constanta, Tulcea, Ialomita, Braila, Buzau and Calarasi counties where this parasite recorded the most severe attacks. In the last years the parasite became more aggressive for the sunflower crops, with a tendency of spreading toward the adiacent zones of this area and to the west of the country. The broomrape’s virulence increased significantly in the last two decades due to a short crop rotation and the use of non-resistant sunflower hybrids, causing a loss of yield and oil production. Experiments for testing Orobanche cumana Wallr. infestation were carried out in 2011 in fields with sunflower monoculture at ARDS Valu lui Traian, Constanta county, and also in open fields of Orobanche at A RDS Valu lui Traian to determine seed and oil production in conditions without infestation. We identified races more aggressive than race E, as the hybrid Favorit (race F resistant) showed infestation. We also identified some populations more aggressive than the race G, but these new populations were present with a lower frequency; the attack degree of the hybrid PR64E71 had very low values, without a negative influence on the yield. The yield losses reported for the hybrid Performer (without resistance genes) were up to 19%. Hybrids with genetic resistance to race F (Favorit) and to races more aggressive than race F (PR64E714) can be successfully cultivated in Dobrogea.

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orobanche cumana, sunflower, attack degree, dobrogea conditions

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON FUSARIUM SPP. ATTACK ON CORN HYBRIDS TESTED IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INFECTION CONDITIONS AT A.R.D.S TURDA IN THE PERIOD OF 2009-2011 pag. 85-92

Laura Maria ŞOPTEREAN, A. SUCIU, E. NAGY, V. HAŞ, I. HAŞ, C. PUIA

Maize is a host plant for a large number of pathogens, over 50, that invade all of the plant organs from the moment of germination to the moment of harvesting, and cobs and seeds infections continue most of the times during crops storage. Pathogen agents contributes to deterioration and decrease quantity and quality of yield contributes to productions decreasing, both quantitative and qualitatively, with an average percentage of 20 - 25% in our country. The most damaging in quantitative and qualitative point of view are diseases caused by genus Fusarium spp. The development of these fungi is favored by high temperature and humidity but also of the inoculum source. The objectives of this paper are establishing the influence of the climatic conditions and the way of testing the Fusarium spp. attack on maize hybrids. In 2009-2011 period at A.R.D.S TURDA was organized a bifactorial trial in three repetitions. The hybrids were tested in natural and artificial infection conditions. The artificial infection with Fusarium spp. suspension was made on grains, by hypodermic method. The inoculation was made on each cob using 4 ml of suspension. This paper aims the virulence of the Fusarium spp. under climate change conditions. Following research we can assert the following conclusions: the temperature and precipitation evolution in all the experimental years have considerable influenced the Fusarium spp. disease; the percentage of diseased seeds and yield were influenced by the testing mode in the climatic conditions of the trial years; in the 2009 – 2011 climatic conditions and the artificial infection condition the tested hybrids yield were less than in natural infection condition; from the yield point of view, the most favorable year was 2011, in A.R.D.S TURDA condition; the artificial infection with Fusarium spp. suspension caused an increase of protein content and decrease in starch and oil content. The obtained results can be used for a better recommendation for growing hybrids resistant to Fusarium attack.

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Fusarium spp., corn hybrds, climatic condition, diseased seeds, yield

Presentation: oral

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THE EFFECT OF AZOTOBACTER AND ACTINOMYCETES ON THE GROWTH OF ENGLISH RYEGRASS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN ITS RHIZOSPHERE pag. 93-99

Dragana STAMENOV, Mirjana JARAK, Simonida ĐURIĆ, Timea HAJNAL-JAFARI, Snezana ANĐELKOVIĆ

Microorganisms are still not widely used in forage grass production although higher and better quality yield is one of the goals of animal husbandry. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting microorganisms ( Azotobacter chroococcum and Streptomyces sp.) on the growth of English ryegrass and microbiological activity in its rhizosphere. Two types of English ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) were used - broad -leaved and narrow-leaved . The experiment was conducted in 10 l volume vegetation pots. Before sowing, 10 ml of inocula was introduced into the pots. Three Streptomyces sp. strains and three Azotobacter chroococcum strains were used for inoculation. The control variants were not inoculated. The number of microorganisms ( the total number, azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi), dehydrogenase activity, height and dry mass of the plant were determined thirty days after sowing. The results showed that microorganisms can have a positive effect in the production of English ryegrass. In broad-leaved ryegrass, the application of all six strains resulted in greater height and dry mass of the plant, whereas the effect was weaker in narrow-leaved ryegrass. In the rhizosphere of broad-leaved ryegrass, the total number of bacteria increased only with the application of one strain of azotobacter. In the rhizosphere of narrow-leaved ryegrass, the total number of bacteria increased with the application of all three strains of Streptomyces sp. and one strain of azotobacter. The greatest number of azotobacter in the rhizosphere of both types of English ryegrass was recorded in the variants inoculated with azotobacter. The number of fungi in the rhizosphere of broad-leaved ryegrass increased with the use of one strain of azotobacter and one strain of actinomycetes, whereas in narrow-leaved ryegrass, it increased with the use of two strains of actinomycetes and one strain of azotobacter. The number of actinomycetes and dehydrogenase activity in the inoculated variants did not significantly change in comparison with the control.

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azotobacter, actinomycetes, English ryegrass, yield, microbiological activity

Presentation: oral

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TOP 10 OF THE MOST DANGERUS WEED SPECIES IN SUGAR BEET STANDS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC pag. 100-103

Štefan TÝR, T. VEREŠ

In the years 2000 – 2011 (12 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The goal was to detect the most harmful weeds, as important biotic, environmental stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of sugar beet in maize and sugar beet production regions of the Slovak Republic. The fields were selected in maize and sugar beet production regions of Slovak Republic. An actual weed infestation was evaluated before preemergence application of herbicides. Screening of each field was made on 1 m 2 area with four replications. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart from each other, respectively. The level of infestation was evaluated according to average density of weeds per square meter. Obtained data from farms was statistically analyzed by correlation analysis in Statistica 7.0. In the sugar beet stands 26 weed species were detected, the most problematic were: perennial weeds Cirsium arvense (L.)Scop. and Elytrigia repens (L.)DESV and annual weeds Atriplex spp., Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium spp., Echinochloa crus galli (L.)P.Beauv, Persicaria spp. and Datura stramonium (L.). Temporal dynamic of actual weed infestation depends on production region. After herbicides control the significant changes in weed flora were noted in term of abundance and share of some weed species on total weed community. Temporal dynamics of actual weed infestation depend on climate conditions of maize and sugar beet production region, fore crop and canopy health condition. Weeds are always a problem in sugar beet stands, because sugar beet plants are not so competitive, but control may be considered necessary to safeguard crop quality and yield. In spite of herbicides application, good timing of its application an actual weed infestation of sugar beet stands is high. The originality of result is in mapping the weed species and its actual weed infestation in cultural crops (sugar beet stands).

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sugar beet, weed infestation, mapping

Presentation: oral

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TOP 10 OF THE MOST DANGERUS WEED SPECIES IN MAIZE STANDS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC IN THE YEARS 2000-2010 pag. 104-107

Štefan TÝR, T. VEREŠ

In the years 2000 – 2011 (12 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The goal was to detect the most harmful weeds, as important biotic, environmental stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of maize for grain in maize, sugar beet and potato production regions of the Slovak Republic. The fields were selected in all production regions of Slovakia. An actual weed infestation was evaluated before preemergence application of herbicides. Screening of each field was made on 1 m 2 area with four replications. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart from each other, respectively. The level of infestation was evaluated according to average density of weeds per square meter. Obtained data from farms was statistically analyzed by correlation analysis in Statistica 7.0. According to the obtained data and results of weed survey the most troublesome weeds with the heaviest weed infestation level of maize for grain stands were in maize production region Chenopodium spp., Amaranthus spp. and Echinochloa crus galli (L.)P. Beauv.; in sugar beet production region Persicaria spp., Atriplex spp. and Echinochloa crus galli (L.)P. Beauv.; in potato production region Atriplex spp., Chenopodium spp. and Elytrigia repens (L.) P. Beauv. An actual weed infestation depends on production region. After herbicides control the significant changes in weed flora were noted in term of abundance and share of some weed species on total weed community. The dynamics of actual weed infestation depend on climate conditions of maize, sugar beet and potato production region, forecrop and canopy health condition. Weeds are always a problem in maize for grain stands. They can rapidly reduced the yield of maize, but management and control may be considered necessary to safeguard crop quality and yield. The originality of result is in mapping the weed species and its actual weed infestation in cultural crops (maize for grain stands).

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maize for grain, weed infestation, mapping

Presentation: oral

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SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS (GFLV) IN AMPELOGRAPHIC COLLECTION OF USAMV IAŞI, ROMANIA pag. 108-111

Eugen ULEA, Nicoleta IRIMIA, Florin Daniel LIPŞA

Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is one of the most severe virus diseases in vineyards worldwide. GFLV is a positive ssRNA virus from family Comoviridae, genus Nepovirus. Virus is transmitted by nematodes and is known as a causative agent of fanleaf degeneration of grapevine. It causes extensive leaf yellowing, stem and leaf deformation, reduced fruit quality, substantial crop loss and shortened longevity of vineyards. In 2011 a sanitary survey was conducted in ampelographic collection belonging to Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine University from Iaşi (Romania) on 50 genotypes belonging to Vitis spp. Our objective was to determine the presence and distribution of GFLV across the ampelographic collection. Leaf samples were taken during spring season from vines exhibiting virus-like symptoms or general vine decline. Three mature leaves including the petiole from different sections of the vine, keeping between the first and fifth node from the base of the vine were collected in dry, cool weather. Totally, 153 samples of symptomatic leaves from surveyed varieties were collected, put into separate plastic bags, frozen with liquid nitrogen, transported to the laboratory, and stored at −80ºC until analysed. The results of DAS-ELISA test confirm that virus was present in 11 grapevine varieties (22.0% of total) from the ampelographic collection. Infected vine cultivars with the highest OD (optical density) values were Blauerzweigelt, Newburger, Merlot, Gordan, Cioinic and Galbenă de Odobeşti.

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Vitis spp.; DAS ELISA; GFLV

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INCIDENCE OF MAJOR FUNGAL DISEASES IN AMPELOGRAPHIC COLLECTION OF USAMV IAŞI, ROMANIA pag. 112-117

Eugen ULEA, Nicoleta IRIMIA, Florin Daniel LIPŞA

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the economically most important cultivated plants of the world and is susceptible to many fungal diseases, but highly destructive are downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), and gray mould (Botrytis cinerea). The knowledge of spreading possibilities of grapevine fungal pathogen and their evolution in vineyards constitute a major objective for plant protection. Incidence of the most important vineyard diseases (powdery mildew, downy mildew and gray mold) was investigated in ampelographic collection belonging to Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine University (USAMV) from Iaşi (SE Romania) during 2010 and 2011. Biological material was represented by different grapevine varieties, both table and wine grapes varieties. The field observations were correlated with yearly phenological and ecological elements witch lead to prognoses and control of main fungal pathogen. Depending on degree of attack recorded for each cultivar the resistance or sensibility of analyzed cultivars (by OIV 1983) was established. The grape varieties taken in study showed different reactions under the same environmental conditions, materialized by different attack degrees of grapevine mildew, powdery mildew and grape gray mould. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and distribution of the most important vineyard diseases (powdery mildew, downy mildew and gray mold) across the ampelographic collection of USAMV Iaşi (SE Romania) during 2010 and 2011.

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Vitis spp.; fungal diseases; fungal pathogens

Presentation: oral

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MILK THISTLE (SILYBUM MARIANUM (L.) GAERTN.) AS A WEED IN SUSTAINABLE CROP ROTATION pag. 118-122

Tomáš VEREŠ, Štefan TÝR

Milk thistle – Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. can be a winter annual or a biennial medicinal plant. The assessment of the occurrence of milk thistle in sustainable crop rotation was conducted at the Experimental Base of Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, SUA in Nitra in the years 2008- 2011. This study was focused on milk thistle as a weed in the sustainable farming system with the crop rotation of maize for grain, pea for grain, durum wheat and milk thistle. An actual weed infestation of maize, pea and durum wheat stands with milk thistle was evaluated before preemergence application of herbicides, in the spring time. Second screening of actual weed infestation of all stands in sustainable crop rotation with milk thistle was done before crops harvest. Screening of each field was made on 1 m 2 area with three replications. The three randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 10 m from field margin and apart from each other, respectively. The level of infestation was evaluated according to average density of weeds per square meter. Obtained data was statistically analyzed by Statistica 7.0, ANOVA, LSD test (p=0.05). As a plant from the family Asteraceae has a great anticipation to have vital seeds in soil profile for long time as well as Helianthus annus. On the base of our 4 vegetation periods research, we can conclude that the S. marianum seeds are vital in soil profile for three and more years. We can also conclude that in third year after milk thistle cropping was no infestation of durum wheat, but S. marianum germinate after the harvest of durum wheat at the stubbles in August or September. According to statistical analyses in the year 2010 was the maize stands infested with the highest, statistically very significant amount of Silybum marianum (7 plants per m 2 ). Stands of pea for grain in the second year after milk thistle cropping were infested in the years 2008-2010 only with 0.33 plants per m 2 . Durum wheat stands were not infested with milk thistle. In the spring time the infestation of maize for grain, pea for grain and durum wheat stands with milk thistle falled very significantly down from 17.78 plant pre m 2 in maize stand to 2.56 plant pre m 2 in durum wheat stand. The originality of this paper is in the examination of new perspective crop in sustainable farming systems and in evaluating of its weed potential.

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weed infestation, Sylibum marianum L. Geartn., sustainable crop rotation

Presentation: oral

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TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF WEED INFESTATION IN THE PEA FOR GRAIN CANOPIES IN THE YEARS 2000-2010 pag. 123-126

Tomáš VEREŠ, Štefan TÝR

In the years 2000 – 2011 (12 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The goal was to detect the most harmful weeds, as important biotic, environmental stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of pea for grain in maize, sugar beet and potato production regions of the Slovak Republic. The fields were selected in all production regions of Slovakia. An actual weed infestation was evaluated before preemergence application of herbicides. Screening of each field was made on 1 m 2 area with four replications. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart from each other, respectively. The level of infestation was evaluated according to average density of weeds per square meter. Obtained data from farms was statistically analyzed by correlation analysis in Statistica 7.0. In the pea for grain canopies 10 most dangerous weed species were detected, the most problematic were: perennial weeds Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Elytrigia repens (L.) DESV and annual weeds Atriplex spp., Avena fatua L., Amaranthus spp., Anthemis spp., Chenopodium spp., Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz, Echinochloa crus galli (L.) P. Beauv and Datura stramonium (L.). Temporal dynamic of actual weed infestation depends on production region. After herbicides control the significant changes in weed flora were noted in term of abundance and share of some weed species on total weed community. Temporal dynamics of actual weed infestation depend on climate conditions of maize, sugar beet and potato production region, forecrop and pea stand health condition. Spring and perennial weeds are always a problem in pea for grain stands, because pea plants are not so competitive, but control may be considered necessary to safeguard crop quality and yield. The originality of result is in mapping the weed species and its actual weed infestation in cultural crops (pea for grain stands).

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pea for grain, weed infestation, mapping

Presentation: oral

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MONITORING OF THE HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS (L.) - AS AN INVASIVE WEED OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS pag. 127-130

Ivana ŽGANČÍKOVÁ, Tomáš VEREŠ, Veronika ČURNÁ

Helianthus tuberosus (L.) is a perennial broadleaf plant, native to North America. In the years 2010 and 2011 were conducted a surveys to detected the occurrence and distribution of Jerusalem Artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) in Prievidza District and Piešťany District. In Prievidza District was monitored the localities among the riverbanks (47.15 km) of Nitra River and Handlovka River. Five localities in Prievidza District were chosen, where occurrence and population density of Helianthus tuberosus (L.) in the years 2010, 2011 were determined. In Piešťany District were chosen three localities, where occurrence and population density of Helianthus tuberosus (L.) in the year 2011 were determined. Survey in the localities was conducted at two terms: Summer time: June - August 2010, 2011 and autumn time: September – November 2010, 2011. On the trial localities the amount of Helianthus tuberosus (L.) per m 2 was detected. An actual infestation of ecosystems with H. tuberosus was evaluated by count method per m 2 . Screening of trial localities was made on the quadrant of 1m 2 areas with four replications. One quadrant of each replication was (1.0m x 1.0m). Minimum three randomly established sample quadrants were detected. Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus (L.)) was found mainly on the riverbanks in dense populations. The lower densities of H. tuberosus were detected on the ruderal areas and near railway. Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) is frequently found in moist habitats such as river and stream banks, meadows and waste areas, as well as in cultivated fields. Helianthus tuberosus (L.) is not only noxious invasive plants with high potential to become weed in agricultural landscape. This plant is also medicinal plant, with high nutritional quality and with its high biomass production has potential to become a source for production of ethanol for biofuel. The originality of this paper is in monitoring of an invasive plant species Jerusalem Artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the southwestern part of Slovak Republic and its distribution in natural ecosystems.

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Helianthus tuberosus (L.), occurrence, river bank

Presentation: oral

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STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES QUIZALOFOP-P-ETHYL AND – QUISALOFOP-P- TEFURIL IN SUPPRESSING SORGHUM HALEPENSE SPECIES IN WATERMELON CULTURE pag. 131-136

Ramona ŞTEF, Ioana GROZEA, A. CĂRĂBEŢ, Ana-Maria VÎRTEIU, D. MANEA, Alexandra VESELIN, L. MOLNAR

Research and field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of substances quizalofop-p-ethyl and quisalofop-p-tefuril, applied post emergent in order to control the problem weed Sorghum halepense in watermelon culture. Watermelon variety used in the experiment was Crimson Sweet. The Field studies on reducing the population of the species Sorghum halepense L. were conducted in 2010 and 2011 on Didactical and Experimental Station at University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat Timişoara. The experimental plot was placed on cambic chernozem with 6 variants in three repetitions. Systemic postem herbicides used in experience were: Leopard 5 EC and Pantera 40 EC, applied in two doses. T he herbicides were applied post emergent when Johnson grass plants had 10-15 cm height. After establishing the level of weed infestation through numerical quantitative method revealed that in the experimental variants were present Johnson grass plants , the number ranging from 48-152 plants/sqm . Unfavorable climatic conditions (2010) influenced the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergent. Obtained results regarding the efficacy of Substances quizalofop-p-ethyl and p-tefuril quisalofop against Johnson grass showed differences. After applying chemical treatments occurrence of phytotoxicity were not recorded . The administration of herbicide Leopard 5 EC using the recommended dose has led to the best effectiveness in reducing the number of individuals of Sorghum halepense in agroecosystems of watermelon. The results obtained in the four variants treated with herbicides showed very significant positive differences compared to untreated control , situation changed when these results were compared with the hoed control, which are very significant negative . Studies have shown that translocation of herbicides in plants of Johnson grass realized better when there is an excess of precipitation to the multiannual average. The results obtained in the variant treated with Leopard 5 EC 1.0 l / ha and 1.5 l / ha are very significantly positive compared the mean of experience. The most infested variant with Sorghum halepense was that treated with herbicide Panther 40 EC at 1.0 l / ha.

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control, efficacy, herbicides, watermelon, Johnson grass

Presentation: oral

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APIONIDAE WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONOIDEA) – POPULATION OF MAJOR IMPORTANCE IN THE FORAGE LEGUMINOUS CROP FOR SEED PRODUCTION FROM THE WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 137-142

Ana Maria VIRTEIU, Ioana GROZEA, Ramona STEF, Alin CARABET, Levente MOLNAR

Areas cultivated with perennial forage leguminous are growing, both globally and in our country; this is due primarily to the increased requirements for feeding animals. The Apionidae weevils are insects of major importance in the perennial forage leguminous crops for seed productions, this due to the fact that production losses that can be between 50 – 80% of the amount of seed. In our country, have been identified a several species of Apionidae, without knowing their exact number, because studies have not been undertaken of such complex quantification insects. In this paper are presented the data in an Apionidae study on pest populations collected from Trifolium repens and Lotus corniculatus crops at Didactical Station from Timisoara, throughout the year 2011. The insects were collected with the help of an entomological net, on a plot were made 25 double cuts for each repetition. The material cropping made once at 7-10 days in function of the weathers conditions, samples cropped in dry time, without precipitations, in the morning around 9-11, when the weevils were the most active. The analysis of the 722 specimens showed presence of 14 species, from 3 tribes: Apionini, Piezotrachelini and Oxystomatini; 5 subtribes: Apionina, Piezotrachelina, Catapiina, Oxystomatina, Synapiina and 8 genuses: Apion, Protapion, Catapion, Cyanapion, Eutrichapion, Oxystoma, Ischnopterapion and Stenopterapion. By analyzing the composition of species based on material found in both crops, the most common species are Apion aestivum, Apion apricans, Apion columbinum. In comparison with the first results obtained by Pălăgeşiu (1980) from the same areas, the Apionidae fauna is quantitatively richer. The results point out the necessity to continue the study of Apionidae fauna on Didactical Station from Timisoara, particularly from ecological view, through a comparative analysis of the influence of climatological factors on these insects’ populations from a much longer period of time.

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Apionidae, populations, forage leguminous, seed production

Presentation: oral

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THE STUDY OF FLOWERING SHRUBS (FORSYTHIA, SYRINGA, COTONEASTER) CULTIVARS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND URBANE LANDSCAPE pag. 145-150

Nexhat Xhemajl BALAJ, Llazar HAXHINASTO, Fadil HASANI, Isuf LUSHI, Filloreta BALAJ

Using of plants and ornamental trees in urban areas, are an important element and have impact on environmental quality, besides the aesthetic aspect, green plants clean the air from carbon dioxide, gases, dust, etc. In Republic of Kosovo is increased the tendency for environmental regulation with different ornamental plant, in parallel with the expansion of urban centers, large cities, new houses, residential areas. The purpose of our work was the study of characteristics of flowering stage, ornamental values and used flowerin shurbs (Forsythia, Syringa, Cotoneaster ) cultivars , as integral component in landscape architecture and urban design in Kosovo. Flowering shurbs are the most popular garden plant crop grown in the Kosovo. Three flowering shurbs with three cultivars have been studied: Forsythia x intermedia ’ Lynwood ’ , Forsythiax intermedia ’ BetryceFerand ’, Forsythiaxintermedia ’ ‘Boronxensis ’; Syringa vulgaris‘Madame Lemoine' , Syringa vulgaris ‘Froebelii ', Syringa vulgaris ‘Alba’; Cotoneaster dammeri ' Tom Thumb ' , Cotoneaster dammeri 'Coral Beauty' , Cotoneaster dammeri 'Streibs Findling' . The experiment was conducted during 2009-2010, tested in a commercial farm in Prizren, Kosovo. During the vegetation were measured:blooming seasons, number of flowers, diameter of flowers, colour, and length of growth. Flowering shurbs plants have manifested high decorative values in urban landsacape in Kosovo climate condition.

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Kosovo, flowering shurbs, landscape design, blooming period

Presentation: oral

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CONSIDERATIONS ON THE GENUS CARABUS SPECIES PROTECTED IN ROMANIA BY THE NATURA 2000 NETWORK pag. 151-163

Jean BARLOY, Florin PRUNAR

In Romania , the Natura 2000 network is highly developed, with 273 SIC covering 17% of the country and also has three biosphere reserves (Danube Delta, Retezat Mountains and Rodna Mountains). The study is interested in heritage species of Genus Carabus named in the Annexe II and IV (modified version 2007) of the “Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora”. The paper make an analysis of the romanian carabus species by european community interest in terms of taxonomic observations, geographical distribution, ecology of species, conservation status and the problems due to the bibliographic inconsistencies. These species of European Community interest are examined for their recent taxonomic name and their geographical distribution established from reliable bibliographical data, researches of the authors and the indications of SCI ( Site of Community Importance) Natura 2000 for the confirmed sites. Carabus (Pachystus) hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 is extremely rare (only one sure station); Carabus (Hygrocarabus) variolosus Fabricius, 1787 is more widespread, especially in mountainous or hilly areas; Carabus (Morphocarabus) zawadzkii seriatissimus Reitter, 1896 its range has recently specified (see attached map). The global name Carabus (Morphocarabus) hampei of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC includes three species: Carabus (Morphocarabus) rothi comptus Dejean, 1831; Carabus (Morphocarabus) rothi incompsus Kraatz, 1880; Carabus (Morphocarabus) rothi hampei Kuster, 1846 and the infraspecific diversity are at least 12 taxa spread over the national territory (see map attached). Moreover, the authors attract attention to the need of the Romanian state responsible , to protect the endemic species of the Genus Carabus. The paper provides a summary of the personal and bibliographic observations which are in the interest of : the entities which aim to species conservation, the protected area managers, the entomologists interested by the Carabus genus species and, we hope, the legislative bodies that have capacity to making decision for the management to protection species that require attention.

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Natura 2000 Network, carabus, hampei, hungaricus, variolosus, zawadszkii, taxonomy, distribution, habitats, inventory mapping

Presentation: oral

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE RARE OR LOCALIZED SPECIES DISTRIBUTION FROM THE CARABUS GENRE IN ROMANIA pag. 164-171

Jean BARLOY, Florin PRUNAR

In Romania several species of the genre Carabus are considered rare or localized. Using old references which are confronted with recent observations this paper work sets the researches history for the rare or geographically localised species inciting to the new checks in the field to achieve the targeted species management programs. Their distribution rests partially on ancient data not systematically confirmed by recent collections. The notion of rarity can also result from an insufficiency of entomological prospecting. These must be encouraged by the recent results having allowed the discovery of new species (example of Carabus ( Pachystus ) cavernosus Frivaldsky, 1837 in Rimetea, by Kutasi 2000) or of new stations Carabus ( Tomocarabu s ) marginalis Fabricius, 1794 in Cefa by Dehelean et al. 2012, Carabus ( Morphocarabus) scheidleri zawadskii seriatissimus Reitter, 1896 by Barloy et al. 2010. Among the rare or localized species represent species: doubtless relicts, such Carabus ( Pachystus ) cavernosus Frivaldsky, 1837, (single station Rimetea), Carabus (Tomocarabus) marginalis Fabricius, 1794, (two confirmed sites); of refuge zones in mountainous regions Carabus (Megodontus) planicollis Kuster , 1827, ( endemic of the Romanian Carpathians); Carabus (Platycarabus) fabricii malachiticus C.G.Thomson, 1875, from Rodnei and Calimani Mountains, at high height; occupant of the reduced zones: Carabus ( Pachystus ) hungaricus Fabricius, 1792 , (a single confirmed station), Carabus (Morphocarabus) rothi alutensis Sãvulescu, 1972, endemic Romania occupying a bounded area ( National Park Cozia, Calimanesti, Ramnicu Valcea), Carabus (Procerus) gigas Creutzer, 1799 (species has a diffuse distribution in Banat); being situated on the verge of the area of distribution of the species Carabus (Mesocarabus) problematicus holdhausi Born, 1911 (several mountain summits) Carabus (Trachycarabus) besseri Fischer, 1822 ( sporadic in romanian Moldavia ). The joined study makes an assessment of knowledge on their localization distinguishing the ancient references of the recent confirmations. The ancient data can seem outdated but being established by renowned entomologists, they incite to new researches in quoted stations (for example, the rediscovered of Carabus (Tomocarabus) marginalis Fabricius, 1794, by Math é 2000 in Varghis Valley stations, previously reported by Deubel).

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carabus, problematicus, marginalis, planicollis, cavernosus, gigas, rothi alutensis fabricii malachiticus, marginalis, hungaricus, besseri, distribution, habitats, inventory mapping.

Presentation: oral

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THE EXPOSURE FIELDS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF SUA IN NITRA AS A PART OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS pag. 172-177

Miroslav HABÁN, Michaela BEČÁROVÁ

Medicinal plants in the Botanical garden of the Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra maintain representative collection of medicinal plant since 1982. In this collection there was a lack of the collection of medicinal and potentially healing plants, that would serve not only as a demonstration of native material for the learning process, but also as a source of biological material for purposes of evaluation of active substances. Common planting of different species also allows the confrontation of traditional medicinal herbs with new, less known taxa. The very important part of agenda is also a supplement and enrichment of genetic resources of healing plants. In the Botanical garden of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , the stuff of co-workers deals with the genetic resources of medicinal plants. The main part share the species of the tribe Asteraceae (Compositae) – 31 taxons and the tribe Lamiaceae (Labiatae) – 28 taxons The main aims of the subject stage are as follow: protection and conservation of gene pools of selected medicinal species, collection of seeds ex-situ (from plantations of medicinal plants in campus botanical garden) for the purpose of index seminum and other additions to the records of plant material with emphasis on evaluation of active substances in medicinal plants. In the first years of the solving period basic recultivation of soil and preparation of experimental field for the introduction of medicinal plants were done. Through Index seminum (international exchange seeds) the assembled product range of less known medicinal plants, that can enrich individual plots. As for the species of medicinal plants collected through the Index seminum network we focused first of all on resistant taxons. In 2012 plots will be created by the collected range of medicinal plants. The plots will be ready for the basic botanic research, as well as for educational purposes and for assessment of the content of the efficacious substances in chosen species. There is an assumption, that the creation of cultivar plots will lead to the confrontation between old conventionally known medicinal plants and new medicinal plants and possible medicinal plants which are the object of the scientific research aimed at botany, pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.

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education, medicinal plant, Botanical garden, genetic resources, index seminum

Presentation: oral

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VALORISING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS FROM THE CENTRAL AREA OF THE ANINEI MOUNTAINS (CARAS-SEVERIN COUNTY) pag. 178-183

Ilinca Merima IMBREA, Alma NICOLIN, Fl. IMBREA

Research was carried out in the grassland area of the Aninei Mountains, in the central part of the mountains. The goal of the present paper is, on one hand, to identify medicinal and aromatic plants of value in the area and, on the other hand, to determine the amount of dry vegetal product recommended to be harvested. Though harvesting medicinal and aromatic plants from the spontaneous flora and their valorisation is a frequent practice in Romania, research in the field (that concern the mapping of spontaneous medicinal plants over wide areas) these last decades is absent, reason why they cannot estimate the amount to be harvested from a certain area. Harvesting medicinal plants from a certain area without knowing the economic potential of the area can result in serious ecologic unbalance or even to species extinction. The topic of the present paper brings forth both the valuable economic potential of spontaneous species and elements of novelty. Thus, the Digital Romania soft included in the GPS (both of which have been acquired through the research contract supporting the present paper) allows precise spotting in the field of the research team, in each working sit, avoiding the mapping of protected areas, while final results can be easily turned into maps corresponding to each of the analysed areas. The working method is the one introduced by Alexan, Bojor and Crăciun in 1983, regarding the economic mapping of medicinal plants.This work has benefited from a grant awarded by the Romanian Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport, through the National Council for Scientific Research in Higher Education (PN II IDEI no. 1077/2009, project code ID-865). Title: „Identifying medicinal and aromatic plants in the Aninei Mountains with a view to valorisation”. Project Manager: Assoc. Prof. PhD Imbrea Ilinca.

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medicinal and aromatic plants, spontanous flora, quantitative assessment, Aninei Mountain

Presentation: oral

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BIOCHEMICAL UTILIZATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL LIGNOCELLULOSES RICH WASTE FOR CELLULASE PRODUCTION pag. 184-191

Devendra KUMAR, Kaushlesh K YADAV, Munna SINGH, Neelima GARG

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable natural biological resource, and the production of bio-based products and bioenergy from less costly renewable lignocelluloses materials in form of agro-industrial biological waste. The cost of enzyme production can be significantly reduced if low value biological substrates like fruit processing waste. The cost of lignocelluloses raw material influences the economy of many fermentation processes, hence the cost play a decisive role in future and scope of industries employing fermentation processes. Discarded plant parts like peels of fruits and agro harvest, paper huge waste in the civil area and generate obnoxious odour, can be effectively utilized for the production of cellulase enzymes. The recognition that environmental pollution is a worldwide threat to public health has given rise to a new massive industry for environmental restoration. Submerged and solid tate fermentation systems have been used to produce compounds of industrial interest from lignocellulose, as an alternative for valorization of these wastes and also to solve environmental problems caused by their disposal. When submerged fermentation systems are used, a previous stage of hydrolysis for separation of the lignocellulose constituents is required. The major constituents of lignocellulose are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, polymers that are closely associated with each other constituting the cellular complex of the vegetal biomass It can be degraded by cellulase enzyme complex and is deceptively simple chemically, a polymer consisting only of glucose linked only by β1, 4 bonds. Cellulase refers to a class of enzymes produced chiefly by fungi , bacteria , and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis (i.e. he hydrolysis of cellulose ). So with help of valuable microbe agro industrial waste which is rich in lignocelluloses product could be used as media for enzyme production. The review discuss current knowledge on cellulase production by microorganism, and it discusss the industrial application of cellulase and up coming challenge in cellulase research especially in the direction of improving the process of economies of enzyme production.

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Cellulose, Lignocellulosic,cellulase, Ago-Industrial waste, enzyme

Presentation: oral

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DYNAMICS OF THE NUMBER OF MICROORGANISMS AND DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF MAIZE IN LONG–TERM MONOCULTURE pag. 192-197

Nastasija Bozidar MRKOVAČKI, Ivica ĐALOVIĆ, Đorđe JOCKOVIĆ

Abstract : Microbial activity plays an important role in regulating soil fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate dynamics of the number of microorganisms and dehydrogenase activity in the rhizosphere of maize in long–term monoculture. The study was conducted in the multi–year stationary field experiment. The study treatments were: control variant-without fertilizer; NPK-fertilized with mineral fertilizers; NPK + manure - with application of manure and mineral fertilizers; NPK + crop residue- with plowing crop residues (maize) and the application of mineral fertilizers. Soil samples were taken for microbiological analyses at two dates. The number of microorganisms was determined by the dilution method on agarized selective medium. Dehydrogenase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. The highest number of azotobacter and fungi was obtained on variant NPK. The highest number of cellulolytic bacteria and actinomycetes was on variant manure + NPK and crop residue + NPK on first date of sampling. On second date of sampling we obtained higher total number of microorganisms, number of azotobacter, amonifiers and fungi. The dehydrogenase activity was higher at the second date of sampling, too.

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maize, microorganisms, long-term experiment, monoculture

Presentation: oral

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PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.) STEAMS AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES pag. 198-202

Dejan M. PRVULOVIĆ, M. POPOVIĆ, Đ. MALENČIĆ, Mirjana LJUBOJEVIĆ, V. OGNJANOV

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) contain various phenolic compounds which contribute to total antioxidant activity. Besides fruits, steams also contains siginificant amount of phytonutrients and could be used for health-promoting herbal teas or infusions. Content of total polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in a dry steams of a number of selected sweet cherry genotypes were investigated spectrophotometrically. Total polyphenols content ranged from 12.96 to 31.85 mg gallic acid equivantents/g dry steams weight and total tannins content ranged from 6.31 to 9.77 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry steams weight. Total flavonoids were within the range 0.44-1.94 mg of rutin equivalents/g dry steams weight. Antioxidant activity of sweet cherry steams is related with the total polyphenolics, and flavonoids but not with tannins content. Sweet cherry fruit steams are a significant source of different phenolic compounds, and could be considered a good source of natural antioxidants.

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Sweet cherry steams, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity

Presentation: oral

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THE CYTOPLASM ORIGIN INFLUENCE ON PLANT TRAITS ON THE STUDIED MAIZE SINGLE CROSSES pag. 203-209

Camelia Gabriela RACZ, I. HAŞ, Voichiţa HAŞ

The isonucleus inbred lines study has been initiated from the demand of clarifying if the cytoplasm source has a positive or negative influence on the corn cars, plants, grain traits and some maize cultural features (RACZ et al, 2011a). Studies conducted on different male cytoplasm sterile inbred lines have highlighted differences between the various cytoplasm sources inbred lines and also differences in regarding the obtained single crosses behavior (GRACEN and collab., 1979; HAŞ and collab., 1999).From the maize traits, the following have been studied: plant height (cm), main ear insertion height (cm), number of branches/tassel, number of leaves/plant, main ear leaf length and width and the main ear leaf surface. This last trait has been studied because it is well known the strong correlation between the main ear leaf surface and the overall foliar surface (0,78 **) (Francis, 1980). The research has been conducted in the experimental field provided by the Maize Breeding laboratory from Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda in 2009. The cell nucleus transfer activity for 12 elite inbred lines on various cytoplasm types has begun in 1992 starting from the assumption that among cytoplasm of different origin could exist differences in the genetic value. The orthogonally split of variants has allowed the separation of cytoplasm variance from the tester’s influence and also has highlighted the „cytoplasm x tester” interaction. The cytoplasm variance has been significant for the following maize traits: main ear leaf width (for two comparative crops from the five studied), main ear leaf area (also for two analyzed crops). For one cluster of isonucleus lines there has been significant the cytoplasm variance for the number of branches/ tassel (TC 209) and leaves/ plant (D 105). The „cytoplasm x tester” interaction variance has had statistically significant figures for the following traits: main ear leaf area (TB 367 and D 105 clusters), main ear leaf width (TC 209 cluster), number of leaves/ plant (TC 243 cluster) and number of branches/ tassel (TC221cluster).

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single crosses, maize, cytoplasm, plant traits

Presentation: oral

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THE CYTOPLASM ORIGIN INFLUENCE ON EAR AND KERNEL TRAITS FOR THE STUDIES MAIZE SINGLE CROSSES pag. 210-218

Camelia Gabriela RACZ, I. HAŞ, Voichiţa HAŞ

The isonucleus inbred lines study has been initiated from the demand of clarifying if the cytoplasm source has a positive or negative influence on the corn ears, plants, grain traits and some maize cultural features (RACZ et al, 2011). Studies conducted on different male cytoplasm sterile inbred lines have highlighted differences between the various cytoplasm sources inbred lines and also differences in regarding the obtained single crosses behavior (GRACEN and collab., 1979; HAŞ and collab., 1999). The research has been conducted in the experimental field provided by the Maize Breeding laboratory from Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda in 2009. There have been studied the following maize ear traits for isonucleus inbred lines: ear weight (g), kernel weight per ear (g), kernel rows per ear, kernel number per raw, ear diameter (cm), rachides diameter (cm), thousand kernel weight (g), kernel depth and the kernel yield per ear. The transfer has been realized through 10 cross-breeding procedures with the nucleus donor inbred line in 1992-2004 time period. After that, the isonucleus inbred lines maintenance has been realized through self-pollination and SIB pollination. Through the 10 times cross-breeding procedures with the nucleus donor line we can appreciate that the nucleus has been transferred 99,9% on the new cytoplasm (Chicinaş et al, 2009). For all the 11 studied traits there have been determined significances of the corresponding variance for cytoplasm and „cytoplasm x testers” interaction. The cytoplasm has had a significant influence in the hereditary transfer in the case of ear length in four out of five clusters from the studied isonucleus lines and the „cytoplasm x testers” interaction has been significant for all the five tested clusters. The thousand kernel weight has been statistically significant differenced due to cytoplasm influence in four of the five tested clusters and the „cytoplasm x testers” interaction in one single case. The mean kernel number/ear has been influenced by the cytoplasm source in four of the five tested groups and the „cytoplasm x testers” interaction has had significant figures in four tested clusters. Although the study assumption was that different cytoplasm sources are influencing the kernel depth, this hypothesis hasn’t been confirmed.

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cytoplasm, single crosses, maize, ear traits

Presentation: oral

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SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM WILD FLORA OF ROMANIA AND THE ECOLOGY pag. 219-225

Helena Maria SABO

The importance of ecological factors for medicinal species and their influence on active principles synthesis and the specific uptake of mineral elements from soil are presented. The biological and ecological characters, the medicinal importance, and the protection measurements for some species are given. Ecological knowledge of medicinal plants has a double significance: on the one hand provides information on resorts where medicinal plant species can be found to harvest and use of them, on the other hand provides information on conditions to be met by a possible location of their culture. Lately several medicinal species were introduced into culture in order to ensure the raw materials of vegetable drug industry. Placing them in culture presupposes knowledge of their ecology in natural habitats. By introducing the culture and ensure protection of wild flora species to harvesting abusive, irrational, especially of rare, endangered and protected.

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medicinal plants, flora of Romania, ecological factors

Presentation: oral

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ECOTOURISM IN RODNA MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK pag. 226-232

Helena Maria SABO

Nature loving tourism, also known as "ecological tourism" or ecotourism, is a relatively recent phenomenon, which represents a segment of the tourist industry. However, what means "ecological tourism"? First, it involves the development of all economic activity, not only tourism, in an unaltered environment. The environment is considered now a top priority politics in all developed countries. Second, economic restructuring and technical adjustments, remodeling the management of the environment for the purposes of taking over the qualitative aspects to satisfy the needs of this population, free of affecting the inheritance of the future generations takes the adoption of a new economic behavior. Thirdly, ecotourism involves a conscious tourism, individual, or in-group. I could give here some examples: a forest needs 60-80 years to recover, while a stalagmite and stalactite needs tens or thousands of years. Conclusion: the forest is designed to recreation, maintaining a clean atmosphere, physical and psychological recovery while the caves are designated to for people's admiration for his natural shapes and for destruction! These counts the Rodna Mountains National Park, an exceptional natural area by the valences of recreational, aesthetic, educational, and scientific, which is the tourist attraction of an special importance.

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natural reservation, ecotourism, landscape protection, education

Presentation: oral

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THE GENUS PRUNUS L. GENERATIVE REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL (GRP) IN THE SOUTH-WEST SLOVAKIA REGIONS pag. 233-236

Ivana ŽGANČÍKOVÁ, T. VEREŠ, T. BARANEC

In the populations of non-forest woody vegetation in the form of belts–biocorridors on the borders of agriculture landscape - in dominant representation, there occur species and spontaneous hybrids of the genus Prunus L. Generative reproductive potential (GRP) of some of taxa Prunus L. from 2010 to 2011 years had been analyzed on the territory in the south-west Slovakia at 3 localities (Jelenec, Vráble and Veľké Úľany). Experimental observations were done during the important blackthorn phenophases from April to May and from September to October. In this work we detected the ability of the flowers formation (the number of flowers we investigated the phenological stages of full flowering (April-May) on indicated specimens, respectively. To select twig end individuals, we randomly selected inflorescence, we counted the number of flowers in clusters and calculated the average) and the fruits formation (we investigated the number of fruit in the months of September to October, methodical process as the first point ) to determine the generative reproductive potential (GRP). Generative reproductive potential of individual taxa in the studied period 2010 to 2011 was relatively balanced. Experimental locality Vráble GRP was zero across all individuals in both years. Important thing for the amount of GRP on the location are surveyed habitats and related environmental conditions. On the actual population had the worst effect the occurrence of diseases and pests. The main disease at the locality Vráble was Clasterosporium carpophilium with the symptoms on leaves - the leaves were made round to oval, a few millimeter, dark purple with a brown edge stain and on fruits - the fruits we have seen tiny blotches, which was accompanied by gummosis. It is important to note also that the generative reproduction of individuals examined longer-term research is needed. Our results show that 2011 was the production of flowers richer and less prone to diseases incidence than in 2010. The originality of this research is in the detection of GRP of genus Prunus spp., which mainly form non forest woody vegetation and biocorridors in the agricultural land of Slovak Republic.

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reproductive biology, genus Prunus L., Prunus spinosa L.

Presentation: oral

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