Rjas

Vol 45, No 1 (2013)

COVER pag. 1

USAMB USAMB

Research Journal of Agriculural Science

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CHANGING QUALITY INDICATORS OF WHEAT CROPS FOLLOWING FERTILIZERS APPLICATION pag. 3-12

Florin CRISTA, Isidora RADULOV, Laura CRISTA, Alina LATO, Florin SALA, Adina BERBECEA, Lucian NITA, Karel LATO

Amino acid composition is an important feature in determining the nutritional value of wheatgrain for human and animal diets. The main objective of the research is to track how the localizedapplication with seeding, chemical fertilizers micro granulated, under the different type fertilizers,influence the variation in the raw protein and amino acid composition of the grain. The amino acids wereassayed using ion-exchange chromatography after hydrolyzing with 6 M HCl for 24h at 110°C. Rawprotein content from wheat grain was determined by Kjeldahl method, as Kjeldahl nitrogen multipliedwith 6.25. Methionine and cystine were analyzed by using formic acid protection prior to acid hydrolysis.The research takes place in experimental field from U.S.A.M.V.B. Didactic Station from Timisoara andafter that in the research lab of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department from Faculty of Agriculture.The experiments are stationary type, with wheat – maize rotation. Field experiences are stationary type,in which to practice wheat-corn rotation. Each plot is subdivided into four repetitions, four variants offertilization placed linearly, one still other, with dimensions 10 x 3.5 m (35m2) The variety used for thisexperiment is Alex wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).The fertilizers used are: 15.15.15 complex mineralfertilizers, N 28 liquid foliar fertilizers, Nitrophoska 13.42.0 micro granulated fertilizers.

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fertilization, micro granulated fertilizers ,wheat, raw protein, amino acids

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DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN FOREST SOILS BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS: WALKLEY BLACK METHOD WITH THE GOGOASA MODIFICATION VERSUS DRY COMBUSTION DUMARS METHOD pag. 13-20

Elena Mihaela EDU, M. MIHALACHE, Monica IONESCU

The present work aims at comparative analysis the analytical methods used for determiningorganic carbon and total nitrogen in forest soil to assess the status of soil fertility through C/N ratio onthe number of samples collected from different regions. In this article were studied 504 soil profile (1940horizons), soil samples were collected from hills and mountains zone of Romania. The followingparameters are analyzed: pH, organic C and total N. The pH was electrochemically determined incalcium chloride, organic carbon was determined by wet oxidation method and dosage titration - WalkleyBlack method with the Gogoasa modification and dry combustion Dumars method. Total nitrogen in thesoil was determined by wet digestion method and dosage titration - Kjeldahl method and dry combustionDumars method. The results were grouped on the following horizons categories: A, A/x, E, B. Analyticalresults shows that, given the differences in soil type with soil-specific soil characteristics and the methodused in the determination. C/N ratio is different depending on soil type, distinct variance analysis showssignificant differences when using Tru Spec CN analyzer. When applied wet mineralization, analysis ofvariance indicated for most samples analyzed very distinct significant influence of the type of soil C/Nratio. Organic carbon and total nitrogen shows a positive correlation with increasing altitude, becausesoils are high content in both elements. Dry combustion method using Tru Spec Leco CN analyzer is moreefficient and faster time for a sample is 7 minutes allows the simultaneous analysis of carbon and totalnitrogen in the soil sample being analyzed. On soils with carbonates, the analyzer is determinedinorganic and organic carbon and thus is not necessary to still further analysis. Reaction forest soils areinfluenced by the distribution of the relief. Organic carbon content is in close contact with majorbioclimatic zones: the mountain zone appears highest values, while values occur in the medium and lowhill. Total nitrogen content is very close to the geographical distribution of carbon.

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organic carbon, total nitrogen, forest soil, C/N ratio

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THE EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF IRON AND BORON ON EARLY GROWTH PARAMETERS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) pag. 21-26

Hamzeh Mohmmed AWASHDEH, Florin SALA

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of Timisoara Didactic Station, Banat Universityto study the effect of foliar spray micronutrient (iron and boron) on some growth parameters of wheat.The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD), containing threereplications with the following treatments: T1 control (only received distilled water spray), T2 (iron 1000ppm as form Fe- DTPA [Fe 6%]), T3 (B 500) ppm as form boric acid [B17%] and T4 (T2+T3).Treatments were sprayed on plant leaves at the Zadoks growth stage 22 (ZGS22). Iron and boronsolutions were applied at the rate of 400 L ha -1 . The experimental results revealed that plant height,number of leaves, number of tillers as well as root depth was significantly increased through applicationof iron and boron, either as single nutrients or in combination, as compared with the control treatment.T4 resulted in significant increase in plant height, number of leaves per plants, number of tillers per plantand root depth as compared with the control treatment. These were increased by 27.90, 34.39, 28.60 and29.26% respectively. The study revealed that the combination of the foliar applications of iron and boronsignificantly increases some growth characteristics like plant height, number of leaves/plants, andnumber of tillers and root depth of wheat plant

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Foliar application; Micronutrients; wheat (Ttriticum aestivum L.); Foliar spray; Iron; Boron; Growth stages; Growth parameters

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IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS IN LUGOJ AREA, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 27-33

Casiana MIHUȚ, L. NIȚĂ, nișoara DUMA-COPCEA, K. LAȚO, A. OKRÖS

The town of Lugoj is situated in the south-west of Romania, where parallel 45"41' north meetsmeridian 21"53' east, 123 meters above sea level. It covers 9.855 hectares, being the second largest townin Timiș County in what its size, importance and population is concerned. The town was formed on bothbanks of Timiș River, at the foot of the hills descending from Poiana Ruscă Mountains. The hills arecovered by orchards and vineyards. Morphologically, Lugoj area is part of the High Plain of Lugoj andLugoj Hills, being situated at the confluence of these two units. The town was developed on both banks ofTimiş River, more exactly on its lower terrace. The relief unit Lugoj lies on is Lugoj Plain, which reachesdeep into the piedmont hills. The average altitude of the area is 124 m above sea level. For the most part,the area the town lies on is flat, with some elevations that do not however exceed 2 to 3 m altitude asagainst the terrace. To the north-west of the plain there are Lugoj Hills, which make the transition toPoiana Ruscă Mountains. South of Timiş River Valley, Lugoj area stretches to the floodplain ofCernabora, the closest local tributary of Timiş River. The soils in the research area were formed andhave developed through the interaction of a complex of pedogenetic factors, among which the relief, thewater, the parent rock, the vegetation and human intervention are the most important. In the low plain,Timiş River has played a significant part. Through repeated bed changes and overflows, this river hasdeposited alluvial material over another material which was in the course of solidification. Thus, soils inthis area appear as alternate layers with different solidification degrees. Due to damming, accumulationof new alluvial matter has been stopped, and so the solidification started. These processes that led to theformation of the current soils have been strongly influenced by phreatic water. As the area used to befrequently flooded, the humidity excess frequently prevented oxygen from getting into the soil, andanaerobic microorganisms, in the process of decomposing organic matter, have got oxygen from mineralelements (iron and manganese).

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fertility, soil, humus, morphological, material deposited

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CONSIDERATIONS ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEM FROM TOPRAISAR AREA, CONSTANTA COUNTY AND PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE ITS USE pag. 34-39

Irina MOISE, Magdalena LUNGU

This paper studies typical chernozem, specifically for the Topraisar and Amzacea area,Constanta County. This soil type is characteristic for Central Dobrogea, as well as for other lowlandregions of Romania. Its intense exploitation in agriculture caused changes in some certain properties. Inthis paper, the main properties of typical chernozem are studied. For physical, chemical andmicrobiological soil characterization samples from the soil profile were collected. Tthe followingparameters have een determined: soil texture, soil structure in plowing and underlying horizons, thedegree of compaction, soil porosity, total cationic exchange capacity, nutrients storage, pH, calciumcarbonate content, organic matter content and soil microbial activity. The land evaluation marks havebeen also calculated for this soil type and changes in yields values due to the changes of the restrictiveindicators coefficients have been highlighted. The high natural fertility of this soil, the high content oforganic matter and nutrients recommended it to be used for a variety of crops cultivated in these areas.Intense exploitation in agriculture, the use of farm machinery with high weight and the execution nu eapplication? of soil tillage at inappropriate soil moisture, determined certain soil properties changes. Theaim of this work paper was to highlighting these soil characteristics which have been modified under theinfluence of anthropogenic factors. The research found that, between them, the reducing of soil porosityand the increasing of soil compaction in horizons under plowed layer of soil are the main features thatled to a decreasing agricultural production. Interpreting the data collected from field, laboratory testresults and determining the land evaluation marks for the study area, it was concluded that the indicatorwhich is responsible for the decrease of agricultural production is the climate conditions and the low soilporosity. This soil characteristic was induced by human activities. To eliminate the negative impacts of it,specific measures of land use have been proposed.

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Typical chernozem, physic-chemical, soil, characterization, land use

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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATERS FROM SAG, TIMIS COUNTY pag. 40-44

Iulia Mihaela NANU, Isidora RADULOV

Water is an important factor in ecological balances and its pollution is a current problem withconsequences more or less serious on the population. Safe drinking water is essential to humans andother life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking waterhas improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billionpeople still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. Someobservers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world will be facing water-basedvulnerability. A recent report suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, waterdemand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role in the world economy as it functions asa solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation.Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture. By water pollution, we usuallyunderstand impairing the physical, chemical and biological characteristics, produced directly orindirectly by human activities, and that makes the waters to become unsuitable for normal use in thepurposes for which such use was possible before interfering altering. In this paper we analyzed surfacewaters in order to determine its pollution degree. The main pollution factors in area are humanagglomerations, industry and agriculture. Samples were taken in the village Sag, Timis county whereagricultural pollution sources are considered most important. The parameters analyzed were pH, contentof nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and heavy metals.Water samples analysis were made in the Soil Sciencelaboratory from USAMVBT. pH was determined by potentiometric method, nitrates, nitrites and ammoniacontent by colorimetric method and heavy metals trough atomic absorption spectrometry. Exceeding themaximum limits in surface waters was determined for nitrate and ammonium. Heavy metal content hasrecorded values above limits.

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nitrate, heavy metals, pollution, water

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QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOIL RESOURCES IN THE ARANCA PLAIN pag. 45-48

L. NIŢĂ, K. LAŢO, Simona NIŢĂ, Alina LAŢO, Casiana MIHUŢ, Anişoara DUMA COPCEA

Evaluation of soil resources requires detailed study of all the factors that contributed to theirformation and realization that although these seem to be inexhaustible, they are limited in terms ofquantity and quality. This paper aims soil resources inventory and classification of Plain Aranca a veryimportant area in terms of overall economic and agricultural especially so based on accumulatedscientific support can be carried strategy and sustainable development of the projects. The studiedterritory has a single unit of relief, the plain, in the form of a large alluvial area of subsidence andramble, on which there are many abandoned streambeds, representing the old courses of the ArancaRiver and its tributaries. The influence and action in time of the pedogenetic factors (relief, rock, climate,hydrology), as well as the human intervention through the important hydro ameliorative works thatstarted more than two hundred years ago, determined the existence of a soil cover with a sharpcomplexity and diversity.

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soil resources, evaluation, quantity, quality, Aranca Plain

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THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON YIELD IN MAIZE CROPS pag. 49-56

Daniela PÎSLEA, F. SALA

Our research focused on the influence of mineral fertilization on the yield and some qualityindices in maize crops. Taking into consideration the variable conditions for nutrition determined by theirregular rainfall regime and the humidity deficit happening in recent years in the periods of maximumconsumption, making the best of fertilizers has become a problem. In this context, we tested the influenceof mineral fertilization on the nutrition of maize plants, on yield and its quality. The fertilization systemwas based on complex fertilizers and ammonium nitrate for obtaining the necessary quantity of nitrogen.Two thirds of the complex fertilizers were applied at sowing, and the rest of the complex and ammoniumnitrate was administered in the vegetative stage of 3-4 leaves. Complex fertilizers were used in threevariants NPK 0-50-100-150 kg a.s. ha-1 and nitrogen varied between 0 and 200 kg ha-1. Over theexperimental period, fertilizer bioavailability was strongly influenced by the rainfall regime, and by soilhumidity. Use of fertilizers was different from one agricultural year (2010-2011) to the other (2011-2012), as a result of the unfavorable rainfall regime, in what the quantity and time distribution areconcerned. Therefore, fertilization efficiency was strongly affected by soil humidity and nutrientbioavailability. Yield oscillated between 4207 kg ha -1 and 8120 kg ha -1 in the agricultural year 2010 -2011 and between 2315 kg ha -1 and 5710 kg ha-1 in the agricultural year 2011-2012. Due to moisturedeficit, nitrogen had bigger influence on the formation of the maize yield in 2011 and a smaller influencein 2012. PK contribution was observed in the formation of the yield by increasing drought resistance inplants, as the oscillation level of the yield to nitrogen variation being lower on soils treated with PK thanin soils with PK0.

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mineral fertilizers, fertilization, maize crop, yield, quality indices

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE AGROCHEMICAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE FERTILIZATION SYSTEM FOR WHEAT CROPS ON AN ARGIC PHAEOZEM SOIL IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN pag. 57-63

Andra Ramona PORUŢIU, Mihai RUSU, Marilena MĂRGHITAŞ, Constantin TOADER, Lavinia MOLDOVAN, Valeria DEAC, Felicia CHEŢAN

The current research is based on the production results obtained on wheat crops in long termexperiments conducted on an argyle phaeozem soil at SCA Turda. The goal of this research is toscientifically, agrochemically and economically substantiate the differentiated fertilization systemsinvolved in obtaining big productions in the reference area. In this study we tried to track the effect of thenitrogen-potassium interaction in achieving the productions obtained in 2012. The research presents thestated results as annual (partial) values and it will continue with them as being reference values forfurther experimental years (as stages in long term experiments) and obviously with approaches that willeconomically substantiate the suggested solutions. The production data are obtained from theseexperiments, framed in the “long term experiments system” from ASAS-ICDCPT Fundulea networkwhich hold objectives that target both the effect and efficiency of differentiated fertilizations onproductions and also the impact of fertilizers on the soil fertility evolution, on the quality of theproductions obtained.The degree of novelty of this study can be expressed through the fact that for thetype of soil and genotypes used in the experiments we can establish fertilization solutions and synthesizedmathematical models with a high dissemination and applicability value in similar ecologic conditions.The obtained results present the production levels obtained for wheat crops (Dumbrava kind) at twoalternatives for prior crops-corn and soy-statistically processed using variance and quadratic regression,as useful models for fertilization in the fertilization systems that were researched. It is obvious that at theend of these annual research the presented models will include the same objectives as in the prior yearsthat were studied. The already existing and further research will enrich the study’s utility in taking arational fertilization decision based in the future also on the support of the suggested solutions througheconomically efficiency calculations of these solutions. The presented data hold originality, according towhich the suggested solutions through fertilization models become important and present a real efficiencyin the fertilization practice and technologies applied to wheat crops.

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productions, wheat crops, nitrogen-potassium interaction, experimantal years, fertilization systems

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FERTILITY LEVEL OF SOILS IN HUNGARY – ROMANIAN BORDER AREA pag. 64-69

Isidora RADULOV, L. NITA, Adina BERBECEA, D. TARAU, Cs. VODGVOLDGY, I. LATO, D. DICU, Clara TUDOR

The most important property of soil is to be living environment for plants and to make itpossible for crops to yield. He has the ability to ensure plant`s growth and fruiting. This is because of theessential quality of soil to be a physical, chemical and biological dynamic environment, giving a set ofnecessary conditions for growth and development of natural and cultivated vegetation. Soil is the mostfavorable support for plant root development, a source of nutrients and water. Because soil is a muchmore complex system than air and water, pollution is affecting its properties, including the level offertility. In addition, pollutants in soil can pass into plants, water or air, and remediation is a difficultprocess, sometimes untenable. The aim of this paper is to determine fertility level of soil on both sides ofHungary- Romanian border. 10-10 HU-RO test sites were selected. Seven test sites include wheat fieldswith intensive cultivation, while 1 site was selected from an organic wheat cultivation field. Test sitesincluding a pasture field and a forest were included as controls. Samples were taken according to the soilsampling guidelines, on two depths: 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Analized parameters were: pH-ul, carbonatecontent, humus content, available phosphorus and potassium. All analysis methods were according toISO standards. Soil pH is probably the most commonly measured soil chemical property and is also oneof the more informative. Soil pH has a profound influence on plant growth. Compared with soils inHungary, where the pH is uniform, slightly alkaline, soils in Romania have pH values contained in amuch wider area. Humus is a colloidal substance, and increases the soil's cation exchange capacity,hence its ability to store nutrients by chelating. Most soils in Hungary, humus content between 2 -4%,which means a reduced supply. Phosphorus (P) is a naturally occurring element that exists in minerals,soil, living organisms and water. Phosphorus is essential for early root development and hastens plantmaturity. In terms of soil phosphorus content is observed in Hungary a good and very good supply in thismain macronutrient. Phosphorus content of soils in Romania is very varied, ranging between 5 and 150ppm. Available soil potassium supply in both countries range from low to very good. In Hungary, thelargest quantities of potassium were determined on soils rich in organic matter.

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fertility, soil, humus, fertilizers, crops

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ASPECTS AND VIEWS OF THE EARTH IN THE TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN CULTURE pag. 70-74

Gheorghe SECHEȘAN

We must state, from the very beginning, that few elements have such a popularity intraditional Romanian culture, as the earth element does. Mother Earth, which gave birth to us,which feeds us, and then in the end welcomes us to her bosom for our eternal rest. Every crucialmoment in man's existence is correlated with the earth, generating a sum of ceremonial practices,rituals etc. Small boys were taken to the boundary of their village (vatră) and beaten with a cane, sothey would never forget their land. In what concerns the funerary ceremonial, representing the return ofthe individual to the earth he was born from, we emphasize the large number of funerarypractices in Romanian folklore. They are extremely well preserved (because of the importancewhich the funerary rituals had in the collective imaginary), and supposed extremely old, probablydating from our pre-Romanian ancestry. It is also necessary to mention the fact that most of theserituals are still being practised today in numerous parts of the country. There is no paramountceremony in man's life, be it birth, right of passage, marriage or death, in which the earth is not onlyinvoked, but is represented as the „central figure” of the scenario. We will present and analyze, inthe paper at hand, the customs and traditions associated with the agricultural practices. Agriculturerepresents the oldest human occupation in the world, and is in close connection with the earth.Plowing, seeding, growing and gathering the crop have generated traditions of an inestimable beautyand value. It is also necessary for us to remember that in every area, genre and type of Romanianfolklore there is a bind, and a strong one at that, with the earth. Fairy tales, legends, dances, the„doina” (a traditional form of poem and song), all types of ceremony, these genuine „miracles” ofthought and sensibility all have as a central element the earth. This is what our paper will try todemonstrate, illustrating but a small part of a grand ensemble.

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MYTHOLOGY OF THE EARTH pag. 75-77

Gheorghe SECHEȘAN

The paper in question has a basis in the idea that one of the first primordial elementof creation (if not the first element) – earth, air, fire, water – that the acient Greeks named GeeaMater and Romanians called Mother Earth (Mama Pământ) etc. If we are to closer analyze, almostall of the world's mythologies have the primordial deity as representing the Earth. We will discusssome „facets” of this acient deity, as well as the sum of the „mythological aspects” of the Earth, fromthe oldest known cultures up to christianity, where „dirt” represents the fundamental „creationistmatter”. Some of these are quite imposing and they show not only that man had a different bond withnature, but also that, today, the individual has strayed from his cradle of origin. Mircea Eliade relates astory, according to which an elder native American was asked why he would not farm his land, so hecan sell the harvest, to scythe the grass to thus exploit nature's bounty. To this, the old man replied thathe could not scratch the skin of his Mother Earth, to cut her hair, just to obtain monetary advantages.The paper will also take into consideration the cultural „career” of the motive in question,distinctly the way in which the goddess Geea was integrated into the cultural, social and eveneconomic value system. We will observ a transmutation from the notion of the „holliness of the earth”,as a sacred notion, the earth that gives birth to us and feeds us, to the term of holy land. We willcertanly limit ourselves to simply enunciat ing the subjects mentioned, as the matter implies a moreample study sizing in the dimensions of an entire volume. In the current context, despite the advancedand modern technics of harvesting the land, hunger seems to be, yet again, a menacing threat, as inthe Middle Ages. We believe that resuscitating an interes for Mother Earth is a welcomed idea. Wewill thus point out, through the course of this paper, the most intresting myths, legends and beliefsabouth the Earth.

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PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS ON ACIDIC GRASSLAND SOIL pag. 78-83

Ciprian STROIA, Adina BERBECEA, Narcis BAGHINA, Ioan GAICA, Marius STROIA, Isidora RADULOV

Phosphorus is one of the major nutrients that influences plant growth but the amount ofbioavailable phosphorus in soil may have a negative effect on grassland production. A critical issue thataffects the phosphorus bioavailability is soil acidity. There are several strategies on how to managephosphorus availability on such soils. A number of studies have shown that high doses of phosphorusapplication can optimize plant performance, these doses have a long residual effect and cause increasedpH, CEC or organic content. However, application of phosphorus in small doses, can have long termbenefits from economic point of view. In this paper we propose to study the dynamics of phosphorus on apajiste an acid soil (aluviosol) at pH = 5.3. This meadow is situated in the village Borlova, Caras-Severin, at the foot of Mount Mic Were applied fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus in 4 variants and 4repetitions arranged in randomized blocks, as follows: N0P0, N1P0, N0P1 and N1P1, where N0P0unfertilized control, N1 = 150 kg N/ha was applied split (100 kg/ha before the vegetation and 50 kgN/haafter the first stitch) and P1 = 50 kg P2O5/ha. P was applied once before the vegetation. Soil sampleswere taken at 0-10 cm depth, dried in air, grounded and sieved trough 2 mm sieve. Total phosphoruscontent in soils was determined by extraction in aqua regia and available phosphorus content by Egner -Rhiem – Domingo method. Reading of total phosphorus and available phosphorus concentrationfrom soilsamples was done with Cintra 101 spectrophotometer After analysis it was found that although totalphosphorus content in the soil is high available phosphorus content is relatively low. Maximum plantavailable P occurs at approximately pH 7. As pH changes in either direction, P availability is decreased.Although P levels increase with P fertilizer applications, the available content is low, so it is crucial thatP fertilizer be applied annually at reasonable rates to satisfy plant needs.

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acid soil, phosphorus, grassland, fertilization

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THE RELATIONSHIP ESTABLISED BETWEEN THE GLYCEROL FORMING IN THE WINES AND FERMENTATION CONDITIONS pag. 87-92

Georgeta BELENIUC, C. BADUCA-CAMPEANU, J. E. PARDO

The secondary products of alcoholic fermentation, are compounds that appear in variablequantities in addition to alcohol and CO 2 and they are: glycerol, lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid,substances acetoin, 2,3 butanediol, malic acid, succinic, propionic, citramalic ,dimetilgliceric. Glycerolis formed by glycero-pyruvate fermentation. Glycerol, like secondary product of the alcoholicfermentation, has the greatest importance due to its favourable influence on organoleptic properties ofwines. Its synthesis depends upon many factors. This study was conducted under laboratory conditions,using selected yeast strains from the Murfatlar vineyard, viticol Centre Medgidia, belonging to theSaccharomyces ellipsoideus, Saccharomyces italicus and Saccharomyces rosei species. The fermentationmedium was Pinot gris must which was inoculated with 1.5 to 1.7 x 10 7 cells/ ml, from the abovementioned yeasts. The objective was to establish the importance of several factors that determine wineglycerol concentration (e.g. must sugar and glycerol, concentration of inoculum, fermentationtemperature and yeast species). The glycerol produced was determined by a volumetric method withpotassium periodat. The result were: Depending of the grapevine variety and sugar content of the must,glycerol concentration of the grapes varies between 1.70 to 3.02 g/L; The inoculation rate had aninfluence on the glycerol concentration of wines; The most glycerol was formed in the first 2 to 3 days offermentation; in this period 80 to 90 g/L of the initial sugar decreased and about 2/3 of the glycerol wasformed; The most glycerol was obtained at fermentation temperatures of 20 0 C and 25 0 C; A fermentationtemperature >30 0 C leads to a decrease of glycerol formation; Yeast species and the sugar content hadthe greatest contribution to glycerol formation. Among the strains tested, SE-20, belonging toSaccharomyces ellipsoideus species was notable. This strain produced the highest glycerol concentrationin wines (6.50 to 9.80 g/L) and during fermentation did not produce foam.

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glycerol, selected yeast, organoleptic proprieties

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RESEARCHS REGARDING TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPONTANEOUS MICROFLORA FROM VITI-VINICOL CERNAVODA CENTRE FROM MURFATLAR VINEYARD pag. 93-99

Georgeta BELENIUC

Wine microbiology researchers studies local microflora in order to selection of yeast strains,providing through controlled fermentation, high quality wines. It put thus, the theoretical basis of drivenfermentation from biological point of view. Knowing the main species of yeasts of the vineyard, theirmorphological, physiological and oenological characteristics, the relationship between them can easilyoccur in the alcoholic fermentation of must and can be easily prevented many " wine accidents." Thepresent study from the viti-vinicol Cernavoda Centre, from Murfatlar vineyard conducted in 2009-2011period, has the aims:- isolation and identification of wine yeast species existing in spontaneousmicroflora;- morpho-physiological and biochemical,charac-terization and their taxonomic classification.This study will determine the succession of yeasts species during alcoholic fermentation and the proportionthey have in different stages of vinification. The pure cultures obtained and analyzed will represented adata base for the future researches. Finally, were isolated 183 yeasts strains from the grapes, unfermentedmusts and musts in different stages of fermentation. The methods of sampling, isolation, culture andclasification used in researches, were the classics and described by Domerq (1956), Lindner (1913),Lodder (1970), Kreger van Rij (1984) and Kurtzman and Fell (2006). According to the internationalclassification these 183 yeasts strains belong to two classes: Ascomycetes with three genres(Saccharomyces, Hansenula, Pichia) and Deuteromycetes with four genres (Candida, Kloeckera,Rhodotorula and Torulopsis). During alcoholic fermentation, the microorganisms present in musts,develops in a certain succession, which is conditional by the relationships that are established betweendifferent groups and were identified species that start fermentation, fermentation leading species andspecies present only at the end of alcoholic fermentation, called “species for wine finishing”. Succession ofyeasts species is influenced by increasing temperature and alcoholic degree and the degree and intensity ofsulfur administration.

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yeasts species, alcoholic fermentation, yeasts isolation

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THE EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVEL TO PROTEIN LOSS IN HAM MUSCLE OF SOWS pag. 100-106

Milos BEUKOVIC, Zoran MALETIC, Dejan BEUKOVIC, Igor JAJIC, Miroslava POLOVINSKI – HORVANOVIC

In a trial with lactating sows, examined the effects of using a meal with different levels ofprotein and energy. In an experiment involving 240 sows and gilts last 30 days before farrowing, allanimals involved in the experiment were divided into two groups of 120 sows in the group, and by 60 insubgroups. Sows in the experiment were 65 days, and during the last 30 days of pregnancy and lactationand the experiment ended with with the weaning of piglets. The sows were fed diets during lactation.Results were as follows. Sows that were fed into the model food diet with 15% protein and 12 MJ ME / kgof diet, had a protein content of 21.00% round muscles. Consuming foods sows in the model diet with15% protein and 14 MJ ME / kg diet, there was an increase in the protein content of ham muscle to21.75%. In sows that were fed into the model food diet with 19% protein and 12 MJ ME / kg diet, theprotein content in the ham muscles was 22.24%. Dietary feeding of sows with a model of 19% protein and14 MJ ME / kg diet, there is a change in the protein content of ham muscles, and then it was 22.72%.

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sow, protein, energy, lactation, ham muscle

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PATHOGENE AND SAPROFITIC FUNGUS PRESENT IN THE WHEAT KERNELS SPERMOSPHERE, AS POTENTIAL PRODUCER OF MYCOTOXICOSIS ON MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS pag. 107-111

A. BORCEAN, Gh. DAVID

Storing wheat seed is one of the most important technological phases, both for agriculture andanimal husbandry and food industry. From Phytopathology point of view, many of fungi and bacteriafound on seeds when they are placed in silos but mostly in farmers family granary, storage under theoptimal technical level of control and ventilation could have as result a temperature and humidityincrease in seed mass. This may lead to compromise of that stored seeds amount. On the other hand itshould be noted that the microorganisms whichcan cause potential problems are placed in storagewarehouses together with seeds because those seeds containon the seminal skin or seeds inside thosephytopathogenic agents.Infections in this case have as point of origin directly from the field pathogensdissemination, or from indirect infections produced by transport or even handling the mass of seedsbefore storing. Wheat biggest trouble can be caused by fungi of the genera Aspergillus,Penicillium,Fusarium, and also Ustilago tritici or Tilletia sp. Even in small amounts some of these fungispores when are placed in the good conditions of temperature and humidity forinfection, will lead to thedevelopment of "molds" that emit dangerous mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, tenuazonic acid and othermetabolites dangerous. Or if the seeds are used to make concenrtateforage for animal husbadry and thisforage are kept in poor conditions, toxicosiscaused by this fungi toxins are unavoidable and evenproducts made from these animals are also toxic. In present paper we propose to show results of ourresearch concerning the amount of potentially toxigenic fungi species in seed parties harvested in2012,from several wheat varieties. Working method we used to determine the spores of these pathogenswas extended Wageningen method with method of E.Rădulecu and A. Negru. Results clearly indicates thepresence on the seeds coat of fungal spores from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Alternariatogether fwith Ustilago tritici which can cause trouble when using these seed farmers .

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wheat seeds, storage grains, pathogen spores

Presentation: oral

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PATHOGENE AND SAPROFITIC FUNGUS PRESENT IN THE MAIZE KERNELS SPERMOSPHERE, AS POTENTIAL PRODUCER OF MYCOTOXICOSIS ON MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS pag. 112-116

A. BORCEAN, Simona NIŢĂ, L. MOLNAR

Storing maize as cobs or directly as seed is one of the most important technological phases,both for agriculture and animal husbandry and food industry. Many of fungi and bacteria can be foundon seeds when they are placed in silos but mostly in farmer’s family granary, where the storage can beunder the optimal technical level of control and ventilation could have as result a temperature andhumidity increase in seed mass. This may lead to compromise of that stored seeds amount. On the otherhand it should be noted that the microorganisms which can cause potential problems are placed instorage warehouses together with seeds because those seeds contain on the seminal skin or seeds insidethose pathogens. Infections in this case have as point of origin directly from the field pathogensdissemination, or from indirect infections produced by transport or even handling the mass of seedsbefore storing. Maize biggest trouble can be caused by fungi of the genera Fusarium, Nigrospora,Aspergillus, Penicillium, and also Ustilagozeae. Even in small amounts some of these fungi spores whenare placed in the good conditions of temperature and humidity for infection, will lead to the developmentof "molds" that emit dangerous mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin),fumonisin, trichothecenes, ohratoxins, citrinin, cyclopianozic acid, and sterigmatocystin. Or if the seedsare used to make concentrate forage for animal husbandry and this forage are kept in poor conditions,toxicosis caused by this fungi toxins are unavoidable and even products made from these animals are alsotoxic. In present paper we propose to show results of our research concerning the amount of potentiallytoxigenic fungi species in seed parties harvested in 2012, from several wheat varieties. Working methodwe used to determine the spores of these pathogens was extended Wageningen method with method of E.Rădulecu and A. Negru. Results clearly indicates the presence on the seeds coat of fungal spores fromgenera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Alternaria together f with Ustilagozeae which can cause trouble whenusing these seed farmers.

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corn seeds, pathogens spores, Alternaria sp., Fusariumroseum, Ustilagozeae.

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RESISTANCE REACTION OF SOME WINTER WHEAT GENOTIPES TO THE ATTACK OFF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM L. SCHW. IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF BANAT PLAIN pag. 117-122

Otilia COTUNA, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU, Carmen DURĂU, Mirela PARASCHIVU, Gabriela RUSALIN

Fusarium graminearum Schw. is responsible for the occurrence of the fusarium disease that isunique due to its capacity of plants infection in all the vegetation stages. The economic importance of thedisease is determined by the fact that the fungus is producing some dangerous mycotoxins that arecontaminating the food and feed products, these substances being heat-proof. The fungus is affecting alsothe wheat yield from quantitative and qualitative point of view.The climatic conditions from the last yearshave been favourable for the development of the Fusarium graminearum pathogen; the disease waspresent in the wheat crops with different attack frequencies and intensities. In this research was analysedthe response of some winter wheat varieties originated from Romania, Austria, France and Hungary tothe attack of Fusarium graminearum having the purpose to set the resistance reaction. The 16 winterwheat varieties from the experimental field have reacted different to the Fusarium graminearum attack.Resistance reaction manifested by these varieties in 2012 year was set by a quantitative assessingmethod. The quantitative assessing methods have at the background the setting of the virulence of thepathogen.Thus, the attack frequency (F%) has varied between 2.063% and 15.206% and intensity (I%) orvirulence of the pathogen at kernel was comprised between the relative values 16.666% and 73.666%,after Miedaner (1986) scale. The resistance of the varieties to the attack of Fusarium graminearum isvariable and in general is influenced by the climatic conditions. There isn’t any variety resistant tofusarium. In the climatic conditions of 2010, the analysed genotypes have manifested a variableresistance reaction, framing it in five reaction classes: medium resistant – MR (varieties Josef, Soissons,Glosa, Arlequin, Karolinum, Petur and Feny, sensitive – S (varietie Rusija), very sensitive (varietiesAndalou, Azimut – control,and Kalango), reduce sensitive (varieties Apache and Beches) and resistant(varieties Dropia, Antonius and Renan). The infection with Fusarium graminearum in the experimentalfield was natural. The variance analysis show that the differences in comparison with control varietyAzimut (highly sensitive to fusariose) are insignificant in most of the monitored genotypes in 2010, in theconditions that Azimut control variety was the most attacked from the comparative plots. Only the varietyDropia and Antonius have registered negative significant differences in comparison with the control. Inthe variety Dropia the fungus has showed the lowest attack frequency and intensity (F% = 2.063% andI% / 16.666%).

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genotypes, wheat, resistance, Fusarium, virulence, intensity.

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RESEARCHES ON THE COMPORTMENT OF SOME FOREIGN WINTER WHEAT TO THE ATTACK OF THE PATHOGEN DRECHSLERA TRITICI REPENTIS (DIED.) SHOEMAKER pag. 123-129

Otilia COTUNA, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU, Mirela PARASCHIVU, Carmen DURĂU, Lavinia MICU

Wheat tan spot produced by Drechslera tritici repentis (Died.) Shoemaker fungus is a foliardisease spread in many areas of the world where wheat is cultivated; having great economic importancedue to loses that can be produced at great attack intensities. This pathogen is present in Romania byabout 15 years. In Banat region was first reported in 2007, with the suspicion that the fungus was presentalready before in wheat crops. The harvest loses produced by this pathogen are in direct relationshipwith the inoculum amount, the resistance of the cultivated variety, with the climatic conditions and withthe wheat plants phenophase at the moment of the infections. In 2011 there have been monitored 13winter wheat varieties, respectively 11 varieties of common wheat (Apache, Kalango, Azimut, Soissons,Renan, Karolinum, Esperia, Bilancia, Centauro, Sagittario and Alcione) and 2 varieties of durum wheat(Normanno and Maestrale). The climatic conditions from the spring of 2011 have influenced positivelythe pathogeny of Drechslera tritici repentis (Died.) Shoemaker fungus. The virulence of the pathogen wascomprised between 45% and 75%. The most sensitive variety from the trial was Apache (control), wherethe attack intensity was 75%. The attack severity in the Italian varieties was between 48.33% (Esperia)and 66.66% (Normanno and Centauro). The lowest virulence from the trial was registered in the varietyKalango (I% = 45%). Due to the favourable climatic conditions, the infection has been spread to the flagleaf too. The flag leaf was affected in proportion of 15% (Maestrale and Bilancia varieties) and 33.33%(variety Apache). At the moment when the infection reaches the flag leaf the grains are susceptible to theinfection. The evolution of Drechslera tritici repentis (Died.) Shoemaker fungus was assessed by the useof AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve). The greatest values of AUDPC have been registeredin the varieties Centauro (1370.56), Renan (1359.84), Apache (1333.28), Normanno (1306.56), and thelowest values in the varieties Kalango (917.28), Azimut (954.56) and Esperia (959.84). The values ofAUDPC are strongly correlated with the values of intensity registered in the trial field.

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wheat tan spot, Drechslera tritici repentis (Died.) Shoemaker, AUDPC, winter wheat, severity.

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RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF FUNGUS FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM (SCHW) pag. 130-138

Carmen Mihaela CRISTEA, Maria OPREA, M. BERCA

The fungus Fusarium graminearum is one micromycetes than can produce significant croplosses, and wheat,specially. Fungus attack contributes to impairment of quality indictors of wheat seedand is present in micoflora responsible for the appearance of black-point attack at seeds ofwheat.Understanding the biology of pathogens gives us the information regarding the right moment toapply control measures in order to discontinue the infection development. Our studies have been orientedtoward defining the biological development parameters of fungal growth, under controlled conditions.Research has been performed in the laboratory of Mycology from Research - Development Institute forPlant Protection Bucharest and Phytopathology laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Universityof Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. The biological material used was thephytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, isolated from the seeds of variety Capo wheat, camefrom” Probstdorfer Saatzucht” Romania SRL, location Modelu, Calarasi County. Infected seeds werekept wet chambers for sporulation and fungal isolation was done by direct isolation method. Fungalstrain was stored on sterilized potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants, at 4 0 C. The influences of some abioticfactors (temperature, relative atmospheric humidity, pH value and the influence of medium culture) werestudied and the results are presented in this paper. The results showed that the optimal humidity limitwas established at values over 75%. The Fusarium graminearum fungal colony development is influencedby temperature values: the lowest temperature limit for colony development was 6 0 C; the optimumtemperature needed for colony development was between 21-30 0 C; the highest temperature level may beconsidered at 36 0 C. The colonies grow fast on Malt-Agar and growth medium on Czapek'sDox-Yeastextract-Agar (CYA) growth medium (initial pH 6).

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seed, fungus, biological parameters

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RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE CARYOPSES MICOFLORA OF WHEAT TO THE VARIETIES GROWN IN MODELU LOCATION, CALARASI COUNTY pag. 139-143

Carmen Mihaela CRISTEA, M. BERCA

The researches has been conducted on seeds of common wheat, durum fall wheat (Auradur) anddurum spring wheat Floradur grown in SC” Probstdorfer Saatzucht” Romania SRL, location Modelu,Calarasi County. The biological material was represented by wheat seeds with black-point attack and frees ofthis attack, of the following varieties: Capo, Pedro, Atrium, Astardo, Arnold, Balaton, Pireneo, Bitop, Fulvio,Fabula, Ludwing, Midas, Phillip, Josef, Peppino, Auradur, Floradur. The observations on the black-pointattack on wheat seeds led to determine the frequency of attacks to the monitored varieties. Research has beenperformed in the laboratory of Phytopathology of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of AgriculturalSciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest.The macroscopic and the microscopic identification of fungiin biological studied material was done by isolating and repeated sub culturing procedure of the pathogens onPDA (potato-dextrose-agar) culture medium and incubating them at thermostat at 24 C. There were identifiedfungi of the genus Alternaria, Stemphylium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Penicillium. Itwas remarked high incidence of Alternaria spp species (60-68%), Stemphylium spp (17 to 20.5%), Fusariumspp (10-12%) for seeds black-point attack. In was found present in complex micromycetes Alternaria andStemphylium. The pathogen Cladosporium herbarum had a frequency between 1-2%. Of the varieties ofcommon fall wheat, to the variety Capo was recorded most frequently the black - point attack (F = 8%). Thevariety Auradur had a low frequency of black-point attack (2%) while to the variety Floradur the black-pointattack incidence was 6.5%.

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winter wheat, durum wheat, variety, fungus

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CHANGES IN HALOPHILICCORMOPHYTES FLORA IN SOCODOR (ARAD – COUNTY), 1952-2013 pag. 144-152

Iulia Natalia DĂRĂBAN, A. ARDELEAN, M. C. PETRESCU, G. G. ARSENE

Based on published references between 1952 and 2010, which mention in an express way alkalimeadows from Socodor as chorological indication, and on our research carried on between 2011 andspring 2013, we compare the cormophytes floras. Species are divided in halophilic (conventionally, acc.to G RIGORE , 2012, mainly) and non-halophilic ones. Population from species such as Atriplex littoralis,Salsola soda, Suaeda maritima seem to be locally extinct. We confirm the presence of other halophytes,but in small populations (Beckmannia eruciformis, Sedum caespitosum, Spergularia marina, Trifoliumornithopodioides). The most important halophytes we found, and not cited by previous authors, is Lotusangustissimus (endangered in Romania). We discuss shortly the possible causes of this dynamics; theover-charge with sheep of this Natura 2000 site, obvious since 2010,is detrimental to its conservation.The non-halophilic flora we identified is composed by 91 species not indicated by previous authors.Specific research is needed in order to elucidate floristic historical aspects and the magnitude of recentanthropic pressures.

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Socodor, flora dynamics, halophilic, cormophytes, nature conservation.

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RESEARCH ON THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ENTOMOFAUNA IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN THE TIMIS COUNTY pag. 153-158

Liviu Marius DICU, Doru PETANEC, Lavinia Mădălina MICU

In our country, based on data provided by Rogojanu Victor and Perju Theodosius (1979), andalso by Cornelia Tănasă-Catalina Ungureanu, Constantin Filipescu (2006), the main apple pests belongto the class Insecta, orders: Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera etc. andsome species belonging to the class Arachnida, order Acari. The purpose of these studies was to identifyharmful entomofauna to several apple orchards in Timis County.The knowledge of the structure anddynamics of entomofauna to apple is a very important element in establishing the foundations/bases ofbiological, ecological and economic forecast pest spread and development, for planning an effective plantprotection in the context of environmental protection. Monitoring the entomofauna in apple orchardsfrom Sag-Padureni and Lovrin, Timis County, was made between 2010 - 2011, the regular collection ofplant/vegetal material (leaves, branches, fruits) and frappage to determine homopteres and mites, shakethe tilt in the opening phenophase of floral buds, and use rub trap to determine harmful beetles bygathering with standard net or gluey traps to capture lepidopteran species. Determination and materialconservation were made due to the usual methodology and the determinations were made using thecurrent bibliography. Sampling was randomized on medium 30 trees, from May to September of eachyear. Following the research on harmful entomofauna composition on apple orchards under theconditions from Sag-Padureni, Timis County, it results that homopteres and heteropterys had the largestshare.From apple pests, were dominant Eriosoma lanigerum. Hausm., Aphis trees Geer., Psylla mali andHoplocampa testudinata Klug. As a result of the monitoring of the apple trees in orchard from Lovrinstood out as the dominant species of the orders Homoptera and Lepidoptera. These orders wererepresentative by species such as Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm., Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst. andLaspeyresia pomonella L.

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harmful entomofauna, apple, dynamic

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RESEARCH REGARDING EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF SPECIES AULACORTHUM SOLANI AND MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE pag. 159-164

Liana Mihaela FERICEAN

This paper presents data referring the morphological characteristics and biometricalmeasurements of Aulacorthum solani and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, species captured from potatocultivations for a period of three years, from Didactic Station Timisoara and Varfurile, Arad county. AtAulacorthum solani the adult wingless form has a pear shaped body. It can be whitish green or yellow, inwhich case there is a bright green or rust coloured spot at the base of each siphunculus. The legs are longwith dark knee joints. Siphunculi are long with black tips. The antennae have dark joints and are slightlylonger than the body. At Aulacorthum solani the winged form looks quite different, with much darkerantennae, legs and siphunculi. The smallest length of the body established for aphids captured in WestZone of Romania was 1,90 mm, while the biggest was 3,0 mm. The average body length was 2,48 ± 0,35mm. The average value calculated for head width was 0.42 ± 0.06 mm. Mean thorax width was 0.73 ±0.08 mm. The mean length of the abdomen was 1.40 ± 0.20 mm, while the average value calculated forabdomen width was 0,97± 0.16 mm. At Macrosiphum euphorbiae the wingless female potato aphid isgreen sometimes with a darker dorsal stripe. It has a pear shaped body. The antennae are dark at thejoints between the segments and are longer than the body. The legs are longer than in other aphids, palegreen but darker at the apices. The siphunculi are pale coloured, cylindrical with dark tips. The wingedform has a uniform darker coloured body and appendages and has a green abdomen. The smallest lengthof the body established for aphids captured in West Zone of Romania was 2,80 mm, while the biggest was3,40 mm. The average body length was 3,13 ± 0,17 mm. The average value calculated for the length ofthe head and thorax was 1,19 ± 0.08 mm. The average value calculated for head width was 0.46 ± 0.05mm. Mean thorax width was 0.86 ± 0.13 mm. The mean length of the abdomen was 1.94 ± 0.17 mm, whilethe average value calculated for abdomen width was 1,28 ± 0.12 mm.

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Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae biometrical measurements

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THE BEHAVIOR OF OSTRICHES IN CAPTIVITY pag. 165-171

Liana Mihaela FERICEAN, Olga Alina RADA

In this paper we present a few behavioral features regarding the digestive, social, pairingbehaviour of ostrich in captivity and similarities and differences with the natural behavior. Theresearches have been done at ostrich farm of Tinca, Bihor county. The nutrition of ostrich was a majorproblem for the farmers because currently there are only a few studies on the optimal diet. They feeds ona wide range of plants and food should be chopped. The ostrich needs a significant amount of gravel andsand for food triturating. Changes in diet should be introduced gradually. Sudden changes in diet cancause digestive problems and even death, changing from one food to another is accomplished slowly,combining new diet with the existing. They are social animals, getting very quickly adapted to theenvironment conditions and became friendly to people. Their aggresive behavior is manifested bypinching, scratching, hitting with legs and wings, and most of the fighting takes place in the evening.Breeding season starts in early spring. During this period females make a prenuptial dance, bowing andshaking wings on both sides of the body. The male skin color on the legs, neck and beak becomes red, andthey emit loud callings. Intensity and manifestation of mating decreases as the female approaches the endof the egg laying season. Ostriches reach sexual maturity between 2 and 3 years. Females tend to maturefaster than males; Ostriches breed in monogamous or polygamous situations. Male builds the nest, thatconsists in a small hole in the ground. It can become very aggressive during the breeding season and willguard the female, nest and territory. In general, an egg is made every 1-2 days. Estimated productionvaries between 40 - 80 eggs per year.

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digestive behavior, social behavior, pairing behaviour, ostriches

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE FLORA OF THE EIBENTHAL AREA IN THE IRON GATES NATURE PARK pag. 172-180

Ilinca M. IMBREA, Alma L. NICOLIN, Gabriela POPESCU

Particular attention has been given lately to the study of nature reserves aiming at knowing andmaintaining the present status of conservation of these areas. The areas labelled as reserves are known senclaves of valuable species and are legally protected. There still are, though, areas within differentnature parks or even outside them that preserve certain special floristic elements very similar to naturereserves without having been labelled as such. This is why the authors of this paper wish to drawattention on such an area located near Eibenthal (Mehedinţi County), an area included in the Iron GatesNature Park. The park is located in south-west Romania and it spreads over two administrative units(Caraş-Severin and Mehedinţi counties). The southern limit of the park is marked by the River Danube,which separated Romania from Serbia. The Iron Gates Nature Park is known as the largest nature parkin Romania: it includes 18 nature reserves. The reserves are surrounded by lands that are in privateownership and exploited as orchards, haymaking fields, and forests. These neighbouring areas preserve,in their turn, numerous floristic elements and vegetation aspects very similar to those of a nature reservedue to the maintenance, over a number of years, of the traditional exploitation of the ecosystems in thearea. The study aims at defining the floristic structure of the area aiming at assessing the value of thegene-fund resources and of landscape from the perspective of biodiversity. The research method pertainsto the floristic study. Based on field sampling, the authors define the vascular flora structure. Speciesidentification was done using Flora României; the species are named after Ciocârlan (2009) and Flora Europaea(electronic edition).

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flora, Eibenthal area, Iron Gates Nature Park

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OCCURENCE OF FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT ON SOME WHEAT VARIETIES IN DIFFERENT PLANT POPULATION AND NITROGEN FERTILISATION DURING 2011 IN SERBIA pag. 181-187

S. MAŠIREVIĆ, Danijela RADUJKOV, R. JEVTIĆ, N. STAJKOVIĆ

Wheat is one of the most important crops in Serbia. The average area under wheat in theRepublic of Serbia in the period from 2000 to 2011 year amounted 579,289 ha, with an average yield of3.48 t/ha. One of the most important diseases on wheat is Fusarium head blight which can cause anumber of fungal species from Fusarium genus. Within species Fusarium graminearum, Group 2 is themost important. The consequences of infection of wheat ears by fungi from the genus Fusarium aredifferent, but the most common are: reduced yield, physiological and physico-chemical changes of grainand grain mycotoxin contamination. The aim of the study was to test occurence of natural infection byFusarium head blight of eight wheat varietes (Arabeska, NS 40S, Zvezdana, Arija, Gora, Gordana,Simonida, Etida), one spelt variety (Nirvana) and one triticale variety (Odisej). The occurence ofFusarium head blight was tested depending on applied amounts (0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha, 150kg/ha) of nitrogen fertilizer ammonium nitrate (AN 33-35%N) in the form of spring nitrogen and onsowing density (300 grains/m2, 500 grains/m2, 700 grains/m2, 900 grains/m2). Evaluation of intensity ofFusarium ears occurence was conducted in phenophase of milk stage. Agricultural parameters weremonitored at Rimski Šančevi (10 kilometres from Novi Sad) locality during 2011. In May and June 2011variable and warm weather conditions with less rainfall than average were registered. Weatherconditions in May and June 2011 were not favorable for the development of fungi from the genusFusarium and tested cultivars had low average number of infected ears. The highest average number ofinfected ears had NS 40S (15.3) and the lowest variety Gordana (2.0). On spelt and triticale variety,there was no significant occurence of the disease caused by fungi from the Fusarium genus. Quantity ofapplied nitrogen fertilizer as a topdressing wheat showed different effects on development of Fusariumhead blight. It was found that the average number of infected ears is not in positive correlation with theapplied nitrogen fertilizer, except in the variety Etida. Regarding sowing density effects on Fusarium earinfections, it was registered that NS 40S had the highest number of infected ears compared to othertested varieties regardless sowing density.

more abstract
Fusarium head blight, varieties, fertilization, sowing density.

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STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF WHEAT VARIETIES TO PESTS ATTACK OULEMA MELANOPA L pag. 188-192

Lavinia Mădălina MICU, Doru PETANEC, Otilia COTUNA, Marius DICU, Pal FAZAKAS

In Romania, a particularly important role in the new organization of agriculture is farmers'associations, which aim to ensure the concentration and specialization of production. After all the studies- Over the years, losses due to pests, diseases and weeds amount to several billion lei, which requiresaction at multiple levels. Insects show great plasticity in their adaptation to the conditions of existenceforming an inexhaustible number of morphological and biological types. From this large number ofinsects is part Oulema melanopa L. (oat/cereal leaf beetle), frequently reported in cereal crops in Banat.The purpose of this research was to identify, within three years, the most sensitive wheat varieties to theattack of Oulema melanopa L species. Studies were conducted in the experimental field of the disciplineNematology and Acarology, located on the left side of the national road Timisoara-Arad. Observationswere made on 16 wheat varieties, of which: 8 awned species and 8 varieties unawned (domestic andimported) from 2009 to 2011. Entomological material was collected with entomological net, by repeatedscything/mowing wheat crop. A sample was composed of 50 forages (25 on one side, 25 on the other side,alternating) from top to bottom, going zigzag, large diagonal of the plot. Oulema melanopa L. larvaewere collected manually.Varieties that are more resistant to the attack of Oulema melanopa L. wereCalango and Soisson, of the awned, and of the unawned varieties were noted Carolinum and Feny .Inrecent years, Oulema melanopa L. is attacking the leaves of maize (late hybrids ) where maize is locatednext to a plot of attacked wheat. As such, these parcels are a possibility of propagating the species andalso the land will be a reserve for next year, if cultivated with wheat (simple rotation maize - wheat).

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wheat, Oulema melanopa L., frequency, intensity, degree of attack

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THE USE OF THE AREA UNDER THE DISEASE PROGRESS CURVE (AUDPC) TO ASSESS THE EPIDEMICS OF SEPTORIA TRITICI IN WINTER WHEAT pag. 193-201

Mirela PARASCHIVU, Otilia COTUNA, M. PARASCHIVU

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by the ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola(anamorph S. tritici) is currently one of the most serious foliar disease of wheat in Europe and otherworld regions characterized by temperate and wet environment during growing season. Twenty-fivewheat genotypes with different resistance levels were evaluated in natural conditions for their reaction toS. tritici attack during 2009-2010 year. The experimental design was a randomized block design withthree replications. Disease rating was visually recorded by using the double-digit scale (00-99) in twodifferent times and crop stages (Z53-1/4 head out and Z70-milk development). There were also calculatedthe Septoria Progress Coefficient (SPC) and Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) for eachwheat genotype evaluated. SPC was low for the higher genotypes comparatively with the shortest onesleading to the conclusion that disease progress is higher as plant height is low (r=-0,8584***). The sameaspect was also emphasized by the negative correlation between plants height and disease progressheight (r=-0,7241**).The shortest genotypes showed higher necrosis percentage and AUDPC values.There was also a correspondence between genotype susceptibility and AUDPC showing that the mostsusceptible wheat cultivars recorded higher AUDPC values. Thus, Renan (295), Esential (231),Renesansa (234), Autan (186) recorded the highest AUDPC values while Aztec (45), Meunier (41) andCapo (20) had the best resistance reaction to S. tritici attack. Comparatively with the control Brianacultivar (AUDPC = 153), created to ARDS Simnic, the differences recorded by Renan, RenesansaEsential, Ciprian, Exotic, Cezanne, Aztec, Capo and Meunier were statistically significant. There wasalso a negative correlation between AUDPC and yield (r=-0,5140). The Area under the Disease ProgressCurve (AUDPC) can be an efficient instrument to evaluate the epidemic development of foliar pathogenS. tritici considering each genotype susceptibility and specific architecture.

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AUDPC, disease, SPC, S.tritici blotch, wheat

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THE INFLUENCE OF BIOCOMPATIBLE MAGNETIC FLUIDS ON THE CONTENT OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN LETTUCE pag. 202-207

Amedeu PIRVULESCU, Florin SALA

Our research assessed the accumulation of minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn) in lettuceunder the influence of treatments with biocompatible magnetic fluids. We used magnetic fluid based onwate, with saturation magnetization. The magnetic fluid was administered onleaves in four watery dilutions: 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% and compared with a control variant. Thecontent of K, Mg, Ca and Fe was positively influenced by the magnetic fluid, in a proportionality relationwith the magnetite concentration. At the same time, we noted that the content of Zn and Mn decreasedwith the increase in magnetic fluid concentration.Multivariate statistical analysis highlights theassociation of the distribution of minerals in lettuce with the concentrations of magnetic fluid used.Nevertheless, their distribution is also the result of interspecific relations, positive and negative, amongelements. The analysis shows very significantly positive correlations between K – Mg (r = 0.970), K – Fe(r = 0.991), Fe – Mg (r = 0,973) and very significantly negative between K – Zn (r = -0.915), K – Mn (r= -0.984), Mg – Mn (r = -0,976), Fe – Mn (r = - 0.992). Evaluation of results through cluster analysisreveals the distinct position of the variants with magnetic fluids as compared to the control variant, inrelation to the mineral elements determined. The cophenetic coefficient with the determined value of0.9538 indicates that the dendrogram reflects the similarity structure of the data obtained, with highdegree of significanc.

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magnetic fluids, magnetite, lettuce, mineral elements, correlations, cophenetic index

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SAPROXYLIC NATURA 2000 BEETLES IN THE NERA GORGES- BEUŞNIŢA NATIONAL PARK pag. 208-214

F. PRUNAR, Alma NICOLIN, Silvia PRUNAR, C. URUCI, C. FORA

The current paper is dedicated only to saproxylic Coleoptera from Nera Gorges-BeuşniţaNational Park. During 2012, by monthly observations in transects conducted from May to September wehave identified areas with species of interest, their threats, risk factors and population abundance. This isthe first record in the Nera Gorges-Beuşniţa National Park area of the Natura 2000 priority species ofOsmoderma eremita Scopoli, 1763. The favourable habitats of this species require an increasingattention. Among the species studied, the specific abundance is highest for Lucanus cervus Linnaeus,1758 for which were observed in May 19 specimens. The Morimus funereus Mulsant, 1863 species wasfound with a small number of individuals from May to August and in September was found only Morimusasper. The rarest species after Osmoderma eremita Scopoli, 1763 is Rosalia alpina Linnaeus, 1758 ofwhich were found only three individuals. Conservation management of these species should prohibitremoval of dead wood, trunks storage near habitats, the replacing of deciduous forest with conifers,felling of the isolated trees, changing the traditional way of land use, mainly cessation of the grazing inforest clearings. Saproxylic are the insects associated with dead wood or with the fungi andmicroorganisms that decompose it (S PEIGHT 1989). The saproxylic species are rare and have aninsufficient known ecology due to their specific development and limited movement of adults. Some ofthem are very popular and even emblematic species (flagship species). All are very sensitive to forestexploitation and habitat fragmentation. At least during their development, the saproxylic beetles use deador dying trees, most of the species preferring the sunny sides of wood. The long development cycle of 2-5years increases the risk to death of offspring by the deadwood removal from the natural habitats. Manysaproxylic species are indicators of forest habitat continuity (G ROVE 1999). To develop sustainablestrategies for inventory, monitoring and protection of the populations it is imperative a good knowledgeof the biology of the species including specifics caused by climatic and geographical differences. Thestudy area is part of Nera Gorges-Beuşniţa National Park, one of the most important protected areas inCaraș-Severin County in terms of settlement and covered area. Studies done so far in the Nera Gorges-Beuşniţa National Park are sporadic or focused only on small groups of wildlife. The literature on theU.E. Community interest beetles from this geographic area is almost absent.

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Natura 2000, saproxylic beetles, threats, conservation, inventory

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INFLUENCE OF APPLIED HEAT TRETAMENTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLAXSEED INTENDED FOR BROILERS NUTRITON pag. 215-219

Nikola PUVAČA, Siniša BJEDOV, Dragana LJUBOJEVIĆ, Vladislav STANAĆEV, Dragan MILIĆ, Vidica STANAĆEV, Nataša VUKELIĆ

Extrusion and micronisation are one of the most frequent heat treatments used for enrichingnutritive quality of feed in Serbia. Aim of this study was to investigate effects of those heat treatments onbasic chemical composition, crude protein solubility index (PDI) and urease activity in flaxseed. Flaxseedwas extruded in an "Oprema-zootehnička oprema", type M2, model 1000 extruder at 125±1 °C andmicrowaved in a microwave oven SAMSUNG GE82N-B with LED display at 450°C for 3, and 5 minutes.Application of extrusion led to statistically significant (P<0.01) urease activity reduction by 66.67%.Crude protein solubility index was 14.72% what is statistically significant (P<0.01) higher, compared toother experimental treatments. Based on the gained results it can be concluded that dry extrusion can bea good choice for thermal treatment of flaxseed intended for usage in broilers chicken nutrition.

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flaxseed, extrusion, microwave roasting, nutrition, broilers

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ENDOCRIN STATUS IN HEALTHY SUKLING PIGLETS AND DIARRHOEA PIGLETS IN THE FIRST DAYS OF LIFE pag. 220-225

Olga Alina RADA, H. CERNESCU, H. SĂRĂNDAN, Florina RADU, Mihaela FERICEAN

The experiment was carried out with 27 piglets from birth to the age of three days, of which 11healthy piglets and 16 piglets with diarrhoea. All piglets were weighed. In piglets with diarrhoea, theblood was collected in the day when the diarrhoea started. After the serum was examined, it wasseparated and preserved by freezing up to the moment of hormone dosage. The cortisol and insulinconcentration was measured with a HPLC. The glycaemia was measured with an Accucek device. Thedata obtained were processed statistically through a non-parametric test, the Mann Whitney U Test. Bodyweight measurements in piglets suffering from diarrhoea and healthy piglets showed that diarrhoeapiglets display a lower average body weight starting with the first day of diarrhoea, thus the difference inbody weight can not be accounted to dehydration. Glycaemia in piglets with diarrhoea is, starting withthe first day of diarrhoea, significantly lower (p<0.05) than healthy piglet glycaemia; similarly, the levelof serum insulin (p<0.05) as well as that of serum cortisol (p<0.001) are lower in diarrhoea piglets.What is more, the serum level of the insulin does not correlate significantly with glycaemia (r=0.27;p>0.05), from a statistic point of view. The serum cortisol does not correlate significantly in healthypiglets (r=0.071; p>0.05), statistically, and also not in diarrhoea piglets (r=0.46; p>0.05). On thecontrary, there is a strong correlation of the serum insulin with the serum cortisol in healthy piglets(r=0.86; p<0.001) as well as in diarrhoea ones (r=0.92; p=0.0000). The reduction of the serum cortisollevel in diarrhoea piglets can represent a facilitating factor in the diarrhoea pathogenesis, or it can bethe consequence of subnutrition and diarrhoea.

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The experiment was carried out with 27 piglets from birth to the age of three days, of which 11 healthy piglets and 16 piglets with diarrhoea. All piglets were weighed. In piglets with diarrhoea, the blood was collected in the day when the diarrhoea start

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HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHANGES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE MUCOSAE IN PIGLETS WITH ANOXIA AND PARTURITION HYPOXIA pag. 226-231

Olga Alina RADA, Liliana VASILE, H. SĂRĂNDAN, H. CERNESCU, Diana BREZOVAN, Mihaela OSTAN

The experiment took place a commercial closed circuit pig farm. From 10 still born piglets,squashed by sows and sacrificed in the first 24 hours of life, duodenum, jejunum and ileonum sampleswere harvested for the histopathological exam. The tissue samples were prepared with the classichistological techniques and were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H.E.). 10 villi and crypts weremeasured with the analysis and image capturing programme of the Olympus C x 41 microscope. Thevascular changes were described, as well as the changes of the villosity epithelium and of the enterocyteand goblet cell aspect, and the villi mucous integrity. Glycaemia, measured before the sacrifice with aAccucek device, appreciated the parturition hypoxia level. Piglets anoxic at birth (still born) presented atthe small intestine mucosae level vascular lesions, expressed by blood and lymphatic stasis, edema inlamina propria and subepithelial in the duodenum, jejunum and ileonum. The enterocytes from thejejunum and ileonum present inversed polarity, and the other mucus secreting cells are hyperplasic. Inthe three segments of the small intestine, the villi atrophy took place, their height representing 49.5 % inthe jejunum and 35.57 % in the ileonum in comparison to the live and healthy newly-borns.During the lifeinterval at birth – 24 hours in piglets suffering from parturition hypoxia, the mucosae lesions were also ofvascular type, manifested by local ischemia, followed by reperfusion. In relation to the ischemiaseriousness in the small intestine mucosae, tissue edema, villi atrophy up to amputation, villi epitheliumdenudation and ulcers in the criptae area. Also, enterocyte hypertrophy with special nuclei migration,hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus secreting cells; in the lamina propria, subepithelial and in the villiaxe there was a massive leukocyte infiltration. The villi height was reduced in the three segments of thesmall intestine, the percentage of the villi height being under 400 μm.

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piglets, anoxia, parturition hypoxia, villi, criptae

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RESEARCH ON SEMIINTENSIVE FATTENING SYSTEM OF HYBRIDS OBTAINED BY INDUSTRIAL CROSS BREED OF PALAS MERINO WITH SPECIALIZED MEAT SHEEP BREEDS pag. 232-240

P. G. VICOVAN, Daniela JITARIU, Maria STANCIU

Researches aimed the increasing and improving of the quantitative and qualitative sheep meat,the meat skills production determination of hybrids obtained by industrial cross breed of Palas Merinowith breeds specialized in meat production- Texel and Suffolk. The experiments were performed at theInstitute for Research and Development Institute for sheep and goat breeding Palas-Constanta and thebiological material was represented by: adult sheep, 3 lots - 3 x 50 head., F1 crossbred lambs resultingfrom the crossing specialized meat breed rams Suffolk and Texel with Merino sheep breed, n = 2 x 25heads; control lot consisting of young male Merino sheep breed, n = 1 x 25 head. Weighing lambs atbirth was performed at 28 days and at weaning (60 days), registering growth in weight made throughoutthe period and per day. After weaning, young sheep was introduced to fattening, it was weighed at thebeginning and the end of each phase of fattening, calculating the total gain and average daily gain perperiods and per each phase separately. When fattening youth achieved average body weight of 35 kg, itwas considered a complete fattening period and control slaughter were performed for each experimentalvariant and for the control group. Statistical parameters were calculated, Fisher test was applied. Byindustrial cross breed it has been obtained an improvement of growth rate, precocity and specificconsumption.

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meat, production, cross breed, sheep, fattening

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STUDY REGARDING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME CONTROLLING METHODS ON COLORADO POTATO BEETLE AT THE POTATO pag. 241-246

Roxana ZEPA (BEJAN), D. PETANEC, Lavinia MICU, Cristina CORADINI, Cristina CORADINI

Knowing for the first time Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), as being a dangerous pest of potatoes cultures by Edgerton, (1861) it had an profoundeffect on the employees engaged in investigation and agricultural production (farmers). That insectcontributed to the first time in usage of the insecticides on agricultural culture, that meant it stimulated aeasily and successfully usage of the applications on a large scale also to the others cultures.Over 80years the Colorado beetle was controlled with success by the insecticides, influencing agriculturalgenerations to depend by that unilateral approach to manage that pest; but it existed some additionalproblems associated with the consequences of the insecticides usage on a large scale to control theColorado beetle: the development to insecticides resistance, the cultures lost caused by an inappropriatepulverization, the costs of environment contamination, the costs of investigation to maintain efficientprograms of controlling the beetle. Thus, the control with biological products was famous in the lastyears. In Romania relatively realized a few investigations about controlling the Colorado beetle with bioproducts. Taken in view all those quotes the present work proposed to test some insecticides and some bioproduct in controlling that pest from the potatoes cultures.The immediately practical usage of theinvestigation results sustained the proposed work. To realize the treatments with chemical and biologicalproducts in the year 2012, the experimental field was placed in Didactical Base of Timisoara USAB.Inour investigations was tested the efficiency of some biological methods of control comparative with theone chemical. The experimental field was formed from 3 repetitions, every repetition with 4 variants. Itwere used the following products: V1- untreated species, V2- Calypso 480 SC, V3- Faster 10 CE, V4-extract of chilli.The chemical products tested had a good efficiency in controlling the beetle populationsfrom the potato culture. Analyzing the results it could observe that the best efficiency in controlling theColorado beetle had Calypso product 480 SC with a efficiency over 90%, followed by Faster 10 CE witha efficiency over 80%.The biologic insecticide used (the extract of chilli) had a lower efficiency (a littleover 40%) in controlling the beetle.To conclude, the chemical products tested had a higher efficiencythan the biological ones, and thus the contributions proposed regarding the biological insecticides usageto be used in practice would be completed and further improved.

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Leptinotarsa decemlineata, biological controlling, chemical controlling

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INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA) ON SOME SPECIES OF POTATO TO DIDACTICAL BASE OF TIMISOARA USAB AND HATEG LOCALITY, HUNEDOARA DISTRICT pag. 247-252

Roxana ZEPA (BEJAN), D. PETANEC, Lavinia MICU, Cristina CORADINI

Among the years 1923-1925 at the laboratories of biological investigations, of HarvardUniversity it were took place experiments that followed to a publication of a report concerning theselection capacity of the nutrition by the Colorado beetle. Recently, it was published one or twoadditional works referring to choose as testifier plant of the potato by the Colorado beetle and thus thatproblem appeared good for investigation. Besides its importance as pest of the potato cultures theColorado beetle was of special interest by the cause of obviously change of its type of nutrition withleaves of domestic potato (Solanum tuberosum) that took place with more than a century ago, when it wasfirstly remarked that it feed with the leaves of wild potato (Solanum rostratum). However, the preferencesof that pest face to the testifier weren’t so clear and that meant it were realized some studies by moreentomologist from abroad, while in our country the investigations in that domain were poor and inconsequences it might be completed and further improved. After the bibliographic study made, the mainpurpose of the investigations was to identify some Romanian and abroad species of Solanum tuberosumpreferred as testifier plant the Colorado beetle and with a great sensibility to its attack, in regions (healand plain) to the weather conditions. For realizing some investigations during the years 2012, theexperimental field was placed to Didactical Base of Timisoara USAB, Timis district and to familiar farmfrom Hateg locality, Hunedoara district.Species taken in study were: the Romanian local species andMarfona Dutch species. Between the two species of potato taken in study, the Marfona Dutch species wasthe one with a bigger sensibility to the attack of Colorado being obviously preferred by it. Taken in viewthe two regions with different weather conditions, the pest density was higher to the plain (Timisoaralocality), than to the hill (Hateg locality).In conclusion, we could say that the hill region was one morefavorable for potato culture than the plain region because it wasn’t a place with a highest risk for theattack of Colorado beetle, and the damages produced weren’t too high for the culture; and so far thespecies cropped, were better to the culture of Romanian local species because was more resistant to thebeetle attack comparative with the Dutch species, which was more sensitive.

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Colorado Potato Beetle, potato species, attack, sensibility

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