Rjas

Vol 43, No 2 (2011)

BEANS AND PUMPKIN AS ATTRACTIVE PLANTS FOR DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LE CONTE ADULTS pag. 3-7

Ioana Grozea, Raluca Trusca, Ramona Ştef, Ana Maria Vîrteiu, Alin Flavius Cărăbeţ, Levente Molnar, Snejana Damianov

Accidentally, in the last year (2010), during monitoring activities by reading of traps installed in maize fields, on other plants than maize were observed numerous individuals adults of Diabrotica virgifera v. Le Conte in a process of intense feeding on leaves and flowers. The researches carried out in western part of Romania, in a small plot of maize grown (in stage silk appeared) in combination with beans and pumpkin (this kind of plots are common). Special attention was drawn to the fact that although there is pheromone traps on maize plant the adult preferred beans leaves and flowers. The studies about the preferences of adult Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte on different type of host plants was observed in field condition, in cages of isolation. Following the results of these primary data we mention that is important to emphasize attractiveness of Diabrotica virgiferea virgifera Le Conte adults for other plants than maize plants. Is clearly evident the preference of adults for pumpkin (mean of 38.5 individuals/RI, RII, RIII, RIV), followed by maize (32.0 individuals/ RI, RII, RIII, RIV) and beans (29.5 individuals/ RI, RII, RIII, RIV). The number of adults feeding on the flowers, pollen or silk in isolation cage was assigned higher (54 adults/maize, 48 adults/pumpkin and 46 adults/bean) than number of adults feeding on the leaves (14 adults/beans, 12 adults/pumpkin and 6 adults/maize). Taking into consideration the sex ratio, the number of males and females varied from host plant to host plant. After our observations and information from literature regarding other species of genus Diabrotica, we conclude that adults of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte could turn to other crops than corn for feeding but also for egg laying. If is happened in natural conditions of beans crop or other potentially host plant then we have to take protection measures by introduction of appropriate crop rotation. Activities were carried out under financially support of the PN-II-ID-PCE-2007-1/RO project.

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CONTROLLING THE PERENNIAL SPECIES RUBUS CAESIUS L. – A PROBLEM WEED IN WINTER WHEAT AND GRAIN MAIZE IN THE TIMIŞOARA AREA pag. 8-14

Carmen Băbuţ, Dan Manea

In this paper, we present a few aspects concerning the control of weeds in winter wheat and grain maize, among which Rubus caesius L., a problem species popularly called dewberry. We describe materials and methods used in the control of problem weeds, that helped us monitor the control degree in percentage of dicot weeds, in general, and of the species Rubus caesius L., in particular, as well as winter wheat and grain maize yields in q/ha in both treated and not treated variants in the years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. We present research results concerning the total number of weeds/m 2 in the control variant in winter wheat and in grain maize as well as the participation share. In winter wheat, we observed in the years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 a number of 11 weed species, the total number of weeds per m 2 being 77, with a participation share of 100%, and in grain maize in the years 2009 and 2010, 11 weed species, the total number of weeds per m 2 being 282, with a participation share of100%. Dewberry was present in winter wheat with a number of 4.65 weeds/m 2 with a participation share of 5.5%, while in grain maize there were 24.2 weeds/m 2 with a participation share of 8.58%. The most efficient diminution of dewberry shoots in winter wheat was ensured by the herbicide Dialen Super 464 SL (0.9 l/ha), with a control degree of 93.70%. A weed control above 90% was also in the variants treated with Premiant (1 l/ha) 93.46% and Ceredin Super (1 l/ha) 93.31%, Lancelot 450 WG (30 g/ha) and Buctril Universal (1 l/ha) 90.84%. The most efficient diminution of dewberry shoots in grain maize was ensured by the herbicide Dialen Super 464 SL (0.9 l/ha), with a control degree of 85.97%.

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herbicide, Rubus caesius L., weed, winter wheat, grain maize

Presentation: oral

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ASSESSMENTS CONCERNING DYNAMICS DATA OF THE MAIN FOLIAR PATHOGENS OF WHEAT UNDER THE CLIMATIC CHANGES FROM THE LAST YEARS pag. 15-20

Adrian Eugen Borcean, Levente Molnar, Simona Niţă

Research aim of the present paper is to present the dynamic of main foliar diseases of wheat caused by the fungus Erysiphe graminis and Septoria tritici. The biologic material consist from an assortment of three of the most used wheat cultivars from the area. Technology used in the experimental field was the standard applied for this location. The experience was implemented on the soil and climatic conditions from Didactic Station. Last three years bring a very significant change of the main climatic factors (temperature and rain water) with a direct influence in dynamic of majority of diseases caused by fungus and bacteria. Taking all this in consideration we are revealing in the present paper the behavior of three from the most important cultivars from the Western Plain at the attack of both funguses under the last three years climatic changes. The experience was calculated after normal statistic method for bifactorial experiences, with first factor the cultivar and the second factor the observation year. The achievements bring by the present work consist from the first author experience in research of the wheat diseases and also the possible reactions of the pathogen relating to local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data refer strictly to the relation between cultivars and pathogens. Practical implications of the research are that all data presented in the present paper are a part of a complex study of wheat diseases protection strategy. This strategz is important for the both funguses, Erysiphe graminis and Septoria tritici because they can be considered as endemic disesas for wheat in the Western Plain of Romania. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of cultivars behaviour under specific conditions. The relevant data, experimental results give an overview of pathogen behavior in relation to experimental conditions.

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wheat, pathogens, dynamic

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CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN ROUNDUP READY MAIZE pag. 21-27

Claudia Delia Culhavi, Dan Manea

The goal of the research was to test the weed control efficiency of the product Roundup Ready (480 g/l glyphosate) in rates of 2.25 l/ha (1080 g/ha active substance) applied in the 3-leaf and 8-leaf phases of the cultivated hybrid (13 BBCH, and 18 BBCH, respectively). We monitored the effect of tank mixing the herbicide Roundup Ready in the 3-leaf phase in maize (BBCH 13) with products traditionally applied pre-emergently, such as acetochlor, acetochlor + terbuthylazine (CLICK PLUS), dimethenamid (SPECTRUM), pendimethalin + dimethenamid-p (WING), compared to the usual product acetochlor (GUARDIAN) applied pre-emergently or to the post-emergent herbicides nicosulphuron (MISTRAL) + dicamba (BANVEL). Researches were carried out in the experimental field area of the Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine in Timisoara, College of Agriculture, Timiş County, Romania, from May to October 2010. The cultivated hybrid tolerated very well all the tested herbicides with no phytotoxicity whatsoever (note 1 EWRS grades). The most frequent weed species in the control variant (not treated) (V 1 ), in the stage 13 BBCH in maize were the monocots Setaria sp. and Sorghum halepense from rhizomes and seeds, and Echinochloa crus-galli. All the herbicides applied pre-emergently (V 2 -V 6 ) ensured a very good control of annual monocot weeds but they had no visible effect whatsoever on Sorghum halepense plants from rhizomes or on the perennial dicot species Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis After the first post-emergent herbicide treatment, we could see a very good control of all weed species in the variants treated with glyphosate (V 3 -V 6 and V 8 ) and variants treated with glyphosate tank-mixed with different herbicides applied usually post-emergently (V 9 -V 12 ). In the variant V 7 , where we used tank-mixed classical herbicides Banvel + Mistral, weed control was less efficient, even slow, with a trend to regeneration. The highest production of grain maize – over 90.0 q/ha – was in the variants V 10 – Acetochlor + Terbuthylazine (CLICK PLUS) + Glyphosate + Glyphosate, V 12 – Dimethenamid - P + Pendimethalin (WING) + Glyphosate + Glyphosate and V 11 – Dimethenamid (SPECTRUM) + Glyphosate + Glyphosate.

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corn crop, weed control, herbicides, glyphosate, Roundup Ready

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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INTRODUCTION OF ANTHRACNOSE-RESISTANT VARIETIES IN CHERRY TREE (COCCOMYCES HIEMALIS SIN BLUMERIA JAAPI) IN THE ORCHARD CENTRE LUGOJ HERINDEŞTI pag. 28-33

Snejana Damianov, Gheorghe Simeria, Ioana Grozea, Ramona Ştef, Ana Maria Vîrteiu

The pathogen Coccomyces hiemalis Higg. causes big losses in nursery gardens, generating massive defoliations. The fungus causing this disease produces infections in the spring, during flowering and during petal falling, by generating a mycelium that has several infection cycles in the vegetation stage, with 7-9-day incubation period, if the mean temperature is 17.6-21.8°C. The leaves attacked fade under conditions of premature defoliation and shoots and twigs die down, at the beginning of autumn. To determine the attack caused by Coccomyces hiemalis Higg. that produces cherry tree anthracnose, the main disease affecting this tree species, we carried out observations on a number of 8 cherry tree varieties and determined attack’s risk degree, frequency and intensity during the maximal attack period. We have done research on the influence of varieties, shapes and distance crown planting trees on the main diseases and pests attack. The fungus forms completed in the conditions of the area, with a high degree of sporulare being pretentious to temperature (biological threshold 10 ° C)and humidity. Terms of disease evolution were fired since April when he made ascosporilor design. Varieties’ resistance was determined according to the results obtained; then we determined the warning and the application of phyto-sanitary treatments. From the viewpoint of the attack caused by Coccomyces hiemalis Higg., in the South-West of the country, we grouped the cherry tree varieties as follows: slightly attacked (SA: Seneca, Cerna, Ulster); medium attacked (MA: Timpurii de Mai, Rosii de Bistrita); strongly attacked (PA: Van, Bing, Germesdorf). To reduce the environmental pollution occurred during the chemical control of this disease, we recommend the introduction of slightly- and medium- attacked varieties in cherry tree orchards. Compared with the number of 8 phyto-sanitary treatments warned, we applied only 4 treatments, in the slightly attacked varieties: Seneca, Cerna, Ulster; this represents a 50% reduction of treatments and environmental pollution.

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anthracnose, cherry tree, variety, attack degree, resistance

Presentation: oral

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THE BEHAVIOUR, LIFE CYCLE AND BIOMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS OF MYZUS PERSICAE pag. 34-39

Mihaela Liana Fericean, Ioan Palagesiu, Radu Palicica, Ana Maria Varteiu, Silvia Prunar

This paper presents data referring to the colonization and dispersal behaviour, the life cycle of aphid species from potato cultivations for a period of three years 2005-2007, from Didactic Station Timisoara and Varfurile, Arad county, and biometrical measurements which point out the morphological caracteristics of Myzus persicae. For an estimation situations of attack can be useful to be known the most common places of colonization. Also, knowledge of potato aphid life cycle constitutes a basic element of the integrated potato pests control. Wingless adult aphids are green to pale yellow and measure about 1.9 to 2.3 mm in length. Winged (alate) aphids have a black head and thorax, and a yellowish green abdomen with a large dark patch dorsally. The smallest length of the body established for aphids captured in West Zone of Romania was 2.1 mm, while the biggest was 2.65 mm. The average body length was 2.44 ± 0.15 mm. Regarding the length of the head and thorax, it may be noticed that the maximum length of these parts was 1.25 mm and minimum length was 1.0 mm. The average value calculated for the length of these parts was 1.14 ± 0.06 mm.The minimum width of head was 0.40 mm and the maximum width of head was 0.45 mm. The average value calculated for head width was 0.41 ± 0.2 mm. As far as the thorax width is concerned, this was minimum 0.80 mm and maximum 1.0 mm. Mean thorax width was 0.89 ± 0.06 mm. The minimum length of the abdomen was 1.10 mm and minimum width was 0.85 mm, the maximum length of the abdomen was 1.50 mm and the maximum width was 1.15 mm. The mean length of the abdomen was 1.31 ± 0.11 mm, while the average value calculated for abdomen width was 1.02 ± 0.09 mm. Winged green peach aphids seemingly attempt to colonize nearly all plants available. Their highly dispersive nature contributes significantly to their effectiveness as vectors of plant viruses.The females arrive at a host tree and give birth to a wingless egg-laying generation. The males are attracted and mate with the egg-producing females. These females then lay eggs, which will grow over the winter and hatch in the spring.

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aphids, behaviour, life, cycle, biometrical, measurements

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RESULTS OBTAINED IN CONTROL OF DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LARVAE pag. 40-43

Teodora Florian, H. Bunescu, C.V. Florian, Camelia Todoran, Ilonka Bodis

To determine the efficacy of the product against the western corn root worm, since the spring of 2007 was organised an experimental field in the area Tărtăria, Alba County (Romania). The experiments were made according to the experimental technique. It should be noted that it was located in an area where the pest has been reported since 2002, under monoculture. Sowing date varied from year to year depending on climatic factors and weather conditions. In 2008 sowing took place on April 21, May 1 in 2009, and April 30 in 2010. As a result of research carried out in 2008-2010 can be seen that among the four products used in preventing and fighting Diabrotica virgifera virgifera species larvae, we obtained best results with products applied to the seed. In the experimental period, the larvae attack symptoms were manifested by the appearance of "goose neck", in control plot, the attack frequency being about 15.46% in 2008, 25.33% in 2009 and 26,88% in 2010. Biobit bioproduct applied only to the seed reduced the incidence of attack to 5.76% in 2008 (about 63% less compared to the control, 8.12% in 2009 (about 68% less compared to the control) and 6.23% in 2010. Of the four products used in preventing and fighting Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae species, we obtained best results with products applied to the seed. The best results in the fight against larvae and adults were obtained with the bioproduct Biobit applied to seed and vegetation. The research was supported by the Research Program PD-PN II, Contract no. 186/2010.

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pest, western corn root worm, biological control, bioproduct, corn

Presentation: oral

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ANALYSIS OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN WCR ADULTS RECORDED AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES AND CLIMATE FACTORS pag. 44-50

Ioana Grozea, Alin Cărăbeţ, Ramona Ştef, Ana Maria Vîrteiu, Codruţa Chiş, Sven Dinnesen

Studies covered the topic of this paper continue work started in 2008 in western part of Romania, actually refers to comparative studies between different localities. This approach is original and is the subject of research project. During 2010, as well as during previous year, the monitoring of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (WCR) was done continuing the implementation of a usual protocol. For establish of adults number were used Hungarian pheromone traps (Csalomon ® Diabrotica v.v. pane type /2pieces). The traps were installed from June to September, in three repetitions (Trap1, Trap2, Trap3/place). The frequency of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte adults was based on readings directly in fields, in 19 localities from 8 counties (Timiş, Arad, Hunedoara, Bihor, Cluj, Satu Mare, Sălaj, Caraş Severin, Alba, Mureş) situated in western part of Romania. For installing of traps we used the common methods and for finding the location the GPS was used. The researches were made in conventionally maize, untreated against target pest. The movement to experimental fields was made used the car from Entomology and Zoology Agricultural of BUASVMT. The air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity and moisture constituted ecological factors from basis of correlations between adults’ number and climatic conditions from different altitudes. The data were taken from Weather Stations associated each county studied. From analyzing the data obtained (averages of adults captures) in accordance with climatic factors apparent significance differences. After analyzing correlations with climatic factors reveals positive correlations compared with air temperature (r=0,324, r=0,005) soil temperature (r=0,373, p=0,015) and negative correlations compared with humidity (r=0,279, p=0,015). In conclusion, registered values of adults captured increase when humidity is low and high temperature or decrease if the humidity increases and temperature decreases.We acknowledge the Ministery Education financed this work within the framework of PN-II-ID-PCE-2007-1/RO project and Weather Stations from each county taken in study.

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WCR, adult, correlation, captures, humidity, temperature, maize

Presentation: oral

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RESEARCH REGARDING BEE BEHAVIOR DURING THE BLOOMING TIME OF MELLIFEROUS PLANTS pag. 51-55

Alin Jivan, Valeriu Tabără

Highly toxic chemicals are widely used in agriculture to combat diseases and pests of crop plants or forest area . This paper aims to demonstrate he impact on the bees of the pesticides treatment used on agricultural entomophilous crops, bees that are their main pollinator. It is also researching measures to protect bee families and humans against poisoning with pesticides. The honey bee has considerable economic importance and is indirectly of great interest, through the benefits it brings to the agricultural field through through crop pollination (rape, mustard, sun flower, etc.).Bees play an important role in the pollination of the most crop batches destined for seed production. From the conducted research, the year 2006 was the most favorable for the bees, because in April, the melliferous plants benefited from better weather conditions, compared to the other years. In the third week after the pesticide treatment, the number of bees has fallen sharply from a maximum of 313 bees recorded in the second week to a minimum of 52 bees in the third week and after another 12 days, after insecticide application, that is, in the fourth week, there was again a maximum of 382 bees. The amount of brood reared in the reference period ranged from 1090 cm 2 and 544 cm 2 and was dependent on the pesticides used in the rape culture and on climate . After the statistical processing of the data a link is observed between the amount of brood as a dependent variable and the number of bees, a proven low value of Pearson correlation coefficients (0.598 to 0.615) and determination of R-Square (0.358-0.378), with the guarantee of experimental results within the acceptable coefficient of 5% given by the Sig. coefficient, i.e. 4%.

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bee, Younglings, measure, decrees

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COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE OBSERVATIONS YEARS MADE ON THE SUNFLOWER CROP IN VIEW OF FAMILY BEE PROTECTION AGAINST CERTAIN POISONINGS pag. 56-61

Alin Jivan, Valeriu Tabără

The researches show to be a novelty in the field because they are a link between two areas of great interest to agriculture. They were conducted in 2006, 2007 and 2008 in the localities Bulgărus and Grabat, in Timis County. Research environment and area in which they have occurred are original to this study. Entomophilous crop pollination by bees is an important measure that enhances agro natural development (clean, without additional investment) in the production of seeds, fruits and vegetables. Analysis of the number of bees entering the hive influences the amount of brood brought up. For 2006 the range of variation in the number of bees is between 50 and 382 (variation was of 332 bees) and the amount of brood ranges between 558 and 1293 cm 2 (735 cm 2 is the variation), the increase in the number of bees entering the hive influences the amount of brood by 0.612 with a guarantee of results of 0.2% (Sig.0, 002) – the maximum allowable value is of 5%. In 2007, the range of factors examined was very different than in 2006, the amount of brood showed a variation range between 632 and 1055 cm 2 (the variation is 423 cm 2 ), the variation in the number of bees is between 47 and 117 (variation of 70 bees), the influence coefficient dropped to 0.625. The year 2008 recorded the following variation intervals of the factors’ values included in this study, the amount of brood showed a variation range is between 640 and 1040 cm 2 (variation is 400 cm 2 ) end the variation in the number of bees is between 8 and 49 (variation was of 41 bees). A negative connection has been recorded in 2008 - the correlation coefficient is -0.646, the result is a guarantee of 0.1%, ie 5% above the allowable ratio Sig. F Change of 5%, ie 10% were recorded. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of development of bee families where pesticide treatments were made to the culture of sun-flower.

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bee, pollen, brood, intoxication, observation

Presentation: oral

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STRATEGIES OF CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE SPECIES CONVULVULUS ARVENSIS L. IN GRAIN MAIZE pag. 62-67

Dan Manea, Gheorghe Cârciu, Simion Alda, Ramona Ştef, Claudia Culhavi

This paper shows the efficacy of the control process of the species Convolvulus arvensis L., commonly called field bindweed, in maize, using a diversified range of post-emergent herbicides. Scientific research begins with the description of the general aspects of controlling weeds, in general, and the weed species Convulvulus arvensis L., in particular – a problem weed in crops, in general, and in maize, in particular. Within the trial, we tested 7 herbicides aiming at controlling weeds, in general, and the weed species Convulvulus arvensis L., in particular, in maize. As a result of our trials, we could point out the results concerning the total number of weeds/m 2 in the control (not treated) variant in maize, the efficacy of the tested herbicides in diminishing weeding degree, their selectivity to the cultivated maize hybrid cultivar, and maize yields in q/ha in both the control and treated variants. The authors identified, in maize, 11 species of weeds totalling 282 plants/m 2 , of which 24.2 plants/m 2 were represented by field bindweed that shared 8.58% of the total weeds in maize. As for the exclusive control of the species Convolvulus arvensis L., the best results were in the variant treated with Buctril Universal (0.8-1 l/ha), the control percentage reached 85.97%, while the highest maize yield was also in the variant treated with Buctril Universal (0.8-1 l/ha), i.e. 81.48 q/ha.

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field bindweed, weed, herbicide, maize

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THE MODIFICATIONS OF SOIL MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND STRAWBERRY YIELDS IN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS METHODS OF CONTROL OF GREY MOULD IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS pag. 68-73

Gabi-Mirela - Matei, Sorin Matei, Raluca Murariu

Abstract : The intense use of pesticides in strawberry to control various diseases, induced pathogens increased resistance and environment pollution. The main purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of alternative methods for the control of grey mould, based on microbial products as well as their impact on structure and diversity of soil fungal communities. Previous research showed that microbial strains of bacteria or fungi were successfully utilized for the bio-control of plant pathogens in cultivated plants of horticultural or agricultural interest. The paper presents the results of the experiment designed in the field of Biophan S.A. in Arges county to assess the influence of two biological preparations of microbial origin, administered alone or along with chemical fungicides on the control of grey mould attack frequency, as well as on yields. A comparative study of fungal diversity was carried out in soil cultivated with strawberry plants cv. Senga Sengana. The new bio-control methods tested involve the increase of plant resistance under the influence of fungal preparations. The results confirmed that both bio-control agents administered alone or along with chemical fungicides were able to protect strawberry plants against the attack of grey mould. This has practical implications on yields quantity and quality, increased as compared with untreated control and healthy due to reduced pesticides consume in variants treated with biological and chemical control agents, or total absence when treated only with fungal preparations. An original aspect treated in the paper refers to the implications of bio-control agents of microbial origin on soil fungal coenoses. Species composition, diversity index, homogeneity and species status in soil fungal communities were studied. Results showed that preparations of fungal origin were able to stimulate immune reactions in strawberry plants, to reduce grey mould attack, thus manifesting a high biological efficacy and to increase yields. The paper reveals the benefits of alternative control methods proposed, based on reducing pesticides consume and activating natural defence mechanisms against pathogens for both healthy food and environment protection. Research was supported by PNCDI II Research Program, Projects nos. 31-078/2007 and 52-112/2008

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fungi; diversity; plant resistance; strawberry; biological control

Presentation: oral

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MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS IN STRAWBERRY LEAVES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS pag. 74-81

Sorin Matei, Gabi-Mirela - Matei, Gina Cogălnicianu, Mihaela Georgescu, Elena Săvulescu, Elena Drăghici

Abstract : The purpose of this study was to reveal by optical microscopy and ultra-microscopy the changes induced in the cells and tissues of strawberry plants by different treatments with elicitors obtained from fungal strains to activate various metabolic pathways involved in the defense response of plants against pathogens. The diseases control is generally based on use of chemical pesticides, genetic resistant plant species and adequate agro-technical measures. Environment pollution with pesticide residues and the long period necessary to obtain genetic resistance in crop plants led to finding strategies based on inducing plant defense mechanism by appropriate stimuli. Thus, research has demonstrated the possibility to induce plant resistance to various pathogens from genera Fusarium, Plasmopara, Verticillium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas. Attempts have been done to assess the morphological and biochemical basis of resistance in plants of tomato, sun-flower, grapes or cotton. In vitro and in vivo experiments have been carried out in order to study and reveal the modifications in strawberry leaf blade tissues and cells ultra-structure during the defense response to pathogen Botrytis cinerea induced by E1, E2 and E3 preparations of microbial origin. Leaves sampled from strawberry plants cv. Senga Sengana have been examined by optical and electron microscopy. Immunodiffusion tests have been carried out from plant extracts with biochemical chemical composition. The comparative effect of pathogen control measures was assessed by monitoring plant health paramenters. The phenomenon of induced plant resistance was approached by new and modern interdisciplinary methods, including connections between plant histology, pathology and immunology. In vitro and in vivo experiments brought evidence that practical use of fungal preparations as signals to induce plant resistance to pathogen Botrytis cinerea, has a scientific base, improving defense mechanisms. The paper present images and results of measurements carried out in leaf blade tissues and evidences of thickening of mesophyllum and epidermis. Intracellular accumulations of phenols were evidenced proving the activation of defense mechanisms. The paper presents original data and photographs in a new scientific field represented by plant immunology and use of natural mechanisms for increasing strawberry resistance to pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Research was supported by PNCDI II Research Program, Projects nos. 31-078/2007 and 52-112/2008.

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plant resistance; fungal extract; strawberry; Botrytis cinerea; leaves morphology

Presentation: oral

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SOME ASPECTS OF MYZUS CERASI CURVE OF FLIGHT IN THE WEATHER CONDITIONS OF WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 82-91

Daniela Minca, Ana–Maria Vîrteiu, Doru Petanec

In the present paper were emphasized the results of aphid flight (winged forms) of Myzus cerasi in weather conditions of Western Romania in the period 2007- 2009. Paper originality was given by the fact that the cherry was more cultivated in Banat, and the pests were partial studied. In that context, the paper purpose was to bring new contribution to bioecological particularities knowledge of Myzus cerasi species. The curve of flight was followed from winged forms apparition to cherry cropping. For curve of flight realization were used two types of adhesive traps: type RAG and type SZs, placed to different altitudes in head of trees. Investigation made during a period of 20 days, with a periodicity of reading to every 24 hours. The danger time for the orchard was of 19 days in the year 2007, respectively 13-30.06, and the maxim stage was taught in 22.06, characterized through a temperature of 24.3 degree C and an atmospheric humidity of 67%. In the year 2008, it observed that the danger time was of 17 days, from 08-25.06, and the maximum level was taught in 20.06, date characterized through a temperature of 22.4 degree C and an atmospheric humidity of 62%. In the same time with curve of flight realization in the year 2009 it observed that danger time for the orchard was also of 17 days, from 11-28.06, the maxim level taught being in 16.06, characterized through a temperature of 25.7 % degree C and a humidity of 55%. The curve of flight of aphid populations, winged forms, in the three years of observations presented in general, a similar evolution registering a gradual increasing of populations in the first decade of June month, followed by a gradual decreasing until the end of period. Experimental data offered bird’s eye view on the attack produced by Myzus cerasi on cherry orchards and on treatments applying necessity to warning.

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aphids, curve of flight, traps

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THE DYNAMICS OF RHAGOLETIS CERASI POPULATIONS IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 92-98

Daniela Minca, Ana-Maria Vîrteiu, Doru Petanec

This study proposed investigation the way in which weather conditions had influenced the cherries fly activity Rhagoletis cerasi, which represented the most important pest of sour cherry and bird sour cherry crops. It was known that the attack produced by that pest diminished in great measure the fruits production. Dynamics of Rhagoletis cerasi populations was investigated in sour cherry crop, in weather conditions of Dumbravita region, Timis district. To establish populations dynamics of sour cherry fly were used different types of adhesive traps. In every tree were placed adhesive traps of type RAG and SZs. Investigation concerning the establishement of populations dynamics of sour cherry fly had been realized beginning with the year 2007 to 2009, during 20-23 days. The first adults captured in year 2007 were registered in 20 th of May, in the year 2008- in 18th of May and in the year 2009- in 23th of May. In the year 2007 the most intense period of flight was registered in 06.06. characterised by a temperature of 21,7 degree C and a humidity of 65%. In the year 2008 the maximum level concerning the activity of Rhagoletis cerasi species, was touched in 07.06. characterised by a temperature of 26,1 degree C and an atmosphere humidity of 46%. In the year 2009 the most intense period of the flies was in 07.06. characterised by a temperature of 26,1 degree C and an atmosphere humidity of 46%. In the three experimental years was observed that the traps of types SZs gave the best results in monitoring Rhagoletis cerasi species. The populations dynamics of Rhagoletis cerasi in the three experimental years had presented a similar evolution with some variations, the first adults appeared between the second and third decade of May month, and afterwards will follow a decrease period, generally thanks to very low temperatures for that month of May, and followed by an increase when was also touched the maximum level.

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Rhagoletis cerasi, dynamics, traps

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TOP 10 OF THE MOST DANGEROUS WEED SPECIES IN THE WINTER WHEAT CANOPIES DURING THE LAST DECADE IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC pag. 99-102

Štefan Týr, Tomáš Vereš

In the years 2000 - 2009 (10 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The aim was to detected top 10 of the most harmful weeds, as important biotic stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of winter wheat in all production regions of the Slovak Republic. The actual weed infestation was evaluated by standard methods common used by a counting method per square. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart each other, respectively. Three most dangerous weeds in winter wheat stands in the maize production regions were: Anthemis spp., Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.. In sugar beet production region it was Galium aparine L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Anthemis spp. and in potato production region it was the same as in maize production region Anthemis spp., Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.. Temporal dynamic of actual weed infestation depends on production region. In the last decade was detected the very significant increase of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Galium aparine L. and Apera spica venti (L.) P. Beauv. in sugar beet production region and volunteer winter oilseed rape in potato production region. Significant increase was detected by Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and volunteer sunflower in maize production regio; Anthemis spp., Avena fatua L., volunteer winter oilseed rape and Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz in sugar beet production region. Very significant decrease of Apera spica venti (L.) P. Beauv. was detected in potato production region and population of Avena fatua L. significant decrease in maize production region. After herbicides control the significant changes in weed flora were noted in term of abundance and share of some weed species on total weed community The originality of result is in mapping the weed species in cultural crops.

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temporal dynamics, weed infestation, winter wheat, Slovak Republic

Presentation: oral

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TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF WEED INFESTATION IN THE FORAGE CROPS pag. 103-106

Štefan Týr, Tomáš Vereš

In the years 2000 - 2010 (11 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The aim was to detected the most harmful weeds, as important biotic, environmental stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of forage crops (alfalfa, clover) in maize, sugar beet and potato production region of the Slovak Republic. The actual weed infestation was evaluated by standard methods common used by a counting method per square. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart each other, respectively. In the forage crops 23 weed species were detected, the most problematic were: perennial weed Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Elytrigia repens (L.)DESV, Taraxacum officinale Web. and annual weeds Chenopodium spp., Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Med., Thlaspi arvense L., Plantago spp., Polygonum spp., Veronica spp. and Datura stramonium L.. Temporal dynamic of actual weed infestation depends on production region. In the last decade was detected the decrease of Rumex spp. in all production region. On the other side were Polygonum spp., Veronica spp. and Chenopodium spp. which increased their populations in the forage stands. The originality of result is in mapping the weed species in cultural crops.

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temporal dynamics, actual weed infestation, mapping, forage crop, alfalfa

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STUDY ON THE ATTACK OF FUSARIUM SP. ON WHEAT STEM BASE UNDER CONDITIONS FROM TMISOARA DIDACTIC RESEARCH STATION BETWEEN 2009-2011 pag. 107-112

Diana Velimirovici, Adrian Borcean

Research aim was to test the tolerance of a range of wheat cultivars to infectious pressure of the pathogen Fusarium sp. in climatic conditions from Timisoara Didactic Research Station between 2009 and 2010 Stage of research is being characteristic for two years interpretation of experimental data, in preparation the doctoral thesis. Materials and methods. Experimental field was located in climatic conditions from Timişoara. Wheat crop technology was standard applied to this areal. The experience statistic calculation was the trifactorial model. Factor A was the year with two graduations(2009 and 2010). Factor B was the cultivar with three graduations (Ciprian, Arieşan and Kristina). Factor C was the nitrogen amount(in kilograms active substance for one hectar) with three graduations N 100 kg/ha, N 150 kg/ha and N 200 kg/ha. All nitrogen amounts was tested on a background 60 kg/ha phosphorus and 60 kg/ha potassium. The novelty is relatively high, work providing important data for agricultural practice in the experimental area, taking in consideration the implications of fungus Fusarium sp. in yield amount due to infection propagation on wheat ears in some years. Achievements stage in this field . In this work were carried out researches including those done by the one of the authors, known as the reference and possible reactions of the pathogen depending on local biocoenosis factors, including the competition between stem base pathogens. Limits of the research are that data from the fungus Fusarium spp. are just after two years of fungus bonitation in this experimental conditions. Practical implications of the research consisted of playing a part of a complex study of strategy in the of wheat protection reference experience. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of cultivars behaviour under specific conditions. These data are only part of the data submitted for interpretation in the preparation of the doctoral experience of the main author. Importance of the paper became from bringing in front of the specialists of one of the topics in the experiences of the author's doctoral preparing, to evaluate the accuracy of techniques addressed. All data are relevant for experimental conditions amd give an overview over the possibility of prevention of the pathogen attack on the wheat ears, judging after the relevance on the yield of Fusarium sp. attack.

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Fusarium spp., wheat stem base rot, fertilizers

Presentation: oral

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STUDY ON THE ATTACK OF PSEUDOCERCOSPORELLA HERPOTRICHOIDES ON WHEAT STEM BASE UNDER CONDITIONS FROM TMISOARA DIDACTIC RESEARCH STATION pag. 113-118

Diana Velimirovici, Adrian Borcean

Research aim was to test the tolerance of a range of wheat cultivars to infectious pressure of the pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in climatic conditions from Timisoara Didactic Research Station. Stage of research is being characteristic for partial interpretation of experimental data after two experimental years, in preparation the doctoral thesis. Materials and methods. Experimental field was located in climatic conditions from Timişoara. Technology was the standard applied to this area. The experience was trifactorial with first factor the experimental year with two graduations, 2009 and 2010. The second factor was the variety with three graduations (Ciprian, Arieşan and Kristina). The third factor was the nitrogen amount with three graduations (N 50 , N 100 and N 150 ) all three doses were applied on a constant background elements of P 60 K 60 . The novelty is relatively high, work providing important data for agricultural practice in the experimental area, taking in consideration the implications of fungus Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in yield amount and harvesting problems in some years. Achievements stage in this field . In this work were carried out research including one of authors, known as the reference and possible reactions of the pathogen depending on local biocoenosis factors, including the competiotin between stem base pathogens. Limits of the research are that data from the fungus Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides are just after one year bonitation. Practical implications of the research consisted of playing a part of a complex study of strategy in the of wheat protection reference experience. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of cultivars behaviour under specific conditions. These data are only part of the data submitted for interpretation in the preparation of the doctoral experience of the main author. Importance of the paper became from bringing in front of the specialists of one of the topics in the experiences of the main author's doctoral preparing, to evaluate the accuracy of techniques addressed. The relevant data and experimental results give an overview of pathogen behavior in relation to experimental conditions and technology used in the reference area of experimental field.

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Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, eye spot of wheat stem, fertilizers

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TOP 10 OF THE MOST DANGEROUS WEED SPECIES IN THE SPRING BARLEY CANOPIES DURING THE LAST DECADE IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC pag. 119-122

Tomáš Vereš, Štefan Týr

In the years 2000 - 2009 (10 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The aim was to detected top 10 of the most harmful weeds, as important biotic stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of spring barley in all production regions of the Slovak Republic. The actual weed infestation was evaluated by standard methods common used by a counting method per square. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart each other, respectively. Three most dangerous weeds in spring barley stands in the maize production regions were: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop , Elytrigia repens (L.) DESV and Avena fatua L. . In sugar beet production region it was Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop , Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz and Anthemis spp.. In potato production region it was Chenopodium spp., Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz and Anthemis spp .. Temporral dynamic of actual weed infestation depends on production region. In the last decade was detected the very significant increase of volunteer winter oilseed rape infestation of spring barley stands in maize production region and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Galium aparine L. . Anthemis spp., Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium spp., Atriples spp., Lamium spp. and Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz infestation in sugar beet production region and Lamium spp. in potato production region. S ignificant increase was detected by Avena fatua L. infestation in sugar beet production region. Very significant decrease of Chenopodium spp and Galium aparine L. infestation was detected in maize production region and significant decrease was detected by Anthemis spp. infestion. After herbicides control the significant changes in weed flora were noted in term of abundance and share of some weed species on total weed community The originality of result is in mapping the weed species in cultural crops .

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weed infestation, spring barley, mapping, temporal dynamic

Presentation: oral

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TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF WEED INFESTATION IN THE POTATO CANOPIES pag. 123-126

Tomáš Vereš, Štefan Týr

In the years 2000 - 2010 (11 years) was conducted weed survey on the farms in conventional farming system. The aim was to detected the most harmful weeds, as important biotic, environmental stress factor, on the farms in the canopies of potato in potato production region of the Slovak Republic. The fields were selected in potato production regions of Slovak Republic. An actual weed infestation was evaluated before preemergence application of herbicides. Screening of each field was made on 1 m 2 area with four replications. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart from each other, respectively. The level of infestation was evaluated according to average density of weeds per square meter). Obtained data from farms was statistically analyzed by correlation analysis in Statistica 7.0. In the potato stands 25 weed species were detected, the most problematic were: perennial weed Elytrigia repens (L.)DESV and annual weeds Anthemis spp., Chenopodium spp., Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Lainz, Amaranthus spp, Persicaria spp. and Galium aparine L.. Temporral dynamic of actual weed infestation depends on production region. In the last decade was detected the significant increase of Amaranthus spp. (A. retroflexus, A. powelli), Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love, Veronica spp. and very significant increase of Avena fatua L.. in potato production region. After herbicides control the significant changes in weed flora were noted in term of abundance and share of some weed species on total weed community. Temporal dynamics of actual weed infestation depend on climate conditions of potato production region, forecrop and canopy health condition. Weeds are not always a problem in potato stands but control may be considered necessary to safeguard crop quality and yield. The originality of result is in mapping the weed species and its actual weed infestation in cultural crops (potato stands).

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temporal dynamics, actual weed infestation, mapping, potato

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STUDY REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECTICIDES IN BIRD´S – FOOT TREFOIL THRIPS (ODONTOTHRIPS LOTI HAL.) CONTROL IN WESTERN ROMANIA CONDITIONS pag. 127-133

Ana Maria Vîrteiu, Ioana Grozea, Ramona Stef, Alin Carabet

Abstract. At the bird's – foot trefoil crop one of the most important aspects is the production of seed, so for the realisation of an integrated protection of a superior quality seed and in a great quantity, is necessary to know the insects that produce the most important damages to this crop. One of these insects is the bird's – foot trefoil thrips ( Odontothrips loti Hal.). The weather conditions during the last two years were favorable to the growth of the Odontothrips loti Hal. populations in the western part of Romania (Timis County). The purpose of this research was to test some insecticides used for controlling the seed Lotus corniculatus thrips in soil and climatic condition from Didactical Station of U.S.A.M.V.B. Timisoara. In this paper we try to draw attention to this pest which is of real importance in case of seed leguminous plants production. For realizing the chemical treatments in the years 2009 and 2010, the experimental field was placed at S.D. Timişoara. The experimental field was formed from 3 repetitions, each repetition having 7 variants. The usage of pesticides was the same in the all two years of the experimentation, as follows: V 1 – treated with Fastac 10 EC; V 2 - treated with Mospilan 20 SP; V 3 - treated with Calypso 480 SC; V 4 - treated with Confidor 70 WG; V 5 - treated with Actellic 50 EC; V 6 - treated with Decis 2,5 EC; V 7 – untreated testifier. In the year 2009 the most efficient product in controlling the bird's – foot trefoil thrips is the Fastac 10 EC product, which had an efficiency coeficient of 69,88% and the lowest results were obtained after the usage of Mospilan 20 SP product, with an efficiency coeficient, it was of 60,93%. In the year 2010 the best results were obtained after the usage of same product Fastac 10 EC, which had an efficiency coeficient of 76,48%, and the lowest results were obtained after the usage of Mospilan 20 SP product, with an efficiency coeficient of 62,61%. The knowledge of the treatments warning is essential in the establishment of the Odontothrips loti optimum control moments.

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insecticides; bird´s – foot trefoil thrips; control

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SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THREE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF A PESTICIDE, USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR pag. 134-139

Valdete Vorpsi, Fatos Harizaj, Vjollca Vladi

A gas chromatographic method developed and validated for simultaneous determination of spiroxamine, tebuconazole and triadimenol of a pesticide formulation ( Falcone) for quality evaluation, using a glass capillary HP5 column (30 m x 0.32 mm; 0.25 µm), temperature programming with flame ionization detector and dicyclohexylphthalate as an internal standard. The calibration graphs were found linear in the concentration range of 1 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL for three active ingredients with correlation coefficient of 0.999, 0.999 and 0.998 respectively and co-efficient of variation for intra-day and inter-day repeatability studies at different concentration levels was found to be less than 2%. The accuracy of method ranges between 98.5% to 100.8%. Specificity were also within the acceptable range. The method is highly sensitive with LOD and LOQ as 0.5 and 2 µg/mL for spiroxamine, tebuconazole and triadimenol respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous quantitative analysis of spiroxamine, tebuconazole and triadimenol and therefore can be used for the routine quality control, ensuring efficiency and efficacy of the formulation for the desired purpose.

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Gas chromatography, spiroxamine, simultaneous determination tebuconazole, triadimenol

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RESULTS CONCERNING THE ATTACK OF THE FUNGUS USTILAGO MAYDIS IN ALMAJULUI DEPRESSION pag. 140-145

Anisoara Zaberca, Adrian Borcean

Research aim was to test the tolerance of a range of maize hybrids to infectious pressure of the pathogen Ustilago maydis in climatic conditions from Timisoara Didactic Research Station. Stage of research is being characteristic for partial interpretation of experimental data after the first experimental year, in preparation the doctoral thesis. Materials and methods . Experimental field was located in climatic conditions of Timisoara Didactic Research Station. Technology was the standard applied to this area. The experience was bifactorial. First factor was the hybrid grown with six graduations, provenance hybrids was Monsanto with different vegetation periods, (DKC 3511, DKC 4626, DKC 4964, DKC 4983, DKC 5783 and DKC 5170). Factor B was the amount of nitrogen applied to three graduations (N 0 , N 100 and N 200 ) all three doses were applied on a constant background elements of P 80 K 80 . The novelty is relatively high, work providing important data for agricultural practice from hybrids point of view for the experimental area. Achievements stage in this field. In this work were carried out research including one of authors, known as the reference and possible reactions of the pathogen depending on local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data from the fungus Ustilago maydis are just after two years of pathogen bonitation. Practical implications of the research consisted of playing a part of a complex study of strategy in the protection of maize reference experience. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of uniformity of hybrid origin, these data are only part of the data submitted for interpretation in the preparation of the PhD thesis of the main author. Importance of the paper became from bringing in front of the specialists of one of the topics in the experiences of the author's doctoral preparing, to evaluate the accuracy of techniques addressed. The relevance of data , experimental results give an overview of pathogen behavior in relation to hybrids experienced by groups of precocity.

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Ustilago maydis, plant tolerance, nitrogen amount

Presentation: oral

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RESULTS CONCERNING THE ATTACK OF THE FUNGUS FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM IN ALMAJULUI DEPRESSION pag. 146-151

Anisoara Zaberca, Adrian Borcean

Research aim was to test the tolerance of a range of maize hybrids to infectious pressure of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum in climatic conditions of Almaj Depression. Stage of research is being characteristic for partial interpretation of experimental data after the first experimental year, in preparation the doctoral thesis. Materials and methods. Experimental field was located in climatic conditions Almaj Depression. Technology was the standard applied to this area. The experience was bifactorial. First factor was the hybrid grown with six graduations, provenance hybrids was Monsanto with different vegetation periods, (DKC 3511, DKC 4626, DKC 4964, DKC 4983, DKC 5783 and DKC 5170). Factor B was the plant density with tw graduations (N 0 , N 100 and N 200 ) all three doses were applied on a constant background elements of P 80 K 80 . The novelty is relatively high, work providing important data for agricultural practice in the experimental area, taking in consideration the implications of fungus Fusarium in yield preservation during winter in normal farm conditions. Achievements stage in this field . In this work were carried out research including one of authors, known as the reference and possible reactions of the pathogen depending on local biocoenosis factors. Limits of the research are that data from the fungus Ustilago maydis are just after one year bonitation. Practical implications of the research consisted of playing a part of a complex study of strategy in the protection of maize reference experience. The originality of the work comes from the fact that data are relevant in view of uniformity of hybrid origin, these data are only part of the data submitted for interpretation in the preparation of the doctoral experience of the author. Importance of the paper became from bringing in front of the specialists of one of the topics in the experiences of the author's doctoral preparing, to evaluate the accuracy of techniques addressed. The relevant data, experimental results give an overview of pathogen behavior in relation to hybrids experienced by groups of precocity.

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Fusarium graminearum, plant tolerance, nitrogen amount

Presentation: oral

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PRODUCTION SEEDLINGS OF ROSES BY GRAFTING WITH BUD FOR HYBRID TEAS AND CLIMBING ROSES CULTIVARS pag. 155-160

Nexhat Xhemajl Balaj, Refki Zogaj

Rosa (Rosaceae) is one of the most economically important genus of ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plants with about 200 species and 20,000 cultivars widely distributed all over the world. Roses are cultivated for ornamental purposes, perfumery industries and medical properties. They are used as garden plants, cut flowers or indoor plants. Most garden roses are hybrids grafted on to a hardy rootstocks. Rootstock can influence the scion in terms of growth and development in various aspects most important are adaption in pH values, drainage condition of the soil, climatic factors, disease resistance, plant longevity, compatibility, productivity and flower quality. Generally in Kosovo roses propagation by grafting with buds, during a year produced about 80-100 thousand seedlings. The goal of this research was to study level of computability for some Hybrid Tea Roses and Climbing, a same rootstock of Rosa canina. 'Laxa', which has a wide use in our country.ListenRead phonetical Dictionary - View detailed dictionary In this study are included seven cultivars shrubs and climbing roses such as: Princess de Monaco, Summer Sunshine, Red Lady, Mister Lincoln, Maria Callas, Ena Harkness and Iceberg. Propagation of grafting was conducted in August, in the form T-budding, on a same rootstock of Rosa canina 'Laxa'. The experiment was conducted during 2009-2010, tested in a commercial farm in Prishtina, Kosovo. During the vegetation are measured these parameters: number and diameter of roots, length of flower stems, diameter of structural shoots, number of flowers, etc. There was found a significant level of compatibility between rootstock with all tested varieties. This confirms the ability of using this rootstock in large scale commercial rose production in Kosovo climatic and soil condition. Significant mutual effect were also founded between the rootstock and the commercial varieties according to the length and diameter of the flowering shoots, flower diameter and the dray matter of both rootstock and scion part.

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Rosa canina, rootstock, grafted, stems

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GENIC, CYTOPLASMATIC AND NUCLEO-CYTOPLASMATIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVED IN PROTEIN CONTENT DETERMINISM IN A SERIES OF ISONUCLEAR INBRED CORN LINES pag. 161-167

Ioan Dumitru Coste, Ioan Haş, Teodora Şchiop, Camelia Chicinaş, Simona Ifrim

Abstract : This paper presents a study regarding the protein content in five groups of single cross corn hybrids-resulting from a cross between inbred tester lines and isonuclear inbred lines. Experiments were carried out at ARDS Turda during 2009 and 2010. These hybrids were also tested for their general and specific combining ability, in order to identify those isonuclear inbred lines that show potential use in breeding programs for protein content improvement. The experimental model was polifactorial and included five comparative cultures from which two TC 209 and TC 243 had 28 plots and TC 221, TB 367 and D 105 with 21 plots. For the chemical analysis 50 g of corn kernels were weighed from the average probes and were finely ground. The resulting corn flour was used to determine the protein content. The chemical analyses were performed on samples obtained from self-pollinated corn ears, and open-pollinated corn ears, with INSTALAB 600. In all five comparative groups used for testing there were differences between the experimental years 2009 and 2010 that were statistically assured. Influence of cytoplasms on the variance was between 15 and 67%. In all five experimental situations the interaction with the experimental years was statistically significant. The proportion of the factors involved in the genotypic variance of the protein content (open pollinated) is presented in figure 2. Cytoplasm proportion was between 5% for TC 221 and 17% for TC 209, while the proportion for testers was 45% for TC 221, 72% for TC 209 and 73% for D105. For the hybrid combinations, the specific combining ability was between – 0.71% for the hybrid combination TC 243(cit. A 665) x TC 344 and + 0.83% for the hybrid combination TC 243 x TC 344. The results of this comparative culture revealed the proportion of the cytoplasmatic effects, additive effects of the testers and of the interactions between cytoplasm x nucleuses are relatively close. Our findings revealed that nuclear genes played a great role in the variance of protein content, but the cytoplasmatic and nucleo-cytoplasmatic interactions are also important.

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protein content, isonuclear inbred corn lines, genic, cytoplasmatic and nucleo-cytoplasmatic interactions

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THE BEHAVIOUR OF SUCKLING PIGLETS pag. 168-173

Mihaela Liana Fericean, Radu Palicica, Olga Rada

In this paper we present a few behavioral features regarding the piglets’ birth process, the sow and piglets bonding, piglets investigative behaviour and care application behaviour of piglets. As biologic materials, we used piglets in extensive raising systems belonging to some households in Varfurile, County of Arad. Parturition may take up to 2-3 until 12 hours or longer; the total duration of parturition is different from race to race and from animal to animal, usually being longer with primiparous sows and shorter with multiparous sows. Most times farrowing takes place at night or in the evening. For a sow farrowing in decubitus position, expulsion interval between two piglets is between 10 and 30 minutes. At 10-20 minutes after the parturition, the piglets start to look for the sow’s nipples. Fore nipples are preferred because they are rich in milk. After farrowing, sows allow their piglets to suckle and are careful not to crush them. Most of a sow’s piglets begin to suckle and get settled permanently at the nipples after 2-3 days of age. Suckling frequency is on average of 25 in 24 hours, diminishing from 27 in the first week to 13 in the fifth week. The duration of suckling also decreases with age from 5 – 4 minutes in first two days to approximately 60 - 40 seconds in eight week. Hierarchical social structure is formed early in pigs, since the nursing period, when the order to the breast is formed. This hierarchy is maintained after weaning, piglets that suckled the most are stronger and more vigorous. The weaning age is important as a guide for their subsequent feeding. Now the age of weaning decreased dramatically in intensive systems as compared to pigs reared in extensive systems. Very good knowledge of the behaviour of piglets is very important to the swine rearing specialist for the following reasons: to model the rearing technology by taking into consideration the natural behaviour of pigs; to adapt pigs’ behaviours to rearing conditions as far as possible. An understanding of the natural b ehaviour of pigs can therefore help us to identify and remedy a range of pig welfare problems.

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piglets, behaviour, suckling

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THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CULTIVARE LUTZ GOLDEN APPLE GRAFTED ON M9 ROOTSTOCK pag. 174-181

Bardhosh Ferraj, L. Susaj, R. Novaku, E. Skendaj, A. Terpollari

The first intensive apple orchards in Albania were planted in 1980s. M9 was used as a rootstock and as cultivars were used Golden Delicious, Lutz Golden, Renet Canadian, Red Delicious,Granny Smith, Fuji, etc. The applied planting distance were 4 x 2.5 meters or some 100/plants for hectare with the average production performance reaching 200-250 quintals/hectare. The agrarian reform between 1992- 1998 and the changes to the ownership of the land improved the situation in the existing apple orchards creating new development opportunities. Currently, new owners invest by hiring contemporary technology thanks to financial accumulations from remittances and state projects on the agriculture. In 2000 – 2004 certain important interventions under the IP Vlore and Horticulture Department of the Agricultural University of Tirana were realized aiming at improving the situation in the existing apple planting. To mention here among others, the study of the impact of the reconstruction mass of Lutz Golden apple grafted with the M9 rootstock. The study was realized in a 2 hectare area with apple trees aged almost 20 years. Technically, the experiment was raised by 5 variants X 4 replication/variant where V0 stands for control variants, V1 stands for lowering of aura by 10%, V2 stands for lowering of aura by 20%, V3 stands for lowering of aura by 30%, and V4 stands for reconstruction in mass by 70% and reformation of aura in three consecutive years. In the end, the best variants where found to be V4 45. 23 and V3, 33.12 kilograms for each apple tree where the utilized schemes optimized the vegetative-production situation in the apple orchards in an effective way.

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apple planting, rootstock, distance, technology, reconstruction, grafted

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MODERATE RED WINE CONSUMPTION INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A COMPLEX RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES MELLITUS II pag. 182-186

Martina Gazarová, Marta Habánová, Peter Chlebo, Jana Kopcekova

Epidemiological, experimental and clinical investigations have shown that diets supplemented with moderate quantities of alcoholic beverages lead to biochemical changes, that are widely regarded to prevent cardiovascular disease. Red wine contains a naturally rich sources of antioxidants which may protect the body from oxidative stress. We investigated the relationship between red wine intake and lipide profile, glucose, blood pressure and WHR index changes. Participants consumed 200 ml of red wine Lemberger (MASARYK, Slovakia) each day during supper for six weeks and were encouraged to maintain their usual diet and exercise habits. Daily intake of Lemberger during six weeks was associated with lower plasma levels of total cholesterol (5.66±1.12 vs 5.36±1.04), triglycerides (1.68±0.23 vs 1.47±0.66), LDL cholesterol (3.46±0.81 vs 3.26±0.76) and glucose (5.35±0.82 vs 5.26±0.78). On the contrary we recorded higher level of „good“ HDL cholesterol (1.42±0.63 vs 1.80±0.58). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was also decreased. Research results have shown that moderate consumption of red wine have a positive impact on changes waist circumference and ultimately to the Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR). Our study demonstrates a positive association between moderate wine consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.

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wine, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, lipide profile, blood pressure

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AVIFAUNA OF THE AGROECOSYSTEMS FROM THE PERIURBAN AREA OF TIMISOARA IN AUTUMN SEASON pag. 187-191

Grecu Vaduva Cornelia, Andreea Fâc, D.I. Trava

The periurban area of the city includes the forest ecosystem, represented by Padurea Verde, agroecosistem and ecotone areas. Agroecosystems are represented by agricultural crops (in the north, adjacent thoroughfares to Calea Aradului si Calea Torontalului and in the south Calea Sagului area), pastures (Freidorf area in the western side and in the south eastern the area of Calea Buziasului – Calea Mosnitei , aiming at a mixed grassland ecosystem, agricultural crops and residential areas). This paper aims to show a picture of the avifauna of these ecosystems heavily modified by humans, share the adaptability of species of birds in such habitats. These lists may contribute to the composition of similar databases as the Common Bird Monitoring Program of the Romanian Ornithological Society, very important data for nature conservation throughout the country and at international level; through this kind of research is attempted the composition of data bases on the conservation status of bird populations and to find strategies to limit negative effects on society due to their development. The investigation method applied is based on the path method (Ferry and Frochot, 1958), improved through a statistical method processed by specialists from the Zoology Department of the Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Geography of the Western University from Timisoara. The method emphasizes both aspects of abundance and species coverage of energy and the importance of species in ecosystem. From observations there are present 41 bird species, characteristic for this season and type of ecosystem and also that includes species wich are in autumn migration. The species that hold higher degrees are: Sturnus vulgaris, Corvus frugilegus, Columba livia domestica, Pica pica, Passer Montanus, plus Anas plathyrhynchos and Larus ridibundus for Freidorf area, due to the proximity to the Bega Canal. They are described in various specialized works as generally useful agricultural species through biological control that is unintentionally practiced by the act of feeding, such as owl (Athene noctua) (Catuneanu, 1952), which in a month consumes 300 mice, Asio flammeus and Buteo buteo or Corvus frugilegus, which contributes more to combat beetle by feeding with its larvae that are unearthed during plowing.

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agroecosystem, birds, dominance, Timisoara

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POPULATIONS OF BIRDS IN PADUREA VERDE, TIMISOARA, IN THE AUTUMNAL SEASON pag. 192-197

Grecu Vaduva Cornelia, Andrea Fâc, D.I. Trava

We chose Padurea Verde for research from the outskirts space of Timisoara, because it is a great green area, compared to the other green spaces within the city, with significant importance to the urban environment and also shelter for bird species that adapt more slowly to the anthropogenic ecosystem. One of urbanization’s consequences is threatening to extinction some bird species. This paper aims at highlighting the adaptability of bird species that are in decline across Europe and the number of habitats important as barometer for preserving biodiversity in urban areas. Internationally, this kind of research is attempted to contribute at the composition of databases concerning the biodiversity in urban areas and finding strategies for its conservation. Some bird species constitute sensitive indicators for the quality of urban life, which makes the avifauna diversity to be a problem today. The investigation method applied is based on the path method (Ferry and Frochot, 1958), which is improved by processing a statistical method established by specialists from the Zoology Department of the Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Geography of the Western University of Timisoara. From the taken observations, it results that there are present 31 bird species, characteristic for this season and for this type of ecosystem, and that also includes species that are in the autumn migration, water birds and antropofile species whose presence is due to the peculiarities of this forest . The degrees of dominance are distributed as follows: 6 absolutely dominant species: Parus major, Parus caeruleus, Passer montanus, Anas plathyrhynchos, Columba livia domestica, Fulica atra, 11 dominant species, 9 subdominant species, 5 auxiliary species. According to the Official Journal of the European Union, to Directive 79/409/EEC and to the Emergency Ordinance nr.57/20.07.2007, 70% of this species are of national and community interest. They are described in various specialty papers as being well adapted to the tumultuous life of the city and extremely inventive when environmental conditions change.

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VALORISING THE SPECIES STACHYS OFFICINALIS (L.) TREVIS. FROM SOUTH-WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 198-203

Ilinca Merima Imbrea, Monica Butnariu, Alma Nicolin, Florin Imbrea, Monica Prodan

Abstract: Banat has a geographical location particularly favorable from the point of view of the climate and of the relief, which favored the development of a large number of grassy species. The Aninei Mountains is the area taken in the study, located in South-West of Romania. It is an area with favorable climatic conditions for a large number of plants also sheds a considerable number of medicinal and aromatic herb, that make the region even more valuable. The genus Stachys belongs, from a systematic point of view, to the Family Lamiaceae. The family contains about 4,000 species spread all over the world, most frequently in Mediterranean area. (Chifu et al., 2001). The genus Stachys groups a large number of species (over 300), with a wide distribution over almost the entire globe. Exceptions to this rule are only Australia and New Zeeland. (Bilusic Vundac et al., 2006) Our research aimed at both identifying the areas where this species thrives and justifies its economic valorisation, and at establishing, through bio-chemical analyses of the material quality. The paper highlights the importance of knowing the real economic potential of spontaneous medicinal species, correlated with biochemical analysis. Determination of chemical composition can recomended or not the use of a medicinal species from certin areas. For the quantitative assessment we used the methodology of economic mapping of medicinal plants in the spontaneous flora indicated by Alexan, Bojor and Craciun in 1983, and improved by Bojor in 1991. Chemical composition was determined after the Official Methods of Analyses. The authors thank the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth, and Sport which, through the National Council of Scientific Research in Higher Education, has financed the present study as part of the research project PN II IDEI nr. contract 1077/2009, project code ID-865. The topic of the project is ,,Identifying medicinal and aromatic plants from the Aninei Mountains with a view to valorisation’’.

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medicinal and aromatic plants, Stachys officinalis, Aninei Mountain,quantitaive assessment, chemical composition

Presentation: oral

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REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION TENDS OF AQUATIC AND PALUDICOLOUS VEGETATION IN THE MAIN ACCUMULATION LAKES IN TIMIS COUNTY pag. 204-210

Alina Neacsu, Gicu Gabriel Arsene

Our research were carried out in the period 2004-2010 and had in view establishing the vegetal associations and indicating the evolution trends of aquatic and paludicolous vegetation in the main artificial water accumulations in Timis County. The data were collected from the accumulation lakes Surduc, Pişchia, Liebling and Sânandrei. In substance, we performed trips on the field during the period indicated, on which occasion we performed phytocoenologic sampling upon which we drew up synthetic charts. The information in these tables was subsequently processed in laboratory. The methodology for field data sampling and processing complied with the principles of the Central-European Phytocoenologic School, established by Braun-Blanquet. Thus, in the area of the above mentioned accumulations were identified 29 vegetal associations, and, also, due to the research period, the vegetation evolution trends could be delineated. Generally, the vegetation succession is the following: it starts from free natant aquatic communities, and, as the aquatic environment enriches in substances, fixed submerse and submerse-natant phytocoenoses appear, then the immerse aquatic vegetation develops and installs, afterwards the paludicolous one. Among the remarks, we noted that the vegetation structure for two of the accumulation lakes studied, more precisely the accumulations Sanandrei and Pischia, has been profoundly changed in the last years, being subject to drainage, for various reasons. These actions had negative impact upon vegetation and biodiversity as a whole. In the past, in the area of these accumulations, suitable growth conditions were encountered by aquatic and paludicolous associations such as those edified of Lemna minor L., Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleichen, Ceratophyllum demersum L., Myriophyllum spicatum L., Polygonum amphibium L., Trapa natans L., Potamogeton natans L., Potamogeton crispus L., Iris pseudacorus L., Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmberg a.o. Following drainage, these associations are not encountered anymore, we noticed that instead a series of weeds appeared. From the biodiversity perspective, this aspect represents a regress, translated into the loss of certain vegetal communities deemed representative for these humid areas.

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artificial humid area, aquatic and paludicolous vegetation, dynamics

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PRELIMINARY DATA ON THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF HUMID AREAS IN BANAT pag. 211-217

Alina Neacsu, Gicu Gabriel Arsene, Iacob Borza, Ciprian Stroia, Florin Crista

The assessment of the ecological condition is one of the very important markers lately used in the assessment and analysis of vegetal biodiversity. In this paper are presented preliminary results on the assessment of the ecological status based on the physical-chemical quality standards, from two humid areas representative for Banat. It refers to the Natural Reserve „Satchinez Marshes” and part of the Natural Park Muresului Holm, known as the „water lily pond” Bezdin. The water samples were collected in the fall of 2010. On sampling, the standards in force were considered. The analysis of the samples was performed at the analysis laboratory of the Banat Water Branch. The interpretation of the results noted on the analysis report was carried out in keeping with norm 161 / 2007 (Chemical and Physical-Chemical Quality Elements and Standards to Establish the Ecological Condition of Surface Waters), issued by the Ministry of Environment and Water Administration. The following parameters were monitored: ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrites, azotates, phosphates, total phosphorous, dissolved oxygen, CCOMn/O 2 , CCOCr, CBO 5 , pH, zinc, copper, lead/cadmium. After processing the results, in the case of the humid area Satchinez, the classification by quality is the following: ammoniacal nitrogen, azotates, total nitrogen, CBO 5 , copper, cadmium are grouped in quality class I; nitrites, total phosphorous, CCO-Mn/O 2 are grouped in quality class II; phosphates, CCOCr, zinc, lead are grouped in quality class III; dissolved oxygen is in quality class V. For the pond Bezdin, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrites, azotates, CBO 5 , zinc, cadmium are grouped in quality class I; lead is in quality class II, dissolved oxygen, CCO-Mn/O 2 , CCOCr, are in quality class III; copper is in quality class IV, phosphates and total phosphorous are grouped in quality class V. From these data it can be noticed that higher values, therefore a classification in lower quality classes, are possessed by phosphates, CCOCr, dissolved oxygen, zinc and lead in the case of the humid area Satchinez, respectively the dissolved oxygen, CCO-Mn/O 2 , CCOCr, phosphates, total phosphorous lead and copper, in the case of the pond Bezdin. An explanation for the higher values of the phosphorous compounds would be that they are influenced by the oxygen regime that is critical in both situations discussed, a fact due to the lack of water circulation (a phenomenon which occurs in spring and autumn). Another reason may be the appearance of large quantities of unwanted biomass, resulting from decomposing vegetation. Higher concentration of heavy metals can be attributed to specific human activities, industrial or agricultural. The subsequent sampling, the analyses and data processing shall allow us to find other explanations.

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humid areas, water quality, chemical parameters

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CULTIVATION OF FAST-GROWING WOODY PLANT BASKET WILLOW (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) AND THEIR BIOREMEDIAL ABILITIES WHILE FERTILIZED WITH WOOD ASH pag. 218-222

Pavol Otepka, Miroslav Habán, Marta Habánová

Energetic utilization of wood biomass obtained from fast-growing woody plants nowadays records more important capability. The article discusses the issue of research using wood ash as solid waste from the boiler while burning biomass and the intensification of short-rotation coppice basket willow – common osier (Salix viminalis L.) for energy use as a renewable energy source. Purpose of the article is to show the importance of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) as short-rotation coppice with the emphasis of its production and remedial effects.

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renewable energy resources (carriers), biomass, short-rotation trees, basket willow, common osier (Salix viminalis L.), wood ash words

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THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MANURE APPLICATION ON DYNAMISMS OF OCCURRENCE OF EPIGEIC GROUPS WITH FOCUS TO CARABIDAE pag. 223-228

Jana Porhajašová, Milan Macák, Jana Urminská, Jaroslav Noskovič

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different rates of organic fertilizers (farmyard manure and bio sludge) on occurrence of soil organisms with focus to species of family Carabidae. Biological material was collected using the earth trap method, during the years 2007 to 2009. Samples were taken from five treatments: A-unfertilized; B-25t ha -1 farmyard manure; C-50 t ha -1 bio sludge; D- 50 t ha -1 farmyard; E-100 t ha -1 biosludge. Totally 60 472 individuals of soil organisms were collected from which 35 species totally. 35 720 individuals belongs to the target group Carabidae. Pseudoophonus rufipes was determined as the dominant species. The value of specific identity according Jaccard was from 58.33 to 80.95%, value of dominant identity varied from 86.58 to 96.02 % and total value of diversity was 0.9559t.

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biosludge, biodiversity, Carabidae, organic matter, soil organisms

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STUDY OF SOME ROMANIAN POPULATIONS OF C. (EUCARABUS) ULRICHII GERMAR 1824 pag. 229-234

Jean Barloy, Florin Prunar

Romanian populations of C. (Eucarabus) ulrichii Germar 1824 were studied for their appurtenance to the subsp. ulrichii type, or to the subsp. fastuosus Palliardi 1825 . The size of the pronotum did not ensure the distinction, contrary to the relative size, index of the absolute form and secondarily the form of the pronotum rear angles. Three origins linked to fastuosus (Baile Herculane) to superbus Kraatz 1878 (Cărbunari-Stinăpari) to arrogans Schaum 1859 , are exceptions. C. (Eucarabus) ulrichii Germar 1824 is a species undoubtedly present throughout the territory of Romania, although less abundant in Maramures and Dobrogea. It occurs rather in plains, but can rise up 900-1100 m. (Monts Poiana Rusca HD, Mont Secuiului AB). This species is found in various natural habitats (grasslands, deciduous forests, steppes, wasteland ...) but also in the crops coming from the refuge areas. In Romania, according to the literature, there is the subsp. ulrichii Germar and subsp. fastuosus Palliardi and the form superbus Kraatz. The various ecological situations have modeled the populations among which various taxa (around 50) are differentiated, the most being invalidated. Morphological criteria ensuring the distinction between the two subsp. vary depending on the authors. The study presented was made on 34 populations originating from Banat, Transylvania and Maramureş, and means to identify the most relevant characters to ensure the determination. Besides, the shape of the pronotum rear angles, a useful character but difficult to use, the analysis has focused on the morphometric data (pronotum shape, relative size of the imago, the index of absolute form), diversity of coloration in populations. The shape of the pronotum, distinguishing criterion for most authors, appears poorly discriminating, contrary to the relative size (important for the subsp. fastuosus) and the index of absolute form, which differentiate both subsp quite well. The populations linked to superbus Kraatz and an origin of subsp. fastuosus (Băile Herculane) are exceptions, having the morphometric criteria of the subsp. ulrichii.

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ulrichii, fastuosus, superbus, arrogans, morphological criteria.

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PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEBRIA FROM THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS pag. 235-240

Jean Barloy, Florin Prunar

The Romanian Carpathians, with an altitude of over 1000 m., harbour 10 species of the Nebria Genre, of which 3 are undoubtedly endemic: N. (Nebria) femoralis Chaudoir 1843; N. (Alpaeonebria) bissenica Bielz 1887; N. (Alpaeonebria) carpatica Bielz 1850. Some other species: N. (Alpaeonebria) reitteri Rybnisk 1902; N. (Nebria) transylvanica Germar 1824; N. (Boreonebria) heegeri Dejean 1826, and N. (Alpaeonebria) reichei Dejean 1826, occur in the Ukraine or have a wider distribution: N. (Nebria) femoralis Chaudoir 1848; N. (Eunebria) jockischi hopfneri Dejean 1826; N. (Boronebria) gyllenhali Schonher 1806 et N. (Alpaeonebria) fuscipes Fuss. 1850. This preliminary study examines the morphological features that are likely to ensure the very difficult distinction of these species. The insects studied are originating from the Maramureş Mountains, Rodna Mountains, Bucegi Mountains, and Făgăraş Mountains, collected over several years. The descriptive characters selected are divided between the macroscopic and the stereomicroscopic criteria. The macroscopic criterion retains mainly the size, the elytral and appendages color, the shape of the pronotum and elytra, the elytra length, the leg color, the number of discus pores from the 3 0 interstries (table 1.). These data provide only a separation per group of species. Additional criteria, obtained by stereomicroscopic observations, are necessary for an accurate identification: shape of the antennal basal article and mainly the chaetotaxy of the first two antennal articles, of the submentum and of the ventrites 4-5-6 (table 2). This type of study is either old (Csiki 1946), either partial (Horvatovich 1972, Hurka 1975), the most comprehensive for the descriptive part being the recent work by Ledoux et al. 2005. The comparative study allows to identify the relevant criteria for differentiating the species and to establish a dichotomy table. This latter table uses the chaetotaxy, which implies to group the individuals according to the integrity of the bristles.

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Nebria Carpathians species, morphological features, differentiating criteria.

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FEATURES OF MYCORRIZAS TYPE SYMBIOSIS AT DIFFERENT PLANTS FAMILIES pag. 241-246

Silvia Prunar, Auruţa Dîrlea, Renata Şumălan, Lucian Ghinea, Mihaela Fericean

The present experiment highlights the process of colonization with mycorrhizas of the host plant, which starts with an exchange between the two partners of the symbiosis, followed by joining and fungi penetration in the plant cell. The symbiosis between plants and mycorrhizas fungi requires not only some changes in the root morphology of the studied plants, but also alterations of the fungal cell. The researches demonstrate the association of the hifa with host tissue, the crossing of the intracellular spaces, the spread in the cortical cells and the formation of coiled hifa within them. The cell wall crossing varies according to the anatomy of root, but it involves two possible ways: the mechanical way and the enzymatic way. Some hyphae remain in the intercellular space and some of them form arburscular structures. In this experiment was inoculated and highlighted the mycorrhiza of genus Glomus at the plant species as: Zea mays (on which we performed root cross sections), Juniperus scapula, Spireea biliardi, Pennisetum alopecuroides. In order to highlight the mycorrhizas symbiosis, the fragments plants were taken from the root of the studied plants, they were fixed, were included in modules, were molded and semifine sectioned. It was pointing out that, after the inoculation and the symbiosis between the mycorrhizas and Zea mays species, the hypha penetrates the intracellular spaces of the epidermis, crosses the hypodermis and reaches the cortex of the root, which is tightly associated with the host tissue and after that crosses the intracellular spaces and spreads in the cortical cells where they form so called hyphae complexes. In the cross-sections it can be see some strong vacuolated cells containing a dense cytoplasm and others containing in cytoplasm bulky nuclei and even highly vacuolated cells with signs of advanced senescence. At the Juniperus scapula and Spireea biliardi species are highlighted extra and intra cellular associations of vesicular type. In the case of fungi symbiosis with mycorrhizas of the Glomus genus with Pennisetum alopecuroides species, it can be seen, beside the hyphae associations by vesicular type and associations by arbuscular type, in different stages of development.

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mycorrhizas, ectomycorrhizas, endomycorrhizas, symbiosis, rooth of plants, hyphae

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE GROWTH OF THE TRANSGENIC AND CONVENTIONAL GENOTYPES OF THE SOYBEAN PLANTS CULTIVATED IN ROMANIA pag. 247-251

Silvia Prunar

Degradation of natural ecosystems resulting from antropic activities is also associated with the degradation of soil properties. In recent years, several studies have shown that associations between soil and plant plays an important role in sustainable agriculture and organic. Following these assumptions, the paper work proposes to conduct a comparative study in the development of soybean plants wich were inoculated with mycorrhiza in both of soybean genotypes: transgenic (S2254RR and 9191RR) and conventional (variety AVILA). For comparison and determination of cultural characteristics concerning the development of the soybean plants which were inoculated with mycorrhiza were pursued the following stages: soybeans were inoculated with mycorrhiza from Glomus genus, was studied the degree of sprouting in the presence and absence of mycorrhiza, and after one week the germinated seeds have been transferred into the glasses with soil and the plant development was monitorized for the both, genetically modified plants as well as conventional ones. Comparative analysis on the development of the plants inoculated or not with mycorrhiza was made after the plant growth and the occurrence of the second trifoliate leaves. The results obtained revealed that soybeans seeds, either transgenic or conventional variety, which were inoculated with mycorrhiza had a higher and faster germination than those germinated in the absence of mycorrhiza. Concerning the plant growth and development has been observed that the roots of plants inoculated with mycorrhiza had an fistulous increase with numerous side branches in compared with plant roots without mycorrhiza whose root is type pivoting or fistulous but with few side branches. Can be also observed that to the roots of plants with mycorrhiza has adhered a larger amount of soil In terms of leaf surface, following linear measurements, results that soybean varieties inoculated with mycorrhiza the leaf surface is much larger than to the varieties without mycorrhiza inoculum.

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transgenic soybean, mycorrhiza, cultural characteristics

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EVALUATION OF AONLA (PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA G.) SEGMENTS-IN-SYRUP PREPARED FROM STORED FRUITS. pag. 252-257

Priyanka Nayak, Devendra Kumar Bhatt, Dharmendra Shukla, Dileep Kumar Tandon

Aonla segments-in-syrup, an alternative to preserve, was prepared from fresh as well as stored fruits and quality was evaluated. Fruit of aonla cv. Chakaiya were packed in CFB boxes using newspaper as lining material and stored under ambient conditions (16-25 0 C and 60-70% RH). The fruits were withdrawn at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of storage for quality analysis and the product was prepared after each withdrawal by blanching the fruits in 2% alum solution for 10 minutes, separating the segments and dipping them overnight in successively increasing concentration of sugar syrup (55-75 0 B) and packed in 72 0 B sugar syrup. The physiological loss in weight, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and tannins increased while the content of ascorbic acid decreased in stored fruits. These losses were more pronounced in the fruits stored for 9 days. The product prepared from fresh and 3 days stored fruits have very little differences in nutritional attributes. The maximum ascorbic acid content (113mg/100g) and organoleptic quality (8.0) was observed in the product prepared from fresh fruits followed by the product prepared from 3 days stored fruits (103mg/100g and 7.6). It was concluded from the study that good quality product could only be prepared from fresh and 3 days stored fruits.

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Aonla, Phyllanthus emblica, Blanching, shelf-life, preserve

Presentation: oral

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THE CYTOPLASM ORIGIN INFLUENCE, THE TESER INFLUENCE AND THE NUCLEUS-CYTOPLASM INTERACTIONS INFLUENCE ON PLANT TRAITS FOR ISONUCLEAR LINES pag. 258-265

Camelia Gabriela Racz, I. Haş, Voichiţa Haş, Teodora Şchiop, I. Coste

Extrachromosomal heredity at maize was highlighted for the first genetic research developed on this plant and reffered to the maternal inheritance of leaf pigmentation due to the different types of chlorophyll in vairegate plants. It was later revealed that the hereditary transmission of the mutation determined of iojap gene located on chromosome 7 is carried out exclusively in the cytoplasm interaction. The cell nucleus trasfer activity for 12 elite inbred lines on various cytoplasm types has begun in 1992 starting from the assumption that among cytoplasm of different origin could exist differences in genetic value. The research was conducted using inbred isonuclear lines provided by The Laboratory of Maize Breeding from Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda. It has pursued further research on the differences between the isonuclear lines obtained by the transferring of nucleus on different types of cytoplasm and identify cytotipes to interact with the new nucleus and to improve the maternal transmission ability on certain traits of ears and kernels.

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inbred isonuclear lines, the cytoplasm source influence, genetic determinism

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THE CYTOPLASM ORIGIN INFLUENCE, THE TESER INFLUENCE AND THE NUCLEUS-CYTOPLASM INTERACTIONS INFLUENCE ON EAR AND KERNEL TRAITS FOR ISONUCLEAR LINES pag. 266-273

Camelia Gabriela Racz, I. Haş, Voichiţa Haş, I. Coste, Teodora Şchiop

Most of the traits that contribute to the achievement of maize yield / plant (the ear size, the ear length, kernel rows/ ear, kernel number/ row, thousand kernel weight) are genetically induced mostly at nucleus level. There have been studied the following maize ear traits for five isonucleus inbred lines: ear weight (g), kernel weight per ear (g), kernel rows per ear, kernel number per row, ear diameter(cm), rachides diameter(cm), thousand kernel weight (g), kernel depth and the kernel yield per ear. The research has been conducted in the experimental field provided by the Maize Breeding laboratory from Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda. The value of inbred lines is reflected in single-crosses, triliniar-crosses or double-crosses of which forms part as parental inbred lines. For inbred isonuclear lines their genetic value will be enhanced by their use in single-cross combinations as maternal forms.

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inbred isonuclear lines, the nucleus-cytoplasm interactions influence, genetic determinism

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STUDY ON THE KARSTIC RELIEF OF VADU-CRIŞULUI AREA (BIHOR COUNTRY) pag. 274-277

Helena Maria Sabo

The area we studied with our students lied in the north of the Pădurea Craiului Mountains, in the Crişul Repede Gorges, on the territory of Şumcuiuş and Vadu Crişului commune. The area is located in the north-west of the Apuseni Mountains; respectively in the north of Pădurea Craiului Mountains and is easily accessible from the road E60 from Oradea or Cluj. This area is a protected natural area, because there are many natural elements that attract tourists (caves, waterfalls, doline, clints and others). The most famously is Izbîndişul, the cascade from Vadu Crişului; this is one of the most important objectives of this area. With the remarkable touristic potential, that area of Romania was literally invaded by tourists no matter the season. Because of chaotic touristic activities, as well as because of the economic ones, landscape underwent obvious degradation. That was why the study trips and the field trips that we organized with our students have not only the purpose of studying endo-and exokarstic form, but also the impact of touristic activities upon that area. Moreover, as textbooks did not pay much attention to karst related processes and phenomena in general; we considered that such activities had a significant role in completing student’s knowledge without neglecting the recreational part. The results of our activity were in the form of albums, papers, Power-Point presentations. This paper presents the reference, operational and framework objectives of this educational trip and are described the most important three objectives from this area: Crişul Repede Gorge, Izbucul and Izbîndişului Valley and Crişul Repede Gorge.

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karst, exokarst, endokarst, landscape

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COCOŞ VALLEY FLORA FROM SATU MARE COUNTY pag. 278-281

Helena Maria Sabo

This article aims to present the flora of Cocoş Valley from Poiana Codrului locality, Satu Mare County. Detailed studies on the flora of the Cocoş Valley area has not been written, but was made only sporadic research on the county territories. Researchers (from Cluj) who made studies mention I. Prodan, O. Ratiu, I. Resmeriţă, I. Gergely, which dealt with areas other than that taken in the study. Cocoş Valley , expands on an area of 25.2 hectares and is composed from forests and is located near to Poiana Codrului and Bârsău de Sus. The landscape of this area is quite settled, with only small portions of landslide that appears as a phenomenon with a negative impact on vegetation. In the studied area are favorable shade species, especially beech. In this paper, I made a inventory list and characterization study of the flora planning to highlight some species that deserves to be known, to show the richness of plant species and their number, their care and the importance which have plants for the future of mankind. Analyzing the humidity, we find a predominance of mesophilic plants, moderate water - loving in amounts of percentage of 48.2% and analyzing the temperature index, we found a predominance of mesothermal plants in percentage of 62.5%. The chemical reaction of the soil index tell us that we have a predominance of weak acid neutrophil plants in percentage of 29.8%, followed by eurionice plants in percentage of 24.4%, the acid plants at the rate 21.4%, the acidophilous plants are in small percentage. This study shows that the medicinal plants in a percentage of 28.3% are the most numerous plants in this area, this were used in ancient times to the prevention and treatment of disease. The paper addresses economic aspects of exploitation of wild flora, giving indications for use of this wealth as well by the locals.

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valley, flora, protection, education, awareness,

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GENE ACTIONS, CYTOPLASMIC ACTIONS AND CYTOPLASMIC-NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS INVOLVED IN THE DETERMINATION OF FIBER CONTENT IN A SERIES OF ISONUCLEAR MAIZE LINES pag. 282-288

Teodora Schiop, I. Haş, Voichiţa Haş, I. Coste, Camelia Racz

Maize fiber is a byproduct of the maize wet-milling industry. About half of the fiber in a maize grain is found in the pericarp. The pericarp consists of 35% hemicellulose, 18% cellulose and 20% remaining starch. Recent research on maize fiber has shown that it can be used for extraction of maize fiber oil, which has been shown that has higher levels of phytosterol than the germ oil, and has also negligible amounts of ferulate phytosterol esters . The present study was undertaken to investigate the fiber content in a series of single cross hybrids of maize. Experiments were performed under natural conditions, without irrigation, in field research of ARDS Turda. The experimental model was a comparative polifactorial settlement with plots. Two of the comparative crops had 28 plots each and three of them had 21 plots. The plot consists of two rows of 5 m long each, with a distance of 70 cm between rows, 23.7 cm distance between plants in a row, 23 plants in a row, to obtain a density of 60.000 plants/hectare. The content of fiber to the testing isonuclear inbred lines of maize was studied in 2 years (2009-2010), in two experimental views: in terms of self-pollination and open pollination . Plants were harvested individually, and for the determinations of chemical compounds, two sets of samples were prepared: evidence from open-pollinated cobs and samples from self-pollinated cobs. Determinations were made using the device INSTALAB 600, carrying out infrared analysis. Given the nature of soluble grain fiber, arising in particular from the pericarp, the differences between the two background of grain might be out of the conditions in which they were formed, and of the lower photosynthetic contribution of husk in the case of self-pollination (during the whole period from pollination to harvesting the maize cob was protected by a paper bag that was used for self-pollination).

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maize, corn, fiber, isonuclear inbred lines, combining ability, open-pollination

Presentation: oral

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IMPACT OF CANE ARCHING ON VEGETATIVE AND PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS OF WINE GRAPE CULTIVAR MERLOT pag. 289-294

L. Susaj, Elisabeta Susaj, B. Ferraj, H. Kuçi

In specific conditions of Albania, the grape cultivar “Merlot”, has replaced the autochthonous cultivars such as Kallmet and Shesh i Zi in the structure of red wine cultivars because of its resistance against diseases like Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator, earlier maturity time, high levels of anthocians on the berry peel, and low levels of tannins. Grape cultivar Merlot differs one or two inflorescenes for each fruitbearing shoots in the base and middle part buds of the cane. In vineyards without irrigation there is beeing applied short prunning system with two-three buds for cane or ten to twelve buds for each vine. The paper presents the impact of productive cane arching (bending) on vegetative and productivity indicators of grape cultivar Merlot. The study was carried out during 2008-2010 in vineyards of Zagora village in Malësia e Madhe, where was applied double Gyot training and mixed pruning system. There were studied two variants of productive canes fixing: V 1 – horizontal canes – traditional Gyot. V 2 – arched canes (bending canes). The experimental data show that cane arching do affect on vegetative and productive indicators of grape cultivar Merlot. So, in V 2 , with arched canes, shoot length was 76.25 cm versus 86.25 cm of V 1 ; mean shoot diameters in V 2 was 7.97 mm versus 6.48 mm of V 1 , and relative productive coefficients (RPC) were 1.46 bunches/shoot for V 2 versus 1.5 bunches/shoot for V 1 . The increase of yield of V 2 was 13.2 kv/ha or 10.9% higher than the yield of V 1 . The specific gravity of must of V 2 (arched canes) was 1088 versus 1086 of V 1 , and sugar content of must was 20.4% for V 2 versus 19.9% for V 1 . The wine produced with grape of V 2 had an alcoholic grade 12% versus 11.7% of the wine produced with grape of V 1 . At the crown form double Gyot, arching of productive canes do affect positively on reducing of polarity phenomenon and increase of productivity because of a better assimilates distribution to product indicators benefit, and improvement of chemical and technical must and wine indicators.

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arching, cane, double Gyot, indicator, productivity, vegetation

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF BENZYLAMINOPURINE (BAP) ON IN VITRO SHOOT PROLIFERATION ALBANIAN AUTOCHTHON PLUM CV SHENGJINE pag. 295-300

Valdete Vorpsi, Fatos Harizaj, Vjollca Vladi

In the recent years in many countries around the world, the "in vitro" cultivation method has a wide use in studying and producing many agricultural crops, ornamental and forest plants. The solution of various problems that arise during the “in vitro” cultivation of plants as is the defining of the medium feeder, citokinins and auxines impact, selection of meristems and the optimum growth conditions, are the foundations of biotechnology today. The purpose of this study is determining of the optimal concentration of citokinins for shoot proliferation. For experimenting were taken from plum plants, cv "shengjine" and as a starting material for performing experiments are used meristems tissue during vegetative period and early branches of the plum during winter. Development of shoots in the specified medium along with other modifications requires that in the field to be added the citokinin – BAP (benzylaminopurine). M-S medium with the ½ of macro & micronutrients was proved with different doses of BAP 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg / l. In the same growth conditions. For the best dose of this phytohormone was judged based on the number of shoots and their length.

more abstract
BAP, citokinins, "invitro" cultivation, phytohormones, shoot proliferation.

Presentation: oral

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