Rjas

Vol 58, No 2 (2026)

INTEGRATING AGROECOLOGY INTO STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE pag. 3-11

Nicoleta AXINTI¹²³ (ORCID: 0009-0001-7111-3745), Andreea Raluca CHIRIAC¹² (ORCID: 0009-0006-0911-9958), Gabriela Alina CIOROMELE¹²³, G.A. VRÎNCEANU¹², Anca ȘERBAN¹²

Climate change represents one of the most significant challenges facing contemporary agriculture, affecting crop productivity, natural resources, and the stability of food systems worldwide. At the same time, agricultural activities are important sources of greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for sustainable transformation pathways. Agroecology has increasingly emerged as an integrated approach that applies ecological principles to agricultural systems while promoting environmental sustainability, climate resilience, and resource efficiency. This paper provides a conceptual analysis of the role of agroecology in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Through a synthesis of recent scientific literature, the study examines how agroecological practices contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and improved soil and water management. Furthermore, the paper explores the integration of agroecological principles within current European agricultural and climate policies. The originality of the study lies in its integrated assessment of agroecology as a strategic framework capable of simultaneously supporting climate change mitigation, adaptation, and long-term agricultural sustainability, with particular relevance for the European and Romanian agricultural context. The analysis demonstrates that the incorporation of agroecological principles into climate strategies can strengthen ecosystem services, enhance the resilience of farming systems, and contribute to long-term food security and sustainable rural development.

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agroecology; climate change; sustainable agriculture; climate change mitigation; climate adaptation; resilience

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STUDIES AND RESEARCHES REGARDING THE PROCESS OF CLOGGING OF DRAINAGE PIPES, WITH FERRUGINOUS SEDIMENTS IN DRAINAGE SYSTEM SANNICOLAU MARE – SARAVALE, TIMIS COUNTY pag. 12-17

Attila BLENESI-DIMA1 (ORCID: 0009-0001-0495-1132), Daniel DICU1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-0948-9159), Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307), Casiana Mihut1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475), Daniel POPA1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-5185-7196), Sabin Chis2** (ORCID: 0000-0001-6361-0939)

Drainage has, over time, become a highly diversified tool. While a few decades ago it was focused almost exclusively on removing excess water, modern drainage has become part of integrated water management, removing or conserving the necessary volumes of water and also addressing water quality and environmental values. The operating process of drainage pipes consists of absorbing and then removing excess moisture from the soil profile, especially from the area near the plant root system. The clogging of drainage pipes with mineral deposits—particularly mineral deposits of iron and manganese compounds—is one of the most widespread causes of the malfunction of an absorbent drainage network. Also, to improve soil quality, humans can intervene through various pedo-hydrological or agro-phyto-technical measures such as fertilisation, irrigation, drainage, terracing, embankment, deep ploughing, etc. Soil reaction is corrected using amendments—calcium for acidic soils and gypsum for alkaline soils. It is important to maintain the humus content of the soil through the incorporation of organic matter, as humus also plays a significant ecological role by reducing environmental pollution with xenobiotic substances. The improvement of soils with excess moisture includes a set of hydro-improvement methods (drainage, land reclamation, embankment) and agro-pedological measures (deep loosening, levelling, land shaping, drainage). The complexity of the process, along with the insufficient study of the formation of ferruginous deposits, has led the authors to investigate the nature of their formation in order to establish methods for preventing and combating the clogging of drainage pipes.

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soil, excess moisture, drainage, sediments, agriculture

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SOME METHODS FOR PREVENTING AND FIGHTING AGAINST THE CLOGGING OF DRAINAGE PIPES WITH FERRUGINOUS SEDIMENTS pag. 18-24

Attila BLENESI-DIMA1 (ORCID: 0009-0001-0495-1132), Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307), Casiana MIHUT1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475), Lavinia PETANEC1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099), Daniel POPA1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-5185-7196), Sabin CHIS2 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6361-0939)

Drainage works are hydro-ameliorative measures intended to lower the groundwater table in the soil and to remove excess saline water resulting from soil leaching conditions, which are necessary for soil improvement. The depth to which the groundwater table is lowered relative to the ground surface (called the drainage norm) depends on the pedoclimatic zone, the agricultural crops, and the soil layer subjected to leaching. The conditions required by plants are called drainage criteria and have been relatively little studied; more attention has been given to the groundwater level and its variation regime, as well as to soil salinity in the root zone. The decrease in agricultural yield is caused, at high groundwater levels, by a lack of air in the soil, and at low levels, by a lack of water in the soil. In clay soils, in order to achieve good agricultural production, the groundwater level must be maintained at a lower depth. Through this paper, we aim to ensure the prerequisites for the proper and long-term functioning of drainage pipes used in drainage and land reclamation systems. In another study, we analyzed the process of formation and deposition of iron and manganese compounds in drainage pipes. In the present paper, we further examine and propose certain preventive measures to avoid and combat the clogging of drainage pipes with mineral deposits, especially those of iron and manganese compounds. At the same time, we provide recommendations regarding the design, construction, and operation of drainage networks.

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soil, excess moisture, drainage, sediments, agriculture

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GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ARABLE LAND AND SOIL EROSION IN SIC AREA USING PYTHON AND GIS pag. 25-33

George CIOLPAN2, Iulia COROIAN1, Rodica SOBOLU1, Luisa ANDRONIE1, Ancuța ROTARU3

This study presents an integrated geospatial analysis of arable land in the Sic area, aiming to highlight the relationships between agricultural land use, soil units, erosion processes, and the delineation of homogeneous territories through the use of Python and GIS techniques. The research is based on the processing and integration of multiple thematic spatial datasets, including land use categories, soil types, erosion intensity, and territorial characteristics of the study area. The methodological workflow involves the use of specialized Python libraries for geospatial analysis, such as GeoPandas, Rasterio, Matplotlib, and Shapely, enabling efficient data import, management, overlay operations, and spatial interpretation of both vector and raster data. Arable land areas were extracted and spatially correlated with existing soil units, followed by the assessment of erosion patterns and the identification of homogeneous territorial units based on similarities in pedological and morphometric characteristics. The results highlight the spatial distribution of agriculturally suitable lands, areas affected by erosion, and zones with relatively uniform territorial behavior. These findings provide valuable support for agricultural management strategies, soil conservation measures, and sustainable land-use planning. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating Python-based workflows with GIS technologies in conducting reproducible, scalable, and analytically robust spatial assessments of rural environments.

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GIS, Python, arable land

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LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR SUNFLOWER USING GIS IN SIC (CLUJ COUNTY) pag. 34-44

Iulia COROIAN1, George CIOLPAN2, Rodica SOBOLU1, Luisa ANDRONIE1, Ancuța ROTARU3

This study presents an integrated geospatial analysis of land suitability for sunflower cultivation in Sic locality (Cluj County, Romania), using GIS techniques and data derived from satellite imagery and digital elevation models. The main objective is to identify and map optimal agricultural areas by considering a set of key environmental and pedological factors, including soil type and texture, terrain slope, groundwater depth, erosion risk, and relief characteristics. The methodology involves the integration of thematic spatial datasets within a GIS environment, followed by the extraction of morphometric parameters such as slope and terrain configuration from a digital elevation model. Soil texture and type are analyzed using available pedological maps, while erosion susceptibility is assessed through terrain analysis and spatial modeling. Groundwater depth is incorporated as a limiting factor, given the sensitivity of sunflower crops to excessive soil moisture conditions. A multi-criteria evaluation approach based on the Weighted Overlay method is applied to combine all influencing factors and to classify the study area into different suitability classes. The resulting maps highlight spatial patterns of highly suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable areas for sunflower cultivation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of GIS-based approaches in agricultural land assessment and provide valuable decision-support tools for sustainable land management, crop planning, and erosion risk mitigation in rural environments.

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GIS, sunflower, groundwater

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LINEAR CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN CASE OF SOME EXOTIC FRUIT COMPOTES pag. 45-52

Cozma Antoanela, Velciov Ariana, Lalescu Dacian, Mihut Casiana, Anișoara Duma Copcea, Scedei Daniela, Okros Adalbert, Petcu Mihaela

The physicochemical properties of processed fruit products are important indicators of their quality, stability and nutritional value. Understanding the relationships between these properties can contribute to improved characterization and control of fruit-derived foods. The aim of this study was to investigate the statistical relationships between selected physicochemical parameters of exotic fruit compotes prepared from pineapple (Ananas comosus) and mango (Mangifera indica). Experimental samples were produced in three formulations: without additives, with brown sugar and with non-caloric sweetener. The analyzed parameters included pH, total soluble solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (G) and dynamic viscosity (η). Physicochemical measurements were performed using standard analytical methods, while statistical analysis was carried out using linear regression models and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in STATISTICA 10 software. The results revealed statistically significant correlations between several physicochemical parameters. A strong negative correlation was observed between pH and electrical conductivity (r = −0.81, p < 0.05), indicating that increased ionic concentration is associated with decreased pH values. Additionally, a strong positive correlation was identified between refractive index and dynamic viscosity (r = 0.86, p < 0.05), suggesting that sugar concentration plays a major role in determining the rheological behavior of fruit compotes. These findings demonstrate that physicochemical parameters can serve as reliable indicators for quality characterization of exotic fruit compotes.

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exotic fruit compotes, physicochemical parameters, viscosity, electrical conductivity, regression analysis

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BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF THE DJURDJURA MOUNTAINS, ALGERIA pag. 53-63

Maroua DAHBI1, Douaa DAHBI2, Raul PAȘCALĂU1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-9335-0939), Laura SMULEAC1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-3901-5691)

This study focuses on the biodiversity and environmental importance of the Djurdjura Mountains in Algeria, a significant ecological region in North Africa. The Djurdjura National Park, located in northern Algeria within the Tell Atlas mountain range, is part of the Kabylies–Numidia–Kroumirie biodiversity hotspot, which is recognized as one of the most important conservation areas in the mediterranean basin. The area is known for its rich ecosystems and has been recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve due to its high biological diversity and environmental value. The Djurdjura Mountains host a wide variety of plant and animal species, including endemic and endangered species such as the Barbary macaque. Its diverse vegetation includes cedar forests, oak trees, and other Mediterranean species, contributing to the ecological richness of the region. In addition to its biodiversity, the Djurdjura Mountains play a crucial role in climate regulation, water resource management, and the preservation of natural habitats. However, this ecosystem faces several threats, including climate change and human activities. The Djurdjura ecosystem is shaped by the complex interaction between climatic variability, topography, hydrological processes, vegetation structure, and anthropogenic influences. In conclusion, the Djurdjura Mountains represent an essential natural heritage that requires sustainable management and conservation efforts to protect its biodiversity and ecological functions.

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Djurdjura Mountains, biodiversity, environmental importance, flora and fauna, ecosystem conservation

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COMBATING THE POLYSTIGMA RUBRUM FUNGUS IN PLUM PLANTATIONS BY APPLYING INNOVATIVE FUNGICIDES pag. 64-70

Snejana DAMIANOV(ORCID: 0009-0006-1931-6613), Ioana GROZEA (ORCID: 0000-0002-2186-4364), L. MOLNAR (ORCID: 0009-0000-5324-6096), Ana Maria VÎRTEIU(ORCID: 0000-0001-5767-5250)

This paper presents the results of testing new remedies for control using fungicides with rapid uptake in plants against the obligate parasitic pathogen Polystigam rubrum that causes red spot on plum leaves. The action of phytosanitary products, Signum, Folpan 80 WDG, Bellis, Amistar, Score EC was investigated in terms of their effectiveness, comparing those with a single active substance and those with two active substances, the results obtained being without obvious differences in terms of their effectiveness, which allows their recommendation in the integrated management of plum protection. Amistar and Bellis fungicides are part of the strobilurin category with systemic and contact action at the same time, being the most recommended in plum protection against the fungus Polystigam rubrum because they have immediate action upon the appearance of the disease and then later during the vegetation period of the trees. Reducing crop losses requires addressing the problem of identifying effective measures for plum protection, which would contribute to reducing the intensity of the development of key diseases and their harmfulness, by applying a minimum number of chemical treatments. The success of combating diseases through chemotherapy requires the correct determination of the timing of treatment applications, the use of highly effective fungicides, as well as the diversification of the range of approved chemical products.

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plum, pathogen, fungicide, efficiency, frequency, intensity, degree of attack

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CLIMATE CHANGE, GREEN FINANCING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT pag. 71-79

L. DANCEA1 (ORCID: 0009-0003-9734-364X), P. GESIMBA2, Wanjugu WACHIRA2

Global warming has been experienced due to greenhouse gas emissions that blanket the earth thus trapping the sun’s heat leading to severe storms, increased drought, rising ocean levels and unpredictable weather patterns. The objective of thisbaseline study was to explore means to transform and empower communities economically through transformative leadership by creating land-based carbon sink by establishing the climate and demographic changes in the last 30 years, estimation of the changes in area covered by vegetation and calculation of the amount of carbon dioxide that can be absorbed and sold as credits locally or internationally. The theories adopted for the study ware Sustainable Development Theory, Community Based Adaptation and Participatory Planning Theory. Temperature, precipitation, wind-speed data was obtained from satellite data using Glovis software and the Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) website. Demographic and land use data was collected through a surveyquestionnaires and from government records. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics using excel software. From the results it was apparent that in the last 30 years, annual maximum temperatures have increased by 0.8oC with the biggest change being experienced in the years between 2014 and 2024. Minimum temperatures have also reduced by 0.83o C in the last 30 years with the biggest change being experienced in the years between 2004 and 2014. Precipitation increased by 760 mm with the highest change experienced in the years between 2014 and 2024 while wind speed also increasing by 3.7 km/hr. which significant changes between the years 2004 and 2014. Farm sizes also reduced by 50% while the number of trees per acre was reduced by 25%. Generally, the population increased by 75% with the number of men to women ratio being 1:2 respectively. Current and past forest cover data collected extrapolation has been used to determine below ground and above ground carbon changes. Carbon credits were then calculated using established standards. The same imaging and extrapolation, estimates were made from full county forest coverage verses current status and the figures converted to monetary value. This forms the basis for recommendations for the county on the best land use systems for transformative community empowerment economically through informed leadership by creating a land-based carbon sink.

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Climate Change, Carbon Sequestration, Carbon trading, green financing

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IMPACT OF CHANGING RAINFALL PATTERNS ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF GARISSA AND EMBU COUNTIES pag. 80-85

Lucretiu Dancea1, Wanjugu Wachirai2 , Michael Mungai3

Climate change has significantly affected economies, livelihoods, and biodiversity globally, with rural communities in Kenya being more severely impacted than urban counterparts. This study investigates the impact of changing rainfall patterns on rural livelihoods in Embu and Garissa counties, selected for their contrasting climatic conditions; Embu as an agricultural hub with higher and more stable rainfall, and Garissa as an arid region dependent on pastoralism. The study aimed to compare rainfall patterns and establish their effects on livelihoods in these counties. Descriptive statistics revealed that Embu receives significantly more rainfall (108.87 mm) than Garissa (28.32 mm), and paired samples analysis confirmed this difference as statistically significant. Regression results showed no significant long-term rainfall trend in either county, highlighting the unpredictability of rainfall. The analysis also found no significant relationship between rainfall and agricultural land area in Embu; however, a moderate but statistically significant relationship was identified between Garissa's average rainfall and grazeland area. These findings suggest that while rainfall affects agricultural and pastoral land use, the variation in rainfall across years plays a role in shaping livelihood strategies, underscoring the need for climate-resilient approaches in rural communities. Key findings revealed the differential impact of rainfall patterns on the livelihoods of these counties emphasizes the importance of region-specific adaptive strategies, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas like Garissa, which face greater vulnerability to climatic shocks.

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Climate Change, rural livelihoods, rainfall patterns

Presentation: oral presentation

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THE INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON SOIL QUALITY FROM TORMAC, TIMIS COUNTY pag. 86-94

Daniel Dorin DICU, Iasmina-Amalia OPREAN, Radu BERTICI, Mihai Valentin HERBEI, Attila BLENESI-DIMA

The soil represents the loose layer at the Earth’s surface which, over time, has acquired its main characteristic—fertility—through the simultaneous and long-term action of natural pedogenetic factors. Originally, the Earth’s crust was compact and unsuitable for plant development, consisting solely of rocks and minerals. Continuous interaction with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and later the biosphere led to the disintegration and alteration of rocks, transforming the hard and compact mass into a loosened material capable of supporting plant life. This transformation marks the beginning of soil formation, during which processes such as the accumulation of organic matter, eluviation, and illuviation gradually shape the structure and properties of the soil. The importance of soil is fundamental for all life on Earth, considering that over 90% of human and animal food originates directly or indirectly from it. The continuous reduction of arable land per capita—estimated to decrease to only 0.10 ha by the year 2150—highlights the need for innovative and sustainable technologies that can prevent soil degradation and maintain its productive capacity. Soil is regarded as the essential natural resource of efficient and sustainable agricultural systems and as the “heart” of terrestrial ecosystems due to its role as a reservoir of energy, water, and nutrients, as well as its direct influence on the process of photosynthesis. Humanity’s relationship with soil dates back to ancient times, representing the foundation of the first agricultural revolution and the development of early agriculture, emphasizing the decisive role of soil in the evolution of human society.

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Fertility, Soil, Sustainability, Soil structure, Mineralization processes

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EUROPEAN BISON (BISON BONASUS) BEHAVIOR IN SEMI-LIBERTY, ALIGNING FIELD OBSERVATIONS WITH REFERENCE ETHOGRAMS pag. 95-104

Maria DINULESCU1, Mihaela Liana FERICEAN1* (ORCID: 0000-0002-0958-0342), Mihaela IVAN1, Mihaela OSTAN1 (ORCID: 0009-0005-2501-3638), Olga Alina RADA1 (ORCID: 0009-0000-1318-6236), Florin PRUNAR1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-4318-1107), Silvia PRUNAR1 (ORCID: 0009-0009-9401-5433), Mohamed ABDO2, 3*, Ioan BANATEAN-DUNEA1 (ORCID: 0009-0002-5254-5208)

The present study investigated the seasonal behavioral patterns of European bison (Bison bonasus) maintained under semi-liberty conditions in the Hațeg–Slivuț Reserve, Romania. Ethological observations were conducted throughout all four seasons in order to evaluate the daily activity budget and the main categories of behavior, including feeding, resting, exploration, social interactions, reproductive behavior, and agonistic activities. Behavioral observations were organized into seasonal ethograms that reflected the temporal distribution of activities during a 24-hour cycle. The results demonstrated significant seasonal variation in behavioral expression. During spring, summer, and autumn, European bison exhibited two major feeding peaks, occurring in the early morning and late afternoon, while midday periods were predominantly associated with resting and rumination behaviors. In contrast, winter activity patterns were characterized by reduced locomotor activity, prolonged resting periods, and concentration of feeding behavior around supplementary feeding sites. Feeding behavior also varied seasonally according to vegetation availability. Fresh grasses, shoots, and herbaceous plants dominated the diet during spring and summer, whereas bark, twigs, dry plant material, and supplementary fodder became increasingly important during autumn and winter. Social interactions were more frequent during the breeding season, particularly among males, where agonistic displays contributed to hierarchy establishment and reproductive competition. Grooming and reciprocal licking behaviors were also observed, emphasizing the importance of social cohesion within the herd. Overall, the observed behavioral repertoire corresponded closely with reference ethograms described in the scientific literature for free-ranging European bison populations. The study highlights the adaptive behavioral flexibility of Bison bonasus under semi-liberty management conditions and supports the importance of ethological monitoring for conservation and welfare assessment programs.

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European bison; Bison bonasus; ethology; seasonal behavior; feeding behavior; semi-liberty conditions

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THE USE OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS SUSPENSION AS A BIOSTIMULATOR IN THE CULTIVATION OF WHEAT pag. 105-111

Sergiu DOBROJAN1, (ORCID: 0000-0003-0040-5836), Jigău GHEORGE1, ORCID: (0000-0002-4778-2105) Galina DOBROJAN1, ORCID: (0009-0003-1629-2220) Melnic VICTOR1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-9625-1693) Angela MELNIC1, (ORCID:0009-0000-5456-5793)

One of the priority directions of agriculture in the Republic of Moldova is the cultivation of plants, especially in the context of frequent droughts in recent years. The main crops that provide significant yields and economic benefits for farmers are winter crops, of which wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is of major importance. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of applying Chlorella vulgaris suspension on seed germination and quantitative and qualitative parameters of wheat. The application of the algal suspension to seed germination determined an increase in the generative faculty by 2%, a greater height of juvenile plants and the root system by 0.4 cm, as well as an increase in the number of roots. Following subsequent treatments of soil and plants with algal suspension, an increase in the yield by 0.55 t/ha, an increase in gluten content and a slight increase in the protein content of wheat seeds were recorded. The results obtained indicate that the use of Chlorella vulgaris suspension has positive effects on the development and performance of wheat under the conditions of the Republic of Moldova. Based on these results, we can conclude that the Chlorella vulgaris suspension presents premises for industrial application in the mass cultivation of wheat in the conditions of the Republic of Moldova.

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algae, biostimulator, wheat

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CONCEPTUALIZING NATURE THROUGH METAPHOR IN LIFE SCIENCE EDUCATION: A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION pag. 112-117

Alina DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1270-0728), Alexandra IBRIC1, Iasmina IOSIM1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1477-5985), Marius R. LUNGU1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-2907-6194), Alina MARGHITAN1, Lavinia M. MICU1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099)

Language plays a fundamental role in shaping how individuals conceptualize, interpret, and describe the natural environment. In educational settings, particularly in Life Sciences study programs, students often rely on metaphorical language to express their relationship with nature and environment. Drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) developed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), this study investigates how first-year university students conceptualize nature through conventional metaphors. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with students enrolled in various Life Sciences fields, including horticulture, landscaping, genetics, biotechnology, and biology at the University of Life Sciences (ULS) in Timisoara. Using qualitative content analysis (Silverman, 2006), the study identifies recurring metaphorical expressions and categorizes them into three primary source domains: ANIMALS/BEINGS, HABITATS, and OBJECTS/FEELINGS. The findings suggest that students frequently conceptualize nature as a nurturing parental figure, a home-like habitat, or an emotional entity that evokes feelings of connection, gratitude, enchantment, or concern. These metaphors reflect broader sociocultural interpretations of human–nature relationships and reveal how environmental awareness and academic specialization influence linguistic representations of nature. The study contributes to research in environmental linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) education by highlighting the importance of metaphor awareness in Life Sciences communication and environmental discourse.

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English for Specific Purposes (ESP), ecolinguistics, semiotics, teaching, humanities, life sciences.

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CULTIVATING SYSTEMIC THINKING THROUGH EDUSEMIOTICS AND HOLISTIC LANGUAGE EDUCATION pag. 118-125

Alina DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1270-0728), Viorca BOACA1 (ORCID: 0009-0008-8962-8502), Codruta GAVRILA1 (ORCID: 0009-0005-1827-5162), Lavinia M. MICU1 ((ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099)), Marius R. LUNGU1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-2907-6194), Lulzime KAMBERI2

The increasing complexity of global ecological challenges necessitates the development of systemic thinking and relational awareness in education, particularly in disciplines connected to life sciences. This paper explores how holistic language education, grounded in the principles of edusemiotics, can foster ecological literacy and cultivate learners’ capacity to understand interconnected systems. The paper highlights the need to develop a systemic and relational understanding as the basis underlying the domain of language interactions for the purpose of better integrating sustainable concepts related to the life sciences. Ecological issues and the need to develop critical skills such as ecoliteracy and ecological awareness have become relevant topics in academic environments across disciplines of study, especially in the Life Sciences. Students from the University of Life Sciences ‘King Mihai I’ from Timisoara specializing in fields related to this area of study (agriculture, horticulture, genetics, biology, biotechnologies, food and animal science, veterinary medicine, etc.) are encouraged to grasp the fact that we are not independent of the world around us and we have to take into account that social/cultural/biological entities and phenomena are interrelated at many levels in highly dynamic processes. It is through language and communication that we become capable of making these connections and understanding the relevance of these aspects from a holistic point of view in order to study and to live sustainably. In this context, we infer the need to develop systemic thinking and a relational approach underlying linguistic interactions while learning English for the Life Sciences.

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English for Specific Purposes (ESP), ecolinguistics, semiotics, teaching, humanities, life sciences.

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MECHANIZATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR ALFALFA IN THE PECIU NOU AREA pag. 126-131

Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307), Casiana MIHUT1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475), Lavinia Mădălina MICU1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099), N.D.POPA1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5182-7196), A. BLENESI- DIMA1, (ORCID: 0009-0001-0495-1132), M.S. STROIA1 C. MOLDOVAN2, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6888-2802), Natalia MOCANU 3, (ORCID: 0000-0002-8523-1080), S.T. BUNGESCU, Antoanela COZMA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-6837-2586)

The main goal of the work is to evaluate and streamline the technological flow of mechanization for alfalfa cultivation in the Peciu Nou area. The aim is to identify the most suitable equipment configurations that ensure high yield, maintain the nutritional quality of the forage and reduce operational costs (fuel and labor) in the specific soil and climate conditions of the Timiș Plain. The objectives of the study are: analysis of local conditions: - evaluation of the influence of soil type (predominantly chernozem) on the seedbed preparation works; optimization of the set of machines: - selection of optimal machines for sowing, maintenance and, especially, for staged harvesting (mowing, turning, gathering, baling); loss reduction: - minimization of plant mass losses (especially leaves) by correctly choosing the timing and working speed of the machines; energy efficiency: monitoring diesel consumption per unit of finished product. The study was carried out on a farm in Peciu Nou, using an experimental area cultivated with a variety of alfalfa adapted to the western area. The material used was a fleet of medium-power tractors, conditioner mowers, rotary rakes and balers (cylindrical/parallelepipedal bales). The implementation of optimized mechanization technology led to a reduction in work execution time by approximately 15-20% compared to the traditional method. The use of mowers equipped with conditioning systems accelerated the drying process of the plant mass, reducing the risk of degradation due to unpredictable precipitation. Also, by correctly calibrating the balers, an optimal bale density was obtained, facilitating transport and storage. The final results indicate that the correct choice of the moment of mechanized intervention is crucial for preserving the crude protein content of alfalfa in the Peciu Nou area.

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technology, mechanization, alfalfa, Peciu Nou

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EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AND LOSS INDICES IN MECHANIZED HARVESTING OF WINTER WHEAT IN ATYPICAL VEGETATION CONDITIONS pag. 132-137

Anișoara DUMA COPCEA, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307), Casiana MIHUT, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475), V. MAZĂRE, (ORCID: 0009-0003-1751-8762), K.I. LATO, (ORCID: 0009-0007-7411-078)9, Lavinia Mădălina MICU, (ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099), N.D.POPA, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5182-7196), A. BLENESI- DIMA, (ORCID: 0009-0001-0495-1132), C. MOLDOVAN, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6888-2802)

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the technological flow for harvesting winter wheat (Lovrin 34 variety) in the specific pedoclimatic conditions of the Răcășdia area (Caraș-Severin county), focusing on the impact of atypical climatic factors (high humidity and 90% fall rate) on the performance of high-capacity combines. The objective of the study was to estimate the productive potential, determine biological production through biometric indicators (Nsp, Nb, MMB). The research was carried out in July 2025, on an area of 240 ha, using two combines: Claas Lexion 600 and John Deere W 650. The metric frame sampling method (1 m2) was applied to determine the density and stubble losses. The working speed was measured by the standard sector method (33 m), and the technological losses were calculated by collecting unthreshed ears and loose grains after the passage of the aggregates. Regarding the productivity results, an average production of 6108 kg/ha was obtained, with a MMB of 42 g. Kinematic indices, in fields with a slope of 90%, the actual forward speed decreased drastically to 0.422 m/s, compared to the theoretical value of 0.919 m/s, to ensure a constant mass flow. Losses during cutting, due to the absence of plant lifters on the header in lying conditions, average losses of 107.2 kg/ha were recorded. The impact of humidity, at a humidity of 23%, total losses due to unthreshed ears and poor separation ranged between 45.6 and 48.2 kg/ha. Combine performance is strongly conditioned by the vegetative state; fallen grain requires reducing the working speed by over 50% to minimize losses at the header. In high humidity conditions, it is mandatory to operate the thresher at higher speeds to compensate for the adhesion of the grains in the ear, while equipping the header with plant lifters is critical for recovering approx. 100 kg/ha in years with crop drop phenomena.

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wheat, evaluation, technology, harvesting

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INFLUENCE OF STIMULATIVE FEEDING OF NURSE BEES ON ROYAL JELLY PRODUCTION pag. 138-147

Nicolae EREMIA 1, Vitalie JEREGHI 1

The study evaluated the influence of stimulative feeding of nurse bees on royal jelly production in the absence of a maintenance nectar flow. Four groups of queenless rearing colonies were formed and administered 50% sugar syrup supplemented with the biostimulant MF-SIB-49 at doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.2 mL/L, while the control group received pure sugar syrup. Frames with 45, 90 and 135 grafted larvae were introduced over three production cycles, and larval acceptance, queen-cell diameter and length, queen-cell mass with larva and royal jelly, and royal jelly yield per queen cell and per colony were assessed. The best overall results were obtained in the group fed with 2.0 mL/L biostimulant, where the total amount of royal jelly reached 66.144 g over three cycles, representing 45.4% more than in the control group. The results show that the stimulative feeding can improve larval acceptance, queen-cell development and royal jelly yield, especially when administered at an optimal dose during the larval rearing period. Following the evaluation, it was found that, in the absence of a maintenance nectar flow, feeding nurse bees with a mixture of sugar syrup and biostimulant stimulates royal jelly secretion, which is necessary for the development of grafted larvae.

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royal jelly, nurse bees, stimulative feeding, biostimulant, larval acceptance

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COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS OF TURCANA SHEEP IN EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS pag. 148-157

Mihaela Liana FERICEAN1(ORCID: 0000-0002-0958-0342), Mihaela IVAN1, Mihaela OSTAN1(ORCID: 0009-0005-2501-3638), Olga Alina RADA1*(ORCID: 0009-0000-1318-6236), Florin PRUNAR1(ORCID: 0000-0003-4318-1107), Silvia PRUNAR1(ORCID: 0009-0009-9401-5433), Mohamed ABDO2, 3*, Aziz ŞATANA4, Emanuela PRICOP1, Ioan BANATEAN-DUNEA1 (ORCID: 0009-0002-5254-5208)

This study aimed to compare the behavioural patterns of Turcana sheep reared under extensive and intensive production systems, with emphasis on feeding and grazing, rumination, resting, locomotor activity, social behaviour and maternal behaviour. Field observations were carried out on a flock of 250 Turcana sheep raised in an extensive system in Vârfurile locality, Arad County, Romania. Behavioural data for the intensive system were obtained from the scientific literature and used as a comparative reference. The observations focused on the daily distribution of the main behavioural activities and their relationship with the production environment. Sheep maintained under extensive conditions showed a more natural behavioural rhythm, characterized by grazing, higher movement, flock cohesion and environmental exploration. In contrast, the intensive system was associated with a more structured daily activity pattern, determined mainly by housing conditions and feeding schedule. The statistical analysis indicated significant differences between the two systems for rumination behaviour, the results suggest that the extensive production system allows a broader expression of natural behaviours in Turcana sheep, while intensive management provides greater control but may restrict behavioural diversity and locomotor activity. These findings highlight the importance of behavioural assessment as a practical tool for evaluating welfare in sheep farming. The study also emphasizes the need to adapt management practices to the biological requirements of local breeds, to improve animal welfare, productivity, and sustainability in different production systems.

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Turcana sheep, behaviour, extensive system, intensive system, animal welfare, ethogram

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THE USE OF COLONY FORMING UNIT AS INDICATOR OF DECOMPOSITION MICROBIOME – A MODIFIED LITTERBAG APPROACH pag. 158-166

Alexandra GHEORGHIȚĂ1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-4122-1283), Roxana VIDICAN1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-3007-2799), Bianca POP1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-7528-7577), Vlad STOIAN1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1518-8037)

Organic matter decomposition is an important process that assures the recycling of nutrients in agroecosystem soils. This research aimed to assess the presence of decomposition-associated microorganisms on both the organic material and the bag surface, considering them as a buffer between the soil and organic matter. The study of the organic matter decomposition process was conducted using a modified litterbag method, based on tea bags filled with chopped straw, placed in an experimental field exposed to long-term fertilization. Serial dilutions were performed on both the straw material and the surface of the bag that came into contact with the soil and decomposing plant matter. The development of microorganisms increased progressively at 24, 48, and 72 hours, but a maximum CFU (mixed colonies) was recorded in variant 9 for the plant biomass. To this variant intensive soil amendment (5 t/ha) was applied with the addition of phosphorus as a mineral fertilizer, while the other variants ranged from values below 100 to just over 600 colonies. Slightly lower values were recorded in the buffer, where the quantity of fine particles from both soil and straw is lower, which explains the decrease in the number of colonies. The phenomenon of confluence appears in variants 3, 4, and 5, in both the plant biomass and the buffer material in more than half of the plates. This phenomenon led to the unification of microbial colonies, which reduced their visibility and individuality, this process being observed particularly between 48 and 72 hours of incubation. The dynamics of organic matter decomposition are closely associated with the activity of soil microorganisms involved in the transformation and recycling of nutrients. Colony-forming units serve as a useful indicator for evaluating this activity, offering information about the microbial response to various input additions.

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organic matter decomposition, long-term fertilization, microbial colonies, CFU, confluence phenomenon

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STAGE-SPECIFIC SPRINKLER IRRIGATION EFFECTS ON WHEAT YIELD IN THE GREAT ISLAND OF BRĂILA pag. 167-175

Ioana-Andreea GORGOVAN 1,2, Nicolae POPESCU 1,2*, Daniela TRIFAN 1, Ionel-Alin GHIORGHE 1, Mircea SEVASTEL 2

Efficient water and nutrient management represent a major challenge in modern wheat production systems, especially under increasing climatic variability. Beyond yield response, understanding the interaction between irrigation scheduling, soil moisture dynamics and nitrogen availability is essential for optimizing crop performance. This study aims to evaluate the effects of stage-specific sprinkler irrigation on soil water regime and nitrogen forms, and their influence on wheat yield formation under the pedoclimatic conditions of the Insula Mare a Brăilei, Romania. The experimental field is established within the Agricultural Research and Development Station Brăila, using a multifactorial design that includes irrigation regimes applied at key phenological stages (stem elongation, heading and grain filling), wheat varieties adapted to local conditions, and two crop density levels. Soil analyses focus on moisture content and nitrogen dynamics, including nitrate (NO₃⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺) and related forms, monitored in relation to irrigation timing. Plant measurements include growth parameters, yield components and grain quality indicators such as protein and gluten content. The working hypothesis assumes that irrigation applied at critical growth stages modifies soil moisture distribution and nitrogen availability, improving nutrient uptake efficiency and contributing to yield stability. Preliminary observations indicate that irrigation timing influences both nitrogen transformation processes and plant response, suggesting a strong interaction between water management and nutrient dynamics. The expected results will contribute to the development of integrated irrigation strategies that optimize both, water use efficiency and nitrogen utilization, providing practical recommendations for high-performance wheat production systems under local environmental conditions.

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soil moisture; nitrogen dynamics; nitrate; ammonium; water use efficiency

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SELECTION OF PARENTAL LINES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROMISING CUCUMBER HYBRIDS pag. 176-179

V.F.GOROKHOVSKY, E-mail:apis-agro@yandex.ru (ORCID:009-0004-8759-846X) T.I.MOKRYANSKAYA, E-mail:pniish@yandex.ru E.A.SHULYAK, E-mail:pniish@yandex.ru

Cucumber, a staple vegetable crop, is quite widespread worldwide. Currently, the most important goal in cucumber breeding is to develop promising parthenocarpic and bee-pollinated hybrids with a combination of economically valuable traits and properties for general use. These hybrids are suitable for both protected (plastic greenhouses) and open-air cultivation; for fresh consumption and canning; and for high yields of standard fruits, early maturity, transportability and resistance to key diseases, primarily downy mildew. The aim of the research was to evaluate and select promising parental maternal and paternal lines of parthenocarpic and bee-pollinated cucumbers based on a set of useful traits in a nursery of parental varieties. The research was conducted at the Pridnestrovian Research Institute of Agriculture in 2024-2025 years. The studies were conducted in protected soil and solar-heated plastic greenhouses. The primary focus of the study was the maternal and paternal lines of parthenocarpic and bee-pollinated cucumber hybrids, which served as the basis for the development of regionalized and new promising cucumber hybrids bred by the institute. The study utilized established, basic hybridization and selection methods and the experiments were conducted according to generally accepted methodology. A comprehensive assessment of morphological traits resulted in the identification of several promising parental forms of parthenocarpic and bee-pollinated cucumber. Among the best were the female line FL-85 and the paternal line S-3. These identified lines will serve as the basis for the development of promising, competitive, all-purpose cucumber hybrids.

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breeding, cucumber, hybrid, parental form, female and male line, morphological evaluation

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CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES AND BIOPESTICIDES IN MAIZE PROTECTION: EFFECTS ON BENEFICIAL ARTHROPODS AND RELEVANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE pag. 180-188

Ioana GROZEA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-2186-4364), Dan MANEA1, Annaezia OKONG’O2, Levente MOLNAR1, (ORCID: 0000-0003-0861-1247), Manuela-Dora ORBOI1, Ana Maria VIRTEIU1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5767-5250)

Maize is a strategic crop for agriculture, but its productivity is frequently influenced by pest pressure that requires efficient control measures. In this context, plant protection practices must be assessed not only in relation to pest suppression, but also in terms of their effects on beneficial arthropods that contribute to the ecological balance of maize fields. The aim of this paper is to examine the differences between conventional pesticides and biopesticides with regard to their impact on beneficial arthropod communities in maize crops, while also considering the relevance of these approaches for sustainable crop protection in Romania. The review is based on the analysis of scientific papers indexed in international databases, focusing on studies that address non-target effects, pesticide selectivity, and the role of beneficial fauna in maize agroecosystems. Recent research shows that synthetic pesticides, although often effective in rapid pest control, may disturb natural enemy populations through direct toxicity and indirect ecological effects. By comparison, biopesticides are generally associated with a lower ecological burden and a greater compatibility with integrated pest management strategies, although their performance is not uniform under all field conditions. The novelty of this paper consists in bringing together these aspects within a discussion centered on maize and on the current need for more sustainable protection options in Romania. The main limitation of the review is related to the uneven distribution of available data and the limited number of studies specifically conducted under Romanian agricultural conditions. Even so, the findings underline the practical and scientific importance of choosing crop protection solutions that preserve beneficial biodiversity together with crop productivity.

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maize, beneficial arthropods, conventional pesticides, biopesticides, non-target effects, integrated pest management

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COEXISTENCE OF CEUTORHYNCHUS NAPI AND CEUTORHYNCHUS PALLIDACTYLUS IN OILSEED RAPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR INFESTATION ASSESSMENT AND PLANT DAMAGE EVALUATION pag. 189-197

Ioana GROZEA, (ORCID: 0000-0002-2186-4364), Alin CIOBAN, Delia Gabriela JURCHITA, Laura VORNICU, Snejana DAMIANOV, (ORCID: 0009-0006-1931-6613), Manuela-Dora ORBOI, Ana Maria VIRTEIU, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5767-5250)

The stem weevil complex is among the most important groups of insect pests affecting oilseed rape crops, with Ceutorhynchus napi and Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus frequently occurring under field conditions. Since both species are generally monitored using the same trapping tools and are considered together in crop protection practice, their coexistence may influence infestation assessment at both crop and plant level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the coexistence of C. napi and C. pallidactylus in oilseed rape and to assess its implications for infestation assessment and protection measures. The research was conducted in 2025 and 2026, during the period from 27 February to 3 April, in two locations from western Romania, using a semi-early hybrid. The methodology included adult monitoring with yellow traps, manual plant assessments using a metric frame, and species identification with portable and digital microscopy. One experimental place was assessed under untreated conditions, while the second was monitored under phytosanitary protection. The originality of the study lies in documenting the frequent coexistence of the two species under practical crop conditions and in relating this coexistence to the localization of plant damage. The results showed a slight dominance of C. pallidactylus in yellow-trap captures in both years, while co-infested plants represented 64.8% of the total assessed material. The most frequent symptom recorded at plant level was splitting towards the stem base, whereas galleries in petioles and damage in secondary branches were less frequent. Mean larval presence associated with C. napi was consistently higher than that recorded for C. pallidactylus, indicating a more persistent internal stem attack. Although adult captures declined strongly in the treated place after insecticide application, coexistence remained evident in both places and in both years. The results highlight the need to combine trap monitoring with direct plant assessment for a more accurate interpretation of stem weevil infestation in oilseed rape.

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oilseed rape, stem weevils, Ceutorhynchus napi, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, coexistence, co-infestation, yellow traps, plant damage

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INTEGRATED IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO UNDER THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF WESTERN ROMANIA: THE ROLE OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND WATER QUALITY pag. 198-207

Razvan GUI-BACHNER, Laura ȘMULEAC

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is highly sensitive to water stress, especially during critical growth stages such as tuber initiation and bulking. In Western Romania, increasing climatic variability, uneven rainfall distribution, and frequent drought periods during the growing season significantly impact both yield and tuber quality, making irrigation a key factor in sustainable production. This study evaluates the necessity of irrigation by examining potato water requirements in relation to regional climatic conditions, including temperature patterns, evapotranspiration, and precipitation dynamics. It also considers soil properties such as texture, structure, and water-holding capacity, which influence water availability and irrigation efficiency. In addition, irrigation water quality parameters, including salinity and pH, are analyzed due to their effects on soil condition, nutrient uptake, and crop performance. The results indicate that water deficits during critical phenological stages lead to reduced yields and compromised quality. Modern irrigation systems, such as sprinkler and drip methods, along with monitoring tools like soil moisture sensors, can significantly improve water use efficiency and crop response. Overall, irrigation is not merely supplementary but essential for achieving stable and high-quality potato production under current climatic conditions. Proper management of both soil and water resources is crucial for ensuring sustainability and resilience in Western Romania.

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potato, irrigation, soil properties, water quality, evapotranspiration, climate variability, Western Romania.

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NITROGEN RATE AND FERTILIZER TYPE EFFECTS ON OILSEED RAPE GRAIN YIELD pag. 208-215

Cosmin-Alexandru IANCU1 Adrian Gheorghe BĂȘA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-9490-7601) Lucian Constantin HARAGA2, (ORCID: 0009-0007-5406-2759) Viorel ION1, (ORCID: 0009-0004-3576-0074)

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an oil crop highly demanding for nutrients, especially nitrogen. In the current global context, nitrogen has to be used by farmers in the most efficient way, the rate having to be correlated with the environmental conditions and the yield objectives of the farmer, and the most effective nitrogen fertilizer having to be used. Starting from these ideas, the aim of the performed research was to identify the effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield at winter oilseed rape by using Urea and Urea NG as nitrogen fertilizer in the specific growing conditions of South Romania. In this respect, research was performed in field conditions in South Romania in the years 2023, 2024, and 2025, this having the following experimental factors: Factor A. Nitrogen fertilizer type (a1- no nitrogen fertilizer used - control variant; a2- Urea; a3- Urea NG); Factor B. Nitrogen rate (b1- 100 kg/ha; b2- 130 kg/ha; b3- 160 kg/ha; b4- 190 kg/ha). The field experiment was organized as subdivided macro-plots with 3 replications, each replication having 0.33 ha. For Urea fertilizer, the nitrogen rate of 130 kg/ha (60 kg applied in autumn and 70 kg applied early in the spring) under less favourable climatic conditions, and the nitrogen rate of 160 kg/ha (60 kg applied in autumn and 100 kg applied early in the spring) under favourable climatic conditions were highlighted. For Urea NG fertilizer, the nitrogen rate of 160 kg/ha was highlighted regardless the climatic conditions of the year. Nitrogen is utilized by the oilseed rape plants according to the climatic conditions of the year: the better the climatic conditions of the year, the better the plants use the nitrogen, and higher grain yields are obtained at higher nitrogen rates.

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winter oilseed rape, fertilization, nitrogen rate, nitrogen fertilizer, grain yield

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ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF BIOPHYSICAL DEGRADATION OF ARABLE CHERNOZEMS (CONCEPTUAL-SYNTHETIC APPROACH) pag. 216-229

1 Gheorghe JIGĂU, (ORCID: 0000-0002-4778-2105) Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity", Institute of Ecology and Geography, Moldova State UniversityChisinau 2Sergiu DOBROJAN, (ORCID: 0000-0003-0040-5836) Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity, Moldova State University, Chisinau 2Galina DOBROJAN, (ORCID: 0009-0003-1629-2220) Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity, Moldova State University, Chisinau 1Iulian JIGĂU, (ORCID: 0009-0003-4507-7503)

The antibiotic pollution is evaluated as a component of the biophysical degradation of genetically arable chernozems determined both by the input of antibiotics into the soil with organic fertilizers based on waste from livestock, composts and biohumus obtained from them, with plant residues of crops that accumulate antibiotics in tissues, with phytosanitary products (fungicides) and by antibiotic substances produced by the soil biome in polluting quantities under the action of stress factors induced by climatic instability and agrogenetics. Its achievement is supported by unidirectional bioenergetic (humic) and structural-functional (aggregate) degradation responsible for reducing the impact and effects caused by the accumulation of antibiotics. Many processes modulated by antibiotics may be inherently critical for the producing bacteria, such as substrate acquisition or the initiation of developmental changes that will ensure survival under stress conditions. Antibiotics may also have many and important roles in more complex interactions, including virulence on host plants or shaping the outcomes of multitrophic interactions. The innate functions of antibiotics for producing bacteria in their native ecosystem are only beginning to emerge, but current and recent research highlights also a wide range of activities that go far beyond the historical perspective of antibiotics as participation in microbial competitions.

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antibiotic pollution, chernozem soils, organic fertilizers, soil microbiome

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THE INHOMOGENEITY OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ARABLE CHERNOZEMS THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF AGROGENIC PEDOGENESIS pag. 230-243

1 Gheorghe JIGĂU, (ORCID: 0000-0002-4778-2105) Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity", Institute of Ecology and Geography, Moldova State UniversityChisinau 2Sergiu DOBROJAN, (ORCID: 0000-0003-0040-5836), Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity, Moldova State University, Chisinau 2Galina DOBROJAN, (ORCID: 0009-0003-1629-2220) Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity, Moldova State University, Chisinau 1Iulian JIGĂU, (ORCID: 0009-0003-4507-7503) Scientific Research Center "Natural Science Integrity"

The inhomogeneity of the physical state of soils is examined as a complex form of agrogenic degradation of arable chernozems. From the perspective of this concept, the key element of the inhomogeneity of the physical state of arable chernozems is considered to be the degradation of the chernozem aggregate structure associated with dehumification materialized in the reduction of the self-regulation, self-reproduction, and self-organization capacity of the physical subsystem of chernozems. This entails two opposite genetic-evolutionary trends - aridic and neohydromorphic - of the evolution of arable chernozems. In arable chernozems, the physical state of the soils determines the meaning and intensity of chernozem typogenetic processes and the ratio between these and the agrogenetic processes induced by the inclusion and use of chernozems in the agricultural regime. The degradation of the physical state of soils leads to significant changes in the pedogenetic and pedofunctional regimes and involves the disruption of the relationships and interactions between native and agrogenic processes, materialized in the reduction of the self-production capacity of chernozem pedogenesis and the development of a new form of degradation - the spatial non-homogeneity of the physical state of arable chernozems. Seasonal overwetting is replaced by periodic overwetting (moistened chernozem soil) and subsequently permanent with permanent overwetting (wet chernozem and chernozemoid soils).

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arable chernozems; agrogenic degradation; soil physical inhomogeneity

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ROBERT SAPOLSKY ON FREE WILL AND MORALITY pag. 244-247

Marius Robert, LUNGU1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-2907-6194) Alina DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1270-0728), Viorica BOACA1 (ORCID: 0009-0008-8962-8502), Maria LUNGU2 1 University of Life Sciences” King Mihai I” from Timisoara 2 West University of Timisoara

Robert Sapolsky is a distinguished professor of biology and neuroscience at Stanford University. The deterministic paradigm in biology reaches its peak through his books. The theory of Robert Sapolsky on free will and morality challenges traditional beliefs about human responsibility. Sapolsky argues that human behavior is the result of biological, environmental, and neurological factors that unfold over time, leaving little room for genuine free will. According to him, every action we take can be traced back to influences such as genetics, hormones, upbringing, and even moment-to-moment brain activity. From this perspective, moral judgments based on the idea that individuals could have acted differently become questionable. If our decisions are shaped by factors beyond conscious control, then concepts like blame and punishment may need to be reconsidered. Sapolsky does not suggest that society should abandon rules or consequences, but rather that it should shift toward a more compassionate and scientifically informed system. For example, instead of focusing on retribution, justice systems could prioritize rehabilitation and prevention.Ultimately, Sapolsky’s theory invites a rethinking of morality, emphasizing empathy over judgment. By understanding the complex causes behind behavior, society may become more humane, recognizing that individuals are not entirely the authors of their actions but products of intricate biological and environmental processes.

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Philosophy, Psihology, Biology, Neuroscience

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IS LIBERALISM RIGHT-WING OR LEFT-WING? pag. 248-251

Marius Robert LUNGU1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-2907-6194) Alina DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1270-0728), Maria LUNGU2, Patrick LAVRITS2

Liberalism is not strictly right-wing or left-wing, because it has evolved into different forms across history and political systems. Classical liberalism, developed in the 17th and 18th centuries by thinkers such as John Locke, emphasizes individual liberty, private property, limited government, and free markets. In modern political terms, this version of liberalism is often associated with the right or with center-right economic policies, since it supports capitalism and minimal state intervention. However, modern or social liberalism takes a different approach. It still values individual freedoms, but it also accepts that the state should play a role in reducing inequality and ensuring access to education, healthcare, and social protection. This form of liberalism is often associated with the political center or center-left, especially in European contexts. In countries like the United States, the term “liberal” is commonly linked to progressive or left-leaning politics. In contrast, in much of Europe, liberal parties may be economically liberal but socially moderate or centrist. Because of these differences, liberalism cannot be placed neatly on a single point of the political spectrum. Instead, it is a broad tradition that adapts to different historical and cultural contexts, balancing freedom, equality, and the role of government in varying ways.

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political philosophy, political economy, history of ideas

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FROM TRADITIONAL OBSERVATION TO SMART SENSOR TECHNOLOGY: THE TRANSITION TO PRECISION DAIRY FARMING USING NEDAP COWCONTROL SYSTEM pag. 252-260

Kaoutar MAALAM1,*, Miklós MARGITA 1,*, Tianjian WU 1

The global dairy industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by advances in sensor technology and data analytics. Traditional monitoring methods, which rely primarily on visual observation by farmers, have long been the standard approach for detecting estrus, illness, and other health-related events in dairy herds. However, these conventional techniques are inherently limited by human fatigue, time constraints, and subjective judgment, resulting in suboptimal detection rates and delayed interventions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the transition from traditional dairy farm monitoring to modern precision dairy farming, with a specific focus on the Nedap CowControl system as a representative case study of commercially deployed sensor technology. The Nedap CowControl platform utilizes accelerometer-based SmartTag sensors, including neck collars, leg tags, and ear tags, to continuously monitor cow behaviour patterns such as eating time, rumination time, activity levels, and inactivity periods. These sensors transmit data wirelessly to barn-based receivers, where proprietary algorithms analyse individual cow baselines and herd averages to generate real-time alerts for heat detection, health monitoring, and nutritional assessment. The review examines the technical architecture of the system, compares its performance against traditional observation methods, and discusses the broader implications of sensor-based monitoring for animal welfare, reproductive efficiency, and farm profitability. Findings from the literature indicate that sensor-based systems achieve heat detection rates exceeding 95%, compared to 30-50% for visual observation, and enable earlier identification of health issues through behavioural deviations detected hours before clinical signs become apparent. The paper concludes that while challenges such as initial investment costs and the need for technical training remain, the benefits of precision dairy farming technologies represent a compelling advancement in sustainable and efficient dairy production.

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precision dairy farming, sensor technology, cow monitoring, heat detection, Nedap CowControl, accelerometer, animal welfare, SmartTag

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LOSS OF NUTRIENTS AND THEIR RESTORATION IN MEADOW-BROWN SOILS OF AZERBAIJAN UNDER AGROCENOSES pag. 261-270

Goshgar M. MAMMADOV (ORCID 0009-0005-3512-5174)

The article presents the results of research on the influence of water consumption, depending on the length (96, 144 and 192) meters of the irrigation furrow with a relief slope of tg = 0.021, on the leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus and humus from irrigated soils of dry subtropics of Azerbaijan under apple trees. Influence of mineral and organic fertilizer systems on the yield of apple trees was also studied under conditions of leaching of nutrients. With a 96-meter furrow and a water flow rate of 0.2 l/s, the content of leachable biogenic elements (N, P) and gross humus with soil was 0.01% for nitrogen and phosphorus, and 0.02% for gross humus. Increasing water flow from 0.2 l/s up to 0.4 l/sec negatively affects the leaching of humus, nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. These figures increased markedly by 0.01% for humus, nitrogen and phosphorus with a water flow rate of 0.4 l/s. Leaching of nutrients and humus from the soil increases along the length of the irrigation furrow in both rates of water consumption. It has been established that with an increase in the length of the furrow to 192 meters at a water flow rate of 0.4 l/sec. leaching was greater compared to the 96 m furrow, in humus by 0.22%, in nitrogen by 0.07% and in phosphorus by 0.04%. Using of an organic-mineral fertilizer system (Phon + N120P120K90) had a positive effect on the yield of apple trees. Thus, in the unfertilized variant on a 94 meter furrow, the apple tree yield was 274.2 centners per hectare - with the lengthening of the furrow to 192 meters, the yield gradually decreased due to the high content of leachable nutrients and humus (268.5 centners per hectare). When applying N120P120K90 + 10 t/ha of manure, 278.4 q/ha yield was found at 96 m, furrow and at 0.2 l/s and water flow. Whereas with the lengthening of the furrow to 192 m in the same norm of fertilizers and water consumption, the yield decreased to 278.2 c/ha, that is, the lengthening of the furrow was ineffective with slopes tg = 0.021. It has been established that at large slopes, the shorter the furrow, the less nutrients are washed out.

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nutrients, meadow, agrocenoses

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CONTROL OF THE SEGETAL SPECIES FALLOPIA CONVOLVULUS L. IN MAIZE CROPS pag. 271-280

Dan Nicolae MANEA1 (ORCID 0009-0007-4570-9127) Ioana GROZEA1 (ORCID 0000-0002-2186-4364) Ramona ȘTEF1 (ORCID 0000-0001-6443-5896) Anișoara Aurelia IENCIU1 (ORCID 0009-0000-0626-3483)

In maize, weed control plays a decisive role in reducing expenditure per hectare, as uncontrolled weeds compete strongly with young plants for light, soil water and fertilizers administered. Among the many weed species that can be found, in the most varied climate and soil conditions, in corn crops, the species Fallopia convolvulus L. (black-bindweed or wild buckwheat). The research spanned the 2024/2025 agricultural years and included determinations on the effects of some vegetation treatments with the herbicide product Dicopur TOP (344 g/l acid 2.4 D from dimethylamine salt + 120 g/l dicamba), applied in 4 different doses, to the maize crop, in order to control the sgetal species Fallopia convolvulus (L.). The experiences were located in the area of Pecica commune, Arad County. The soil on which the research was carried out was a typical, moist phreatic eutricambosol, on medium/coarse fluvial deposits, medium clay/clayey sandy clay. The dose effect was observed in all treatments, which indicates how important it is to comply with the application dose recommended by the manufacturer. The maize crop was not affected by phytotoxicity for any of the treatments.From a practical point of view, but also economically and ecologically, the use of a higher dose of herbicide than the one recommended by the manufacturer is not justified, the only difference being the shorter time it takes for the herbicide to take effect.

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maize, Fallopia convolvulus L., weed control, herbicide

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CHARACTERIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A WALNUT PLANTATION IN VOITEG, TIMIŞ COUNTY pag. 281-287

Veaceslav MAZĂRE1 ( ORCID: 0009-0003-1751-8762) Romina MAZĂRE1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-1247-5551) Casiana MIHUȚ1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475) Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307) Victor ȚIȚEI2 (ORCID: 0000-0002-1961-1536)

The location and definition in the terrestrial space of each part of land defined morphologically, genetically, altitudinal, etc. plays an important role in defining the conditions for plant growth and fruiting. This study includes an interpretation of the results of the analyses on the entire arable area (534.81 ha) data contained in the agrochemical sheets in the form of arithmetic mean values of the analyses of samples harvested in the field and respectively weighted means at the level of bodies as well as the division of the areas by interpretation limits. In general, the agrochemical plots overlap the cadastral ones. There are two cases when, due to essential differences between some agrochemical elements (fertilizer supply data), the division of two plots into two agrochemical plots was required. The lands on which the areas under study are located, respectively the two bodies, are located on soils that belong to the category of chernozems, phaeozems, preluvosoils and gleiosoils. As it results from the agrochemical sheets from the analyses of pH values encountered in the perimeter but also from the specialized literature, it is specified that the need for calcareous amendments on weakly acidic soils appears only in conditions in which the soils contain exchangeable forms of aluminum and manganese at toxic levels as well as in those in which the exchangeable forms of these elements can appear during the vegetation period of the crops. In the studied perimeters such environments are not encountered, consequently the application of calcareous amendments is not necessary.

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suitability, fertile soils, specific characteristics of the soil type

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STUDY OF CAVITATION-INDUCED DEGRADATION OF THE AM50 ALLOY WITH ARTIFICIAL AGING HEAT TREATMENT pag. 288-296

Lavinia Madalina MICU1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099) Ilare BORDEAȘU2, (ORCID: 0000-0003-3580-8168) Alina DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1*, (ORCID: 0000-0003-1270-0728) Anișoara Claudia DUMA COPCEA1*, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307) Sorin-Tiberiu BUNGESCU1, (ORCID: 0009-0009-2849-7593) Daniel POPA1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5185-7196)

Due to the good combination of mechanical properties, low density, and the biocompatibility specific to magnesium, the AM50 alloy is a promising material for biomedical applications. However, in order to be widely used in cardiac devices, several issues must be addressed, such as: controlling the corrosion rate, ensuring structural stability during implant operation, and resistance to mechanical and cavitation stresses. The paper presents an experiment which was carried out using a standard 20 kHz vibratory apparatus, in accordance with ASTM G32-2016 standards. The results pave the way for further study of bio-alloys for use in medical fields such as reconstructive surgery. Additionally, the findings contribute to a better understanding of material behavior under aggressive conditions, supporting future optimization of alloy composition and heat treatment processes for improved performance and durability. However, in order to be widely used in cardiac devices, it is necessary to solve problems such as: controlling the corrosion rate, structural stability during the operation of the implant, and resistance to mechanical and cavitation stresses. It is necessary to test the alloy in a liquid medium with physico-chemical characteristics in which the resistance of the AM 50 alloy to the erosive stresses of cavitation is no longer influenced by its degradation property as in aqueous media.

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aluminum alloy, biomedical applications, mass loss, erosion rate, cavitation erosion

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RELIABILITY AND FAILURE ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEMS OF MOBILE MACHINERY pag. 297-304

Lavinia Madalina MICU1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-3471-7099) Alina DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1*, (ORCID: 0000-0003-1270-0728) Anișoara Claudia DUMA COPCEA1*, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307) Sorin-Tiberiu BUNGESCU1, (ORCID: 0009-0009-2849-7593) Daniel POPA1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-5182-7196) Attila DIMA-BLENEȘI1, (ORCID: 0009-0001-0495-1132)

The paper presents the analysis of the hydraulic system of the S1202 excavator from the perspective of operation and reliability. The main hydrostatic circuits of the machine are investigated, highlighting the role of 4/3 directional control valves, volumetric pumps, and actuators (hydraulic cylinders and motors) in performing the working functions. Based on the functional schemes, the system is modeled as a series-type structure, in which the failure of any component leads to the unavailability of the entire system. Additionally, aspects related to the defectology of hydrostatic systems are analyzed, as well as their influence on the reliability and maintenance of mobile machinery. The study also considers the application of reliability indicators, such as failure rate and mean time between failures, for evaluating system performance. These parameters allow a quantitative assessment of component behavior and support decision-making processes related to maintenance planning, system optimization, and the overall improvement of hydraulic equipment efficiency. The results highlight the importance of understanding failure modes in order to improve the design and operation of hydraulic systems, with a direct impact on increasing reliability and reducing maintenance costs. The obtained results emphasize the influence of hydraulic system reliability on the operational performance of the analyzed excavator.

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excavator, hydraulic system, reliability, hydrostatic installations, hydraulic control valve, defectology, maintenance

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GEOLOGICAL, CLIMATIC AND HYDROLOGICAL CONTROLS ON SOILS AND FORESTS IN GEOAGIU pag. 305-314

Casiana MIHUȚ1 ORCID: (0000-0001-6263-6475) Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1 ORCID: (0000-0002-7152-7307) Adalbert OKROS1 ORCID: (0009-0004-2881-5866) Ramona ȘTEF1 ORCID: (0000-0001-6443-5896) Marius Silviu STROIA1 ORCID: (0009-0009-7158-7586) Nelu Daniel POPA1 ORCID: (0000-0001-5182-7196) Sorin Tiberiu BUNGESCU1 ORCID: (0009-0009-2849-7593) Vlad Dragoslav MIRCOV1 ORCID: (0000-0001-5628-2519) Attila BLENEȘI-DIMA1 ORCID: (0009-0001-0495-1132) Daniela SCEDEI1 ORCID: (0000-0001-7866-2221)

This study provides an integrated analysis of the geological, climatic, and hydrological conditions in the Geoagiu area (Hunedoara County, Romania), highlighting their role in soil formation and the distribution of forest vegetation. The study area is characterized by a complex geographical setting, located at the intersection of the Western Carpathians, the Transylvanian Depression, and the Southern Carpathians, which results in a high diversity of natural conditions. From a geological perspective, the lithological substrate is highly diverse, including volcanic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, as well as alluvial deposits, leading to significant variations in soil properties. The climate is temperate continental, with an average annual temperature of approximately 10.1°C and average annual precipitation of about 578 mm (Deva meteorological station), characterized by pronounced seasonal variability. The hydrological regime is influenced by the Mureș River basin and a dense hydrographic network, with a nival–pluvial and percolative regime. The analysis indicates that Cambisols are the dominant soil type (approximately 79%), followed by Luvisols and other soil types in smaller proportions. Pedogenetic relationships reveal a direct correlation between parent material, climatic conditions, and vegetation types: basic substrates favor the development of fertile soils and productive forest stands, whereas acidic rocks lead to less fertile soils and lower vegetation productivity. The results emphasize the importance of the interaction between natural factors in shaping forest ecosystems and highlight the need for sustainable management practices to preserve soil resources and maintain ecological stability in the studied area.

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soil formation; lithology; climate variability; hydrological regime; forest ecosystems; pedogenesis

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SOILS, PROPERTIES AND LIMITATIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE IN GEOAGIU pag. 315-322

Casiana MIHUȚ1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475) Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307) Adalbert OKROS1 (ORCID: 0009-0004-2881-5866) Nelu Daniel POPA1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-5182-7196) Sorin Tiberiu BUNGESCU1 (ORCID: 0009-0009-2849-7593) Vlad Dragoslav MIRCOV1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-5628-2519) Attila BLENEȘI-DIMA1 (ORCID: 0009-0001-0495-1132) Veaceslav MAZĂRE1 (ORCID: 0009-0003-1751-8762) Maria Mihaela MOATĂR1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-1074-0507) Marius Silviu STROIA1 (ORCID: 0009-0009-7158-7586) Natalia MOCANU2 (ORCID: 0000-0002-8523-1080)

This study provides an integrated analysis of the pedological characteristics of soils in the Geoagiu area (Hunedoara County, Romania), with a focus on soil types, physico-chemical properties, limiting factors, and their land use implications. The study area is characterized by a high diversity of pedogenetic conditions, resulting from the interaction of major geomorphological units and the variability of lithological substrate, climate, and hydrological regime. The results highlight the predominance of Cambisols (approximately 79%), followed by Luvisols and other soil types occurring in smaller proportions. Cambisols exhibit favorable properties, including high humus content and well-developed structure, being associated with moderate to high fertility. In contrast, Luvisols are characterized by clay accumulation in subsurface horizons, leading to hydrophysical constraints, while Dystric Cambisols are affected by high acidity and low nutrient status. The main limiting factors identified include soil acidity, high skeletal content, clay-rich texture, erosion, and the influence of altitude on climatic conditions. The analysis of pedological relationships reveals direct links between parent material, soil properties, and vegetation types, confirming the key role of lithological substrate and climatic conditions in soil formation and evolution. The findings emphasize the importance of site-specific land use according to soil properties and limitations, as well as the need for sustainable management practices aimed at maintaining soil fertility and preventing soil degradation in the studied area.

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soils; pedological properties; fertility; limiting factors; land use

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CORRELATION BETWEEN APPLE SCAB AND APPLE POWDERY MILDEW DEGREE OF ATTACK ON SOME APPLE VARIETIES DURING THREE YEARS OF OBSERVATIONS pag. 323-328

Levente MOLNAR1 (ORCID: 0009-0000-5324-6096) Teodor CRISTEA1 (ORCID: 0009-0009-8665-8324) Adrian BORCEAN1 (ORCID: 0009-0008-5355-9074) Ioana GROZEA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-2186-4364) Daniela SCEDEI1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-7866-2221) Ramona ȘTEF1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6443-5896) Snejana DAMIANOV1 (ORCID: 0009-0006-1931-6613)

This article discusses the study of two of the most important fungal diseases of apple trees, powdery mildew and scab. Scab, which appear annually in apple orchards, causes damage due to crop losses and reduce crop quality (Gessler C, et all, 2006, Parisi L. et all. 2004). Powdery mildew is also present annually in orchards and three nurseries, causing significant crop losses (David A, et all. 2021). The correlation of these two diseases, who is the most common and important diseases in apple orchards, gives us a broader view of the moment to apply treatments and try to synchronize them. The result of the statistical analysis is different for each variety, partly due to the differences in resistance to these diseases of each variety. The greater the correlation, the greater the simultaneous application of treatments for both diseases could be carried out simultaneously, leading to a decrease in production costs. The experiments took place between 2023 and 2025, years with a dry climate, long summers and high temperatures and intense insolation. The location of orchard was Timiș County, Urseni village, in an apple orchard covering an area of 2 hectares. The orchard was established 14 years ago, using certified planting material. The frequency and intensity of the disease were recorded annually and the degree of attack was calculated in three repetitions. The statistical calculation was done with the statistics package in the Microsoft Excel program.

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apple scrab, apple powdery mildew, correlation, apple orchard

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE RECENT UPDATES IN BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE pag. 329-336

Alina, NEACSU1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-3998-3537) G.-Gabriel, ARSENE1 (ORCID: 0009-0005-3383-1227) Ilinca, IMBREA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-1436-883X)

The use of scientific names of plants is essential in the communication of botanical knowledge. As is known, to scientifically name species we use binary nomenclature introduced by Carl von Linné, in 1753. But taxonomy is not a static science, on the contrary a very dynamic (and controversial) one. The sources of new names are 1) the discovery of new species and 2) the reshaping or revision of classifications through merging, splitting, reassignment, etc. Our work is an update of some scientific names of plant and a reclassification into botanical families, carried out following the investigation of international databases. For example, oriental thuja now has the valid name Platycladus orientalis and Thuja orientalis has become its synonymous, mahonia has the valid name Berberis aquifolium and Mahonia aquifolium has become its synonymous, Japanese acacia has the valid name Styphnolobium japonicum and Sophora japonica has become its synonymous, sedge has the valid name Noccaea perfoliata and Thlaspi perfoliatum has become its synonymous, yellow chamomile has the valid name Cota tinctoria and Anthemis tinctoria has become its synonymous. At the same time, some genera have been moved to other botanical families: Acer is now in Sapindaceae (from Aceraceae, which is no longer recognized), as well Aesculus in Sapindaceae (from Hippocastanaceae, also not recognized), Tilia, in Malvaceae (from Tiliaceae, also not recognized), Taxodium and Sequoia, in Cupressaceae (from Taxodiaceae, also not recognized), Fumaria, Corydalis, Dicentra, in Papaveraceae (from Fumariaceae, also not recognized), Veronica, Digitalis, Linaria, Antirrhinum, in Plantaginaceae (from Scrophulariaceae, which was reorganized). As can be seen, botanical nomenclature keeps changing, to be in line with advanced molecular biology research, through which the phylogeny of plant species is much better understood and reflects real evolutionary relationships, which morphology alone cannot encompass. Although they are difficult and can create confusion, these updates are essential in scientific activity for the accuracy of research, but also in the didactic process, for re-editing materials and bringing them into line with current discoveries.

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taxonomy, plant names, valid names, plant families, reclassification

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SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL RESOURCES IN THE NORTH-WESTERN AREA OF THE ARAD PLAIN pag. 337-346

Lucian Dumitru NIȚĂ1 (ORCID: 0009-0003-1756-4291) Karel Iaroslav LAȚO1 (ORCID: 0009-0007-7411-0789) Florin CRISTA1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-5545-9669) Isidora RADULOV1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-7113-9163) Adina BERBECEA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-0592-6940) Alina LAȚO1 (ORCID: 0000-0003-0523-8969) Laura CRISTA1 (ORCID: 0009-0003-7940-3258) Simona NIŢĂ1 (ORCID: 0009-0002-7900-409X)

This paper provides an integrated pedological assessment of soils and agricultural land in the north-western sector of the Arad Plain (Arad County), with the aim of supporting the sustainable management of natural resources and the long-term development of local agriculture. The methodological approach combines field observations with laboratory analyses and the interpretation of pedo-structural data in order to identify, delineate, and classify the main soil types within the study area. The results indicate the predominance of pedological units such as Fluvisols (alluvial soils), Chernozems, Eutric Cambisols, Preluvosols, Vertisols, Pelosols, and Gleysols, each characterized by distinct morphological features and functional properties shaped by the geomorphological setting, hydrological conditions, and local climatic regime. These physico-geographical controls directly influence soil agricultural suitability and require differentiated management measures tailored to the constraints and potential of each unit. In terms of land use, agricultural areas account for approximately 90% of the investigated perimeter and are dominated by arable land, whereas pastures and hayfields occupy relatively small shares. Morphological analyses reveal pronounced variability of pedogenetic horizons, reflecting the dynamics of soil formation and evolution. At the same time, assessments of fertility, structural condition, and water-holding capacity provide relevant indicators for designing efficient agricultural practices with reduced environmental impact and compatible with local conditions. By systematizing and interpreting these data, the study contributes to the completion and updating of the regional pedological database, offering scientific support for land management decisions. The findings can be used both by authorities responsible for land-use planning and conservation measures and by agricultural producers seeking to optimize farming practices. Overall, the assessment supports responsible land-use planning, promotes sustainable agriculture, and strengthens the basis for long-term economic development under conditions of environmental protection in the study region.

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soil resource; sustainable management; Arad Plain; pedogenetic processes; land fund.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND ROMANIA pag. 347-355

A. OKROS1 (ORCID: 0009-0004-2881-5866) Casiana MIHUȚ1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475) Antoanela COZMA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-6837-2586) M. S. STROIA1 (ORCID: 0009-0009-7158-7586) M. SKLADANÝ2 (ORCID: 0009-0002-3364-4489 ) A. SLIŽKA2 (ORCID: 0009-0008-8788-5046 ) R. ŠULÁK2 (ORCID: 0009-0007-5599-2720 )

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) plays a crucial role in ensuring worker protection, reducing occupational risks and promoting sustainable working environments. Within the European Union, the legal framework governing occupational safety is based on Council Directive 89/391/EEC, which establishes common principles regarding risk prevention, employer responsibility, worker participation and continuous improvement of workplace conditions. Although these principles have been transposed into the national legislation of all Member States, differences remain in the structure, implementation and practical application of occupational safety regulations. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the legislative frameworks regulating occupational safety and health in Romania and the Slovak Republic, identifying both common elements derived from European legislation and national particularities influencing implementation. The research focused on Romanian Law No. 319/2006 on Occupational Safety and Health and Slovak Act No. 124/2006 Coll., examining the legal provisions related to prevention principles, employer obligations, risk assessment, worker training, institutional responsibilities and compliance mechanisms. A comparative legal analysis was conducted using official legislative documents, European regulations and institutional guidelines relevant to both countries. The results revealed a high degree of convergence regarding the fundamental principles of occupational safety, including prevention, risk assessment, employee consultation and employer accountability. However, important differences were identified in legislative organization and practical implementation. The Romanian system is characterized by a detailed and procedural approach, with extensive documentation requirements, whereas the Slovak framework is more concise and integrated, facilitating the incorporation of preventive measures into organizational management. The study concludes that both countries successfully implement the core objectives of European occupational safety legislation, although through different administrative and regulatory approaches. Combining the clarity and coherence of the Slovak model with the technical detail of the Romanian framework could contribute to improving compliance, strengthening prevention strategies and enhancing occupational safety performance in contemporary workplaces.

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Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), Slovakia (Act No. 124/2006 Z. z.), Romania (Law No. 319/2006), Risk Prevention, OSH Committees, Safety Training, European Directive 89/391/EECAbstract

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LOCKING PIN DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION FOR AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS pag. 356-361

D. POPA1 (ORCID 0000-0001-5185-7196), ANIȘOARA DUMA-COPCEA1, (ORCID 0000-0002-7152-7307), CASIANA MIHUT1 (ORCID 0000-0001-6263-6475), A. BLENESI-DIMA1 (ORCID 0009-0001-0495-1132), S.T. BUNGESCU1 (ORCID 0009-0009-2849-7593), LAVINIA MĂDĂLINA PETANEC1 (ORCID 0000-0002-3471-7099), M.V. BOLDEA1 (ORCID 0000-0003-4943-0522)

The purpose of developing a high-performance locking pin is to ensure a safe, protected, and standardized connection between the power source (tractor) and the working unit (agricultural implement). The current state of the art in the manufacturing of locking pins has evolved from simple forged parts to high-precision components integrated into a digitalized system. Today, a pin is no longer just a steel rod, but the result of an advanced optimization process. The choice of OL 45 demonstrates a rational design focused on an optimal cost-quality ratio. By applying induction hardening only in the contact area, the OL 45 pin can achieve performance close to that of expensive alloy steels. The novelty does not lie in “reinventing the wheel,” but in the technological refinement of a critical component, transforming a simple OL 45 pin into a highly reliable part, perfectly adapted to the requirements of precision agriculture. The design of this locking pin demonstrates that, through the proper use of simulation software and CNC machines, a conventional material such as OL 45 can be optimized to meet the rigorous demands of modern agricultural engineering. The synthesis of results obtained during the design and manufacturing process of the OL 45 steel locking pin highlights the convergence between classical machining methods and advanced digital workflows. The study demonstrates that the integration of modern technologies not only optimizes the techno-functional parameters of the component but also redefines standards of reliability and performance in the agricultural machinery sector.

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locking pin, tractor, agricultural implement, OL 45

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STUDY ON THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF EXECUTION FOR A GEAR WHEEL BELONGING TO THE TRACTOR TRANSMISSION pag. 362-366

D. POPA1 (ORCID 0000-0001-5185-7196), ANIȘOARA DUMA-COPCEA1 (ORCID 0000-0002-7152-7307), CASIANA MIHUT1 (ORCID 0000-0001-6263-6475), A. BLENESI-DIMA1 (ORCID 0009-0001-0495-1132), S.T. BUNGESCU1 (ORCID 0009-0009-2849-7593), LAVINIA MĂDĂLINA PETANEC1 (ORCID 0000-0002-3471-7099), LIA SANDA ROTARIU1 (ORCID 0000-0002-4561-5039)

The main objective of this study is to optimize the manufacturing process and design parameters of a cylindrical gear, in order to ensure high reliability of the tractor transmission while reducing production costs and material consumption. To achieve this goal, the following directions were considered: structural analysis; determination of optimal geometry; material selection; quality assurance; heat treatment. Following the implementation of this study and the technological process, the following results will be obtained: increased reliability – a gear service life of over 5,000–8,000 operating hours under load; energy efficiency – reduction of noise and vibrations in the transmission by achieving a higher precision class (ISO class 6–7); complete technical documentation – operation plans, execution drawings, and control sheets required for mass production; cost optimization – reduction of scrap by at least 15% through the use of numerical simulations and properly programmed CNC machines. The manufacturing process of the gear with internal splines begins with the cutting stage of the semi-finished product. The material chosen for this application is the alloy steel 42CrMo4, known for its high fatigue strength and resistance to dynamic loads. The semi-finished product is obtained by cutting a rolled bar with a diameter of 70 mm to a length determined by the nominal width of the gear, including the necessary machining allowance.

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technological process, gear, tractor transmission

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER IRRIGATION IN THE GREAT ISLAND OF BRĂILA pag. 367-374

N. POPESCU 1,2*, Ioana-Andreea GORGOVAN 1,2 (ORCID 0009-0006-8213-1398), Daniela TRIFAN1 (ORCID 0000-0001-5760-2852), I. A. GHIORGHE1 (ORCID 0000-0002-7821-8929), M. SEVASTEL 2 (ORCID 0000-0003-4684-6346)

This study presents preliminary results regarding the performance of maize hybrids cultivated under irrigated conditions in Great Island of Braila, one of the most important agricultural areas in Romania, characterized by high productivity potential but increasing water management challenges. The objective of the research was to identify high-performing hybrids suitable for inclusion in a doctoral study focused on optimizing maize production through differentiated irrigation methods. The data were obtained from demonstrative trials conducted during 2024 and 2025 at SCDA Braila, under uniform technological conditions. Significant variability in yield performance was observed among hybrids. In 2025, grain yields ranged from 5.9 t/ha to 12.37 t/ha, with an experimental average of 9.05 t/ha. Several hybrids exceeded the average by over 25%, demonstrating superior adaptability to irrigated conditions. In 2024, yields reached values above 14 t/ha for top-performing hybrids, confirming the high production potential under optimal water supply. The evaluation also included quality indicators such as thousand kernel weight and hectoliter mass, supporting a comprehensive assessment of hybrid performance. The selected hybrids, belonging to the same FAO maturity group, will be further tested within a multifactorial experimental design including irrigation method and sowing time. The results provide a scientific basis for improving water use efficiency and developing adaptive cultivation technologies for the specific conditions of Great Island of Braila.

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yield variability; water management; crop response; pedoclimatic conditions; experimental trials

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DETERMINATION THE SOIL-PARENT MATERIAL UNIFORMITY USING PARTICLE-SIZE AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION IN THE LIPOVA HILLS pag. 375-384

Gheorghe ROGOBETE1, Adia GROZAV1, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4433-0068, Alexandra CÂMPEAN2

The criterions used to establish the soil profile and parent material uniformity were: sandy and silty fraction distribution; index minerals distribution on the whole soil profile and parent material; ratio of two particle-size distribution (Coarse sand/Fine sand) and of two index minerals. The soil profile and parent material uniformity can be establish using the index minerals obtained by the mineralogical analysis. The appearance on the soil profile of one or two discontinuities express a irregular parent material. Conservation a constant ratio for two index minerals on the soil profile and parent material represents the uniformity. It has been analyzed fragments from parent rocks, skeleton fragments from soil horizon, and on soil texture class. It is necessary to eliminates the film with oxides and clay which cover the fragments, sieves in accordance with the particle-size diameter and prepare thin section in order to identification the minerals with the polarizing microscope. In conclusion, the soil profile Albic-Stagnic Luvisols from Lalasint has forming and evaluated in a stratified parent material, and the limits of the layer are at 28 cm depth and 42 cm depth. Soil profile has distinct morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties inherited from the environmental factors, especially from rocks and parents materials and also as a results during soil forming processes, the largest proportion is confined to the coarse fraction. A morphological, physical particle size distribution, chemical and mineralogical analyses are the condition in order to evaluating the soil profile uniformity and the soil profile development. The soil profile Buzad is younger then Lalasint. The soil profile formula is Ao-El-Btw-C, rich in light and heavy minerals, like muscovite, epidote, amphiboles, pyroxene, and also in index minerals like staurolite. The discontinuity of the soil profile appears at the 29cm depth, with change the quantitative of quartz granules and the form of granules from the rounded to angular, and coveres with silt.

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sand, silt, index mineral, uniformity soil

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THE INVISIBLE INTERNET: ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SOIL FOOD WEB MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION pag. 385-391

Sharjeel AHMED (ORCID: 0009-0007-7411-0789) Iaroslav LATO ( ORCID: 0009-0007-7411-0789)

Soil is not just dirt. It is a living system in flux, silently supporting all that we see on top it. People often don’t realize this. The idea of a “Invisible Internet”grow from soil food web—the invisible network for bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes and earthworms interact often in ways that are complicated but rather different than we could expect. This study investigates that world. It looks at how these organisms interact, how nutrients flow and why it matters more than you would think. But there is a problem. Agricultural practices today are stressing this system, sometimes gradually, sometimes in an avalanche. The balance is disrupted by chemical inputs, overuse and like everything poor management. Not always visible. Still happening. At the same time, new tools are coming up. This is beginning to change how we see such things as Artificial Intelligence (AI) (for example). It is used to analyze data; to facilitate a more educated decision making and it provides an alternative way of soil management with the possibility of being more sustainable although quite imperfect. An experimental design is suggested to analyze these effects based on the comparison of normal soil, compost amended soil, and chemically fertilized soil. Simple idea, but important. Organic amendments are expected to improve biodiversity and soil structure; however, chemical fertilizers might gradually result in low biological activity (Albanese et al., 2022) In Romania, for instance, this is extremely pertinent given the eminent threat of soil degradation. The future of soil lies in what we do today. Even if there are cons, an attractive route forward could be combining ecological/biology know-how with AI.

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soil food web, artificial intelligence, sustainability, soil management, nutrient cycling

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EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE UPON IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN THE GOSTINU GREACA ARGEȘ INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL LAYOUT pag. 392-401

Marian STANCIU1, Sorin Mihai CIMPEANU1, Elena CONSTANTIN1

The increasingly pronounced climatic variability induced by climate change affects all human activities, particularly those conducted in open environments, such as agricultural practices. Crop irrigation is among the agricultural techniques subject to adjustments in their implementation, which ensures the optimal soil moisture level according to the water requirements of the crops. For an effective organization of the irrigation process, it is necessary to assess the extent to which climate change influences the water consumption of agricultural crops, as this factor determines the characteristics of the irrigation regime. The research in present paper was conducted at the Gostinu-Greaca-Argeș integrated agricultural layout which based on the recordings performed at the Giurgiu, Oltenița and Călărași meteorological stations. In order to highlight the effect of climate change on the management of irrigation application to field crops, two distinct periods of time were studied comparatively: the first period: 1896 – 1955, which are regarded as indicative of a stable climate, and the second period, from 2000 to 2024, considered to be a climate exhibited obvious variability. The Gostinu-Greaca-Argeș integrated agricultural layout is situated on the Danube Plain, having a surface approximately 28,000 ha of agricultural lands and it is flood protected by a 41.6 km long dam. In this integrated agricultural layout, the average crop plan practiced by the Irrigation Water User Organizations (IWUs) is as follows: grain maize: 30%, winter wheat: 20%, soy: 20%, sunflower: 20%, old alfalfa: 10%.

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Climate change, soil water balance, water consumption, irrigation regime, Irrigation Water User Organizations

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INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE UPON THE OPERATING REGIME OF THE PRESSURE PUMPING STATIONS IN IRRIGATION FACILITIES pag. 402-411

Marian STANCIU; Elena CONSTANTIN, Dragoș DRACEA

Irrigating farmland in Romania has become an increasingly necessary technique as climate change has become a constant reality. Irrigation management is subject to particular urgency due to increased water consumption through evapotranspiration which requires higher flows from water sources, transported through channels and distributed under pressure to the crop land. During the process, pumping stations are the highly demanded elements of the hydrotechnical scheme, since they must have the ability to pump the required flow rates. Research to assess this issue was carried out in the Gostinu-Greaca Argeș facility, in the Prundu-Chirnogi Organization of Irrigation Water Users (OUAI). The increase in irrigation water needs was determined by comparing the irrigation regime calculated for two different climatic periods: the reference period when the climate was more stable and the current period characterized by climate change. Based on the data obtained, operating charts of the pumping stations were developed to show that they did not have the capacity to provide the necessary flow rates for irrigation during the times with maximum water consumption. The issue was solved by reorganizing watering application. There were also situations when, even after the reorganization of watering application, the installed flow rates were exceeded by the water needs, which required the adaptation of the watering rules according to the size of the installed flow.

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pressure pumping stations (SPP), climate change, hydrotechnical scheme, irrigation plot, potential evapotranspiration, irrigation regime, watering schedule, functional flow.

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COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF ALS- AND HPPD-INHIBITING HERBICIDES ON WEED FLORA IN MAIZE pag. 412-420

Ramona, ȘTEF1 *(ORCID: 0000-0001-6443-5896), Dan, MANEA1 (ORCID: 0009-0007-4570-9127), Anișoara, DUMA-COPCEA1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307), Casiana, MIHUȚ1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475) Otilia, COTUNA1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6545-1353), Denisa, AIOANEI1, Alin CĂRĂBEȚ1* (ORCID: 0009-0002-7321-4336)

Maize is highly susceptible to weed interference, with losses ranging from 30 to 100 percent. Weeds are one of the most significant biotic stress factors affecting corn crops. In the context of climate change, shifts in the structure of the weed community, and the emergence of herbicide tolerance and resistance, evaluating herbicide efficacy under local agroecological conditions is essential for updating control strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of post-emergence herbicides with different modes of action (ALS and HPPD) in controlling the dominant weed community in maize crops. The experiment was conducted (in 2025) using a randomized block design in the town of Giarmata Vii, Timiș County. Four post-emergence herbicides were tested in the experiment, and their efficacy was assessed 14 and 28 days after application. The herbicides used in the experiment were: Principal Forte (ALS), Laudis (HPPD), Elumis (ALS + HPPD), and Capreno (ALS + HPPD). The efficacy of the herbicides in controlling weed flora was determined using the Abbott formula. The dominant species in the experimental treatments were: Xanthium strumarium, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Sorghum halepense, which exerted competitive pressure on the corn crop. The results showed that weed density was significantly reduced by the dual-action ALS and HPPD herbicides, Elumis (90%) and Capreno (95%). The perennial dicotyledons Convolvulus arvensis (35–65%) and Asclepias syriaca (18–30%) exhibited high tolerance to all tested herbicides; the herbicides’ efficacy was limited to the aboveground parts without destroying the underground vegetative organs.

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weed control; herbicide efficacy; weed flora; post-emergence; Sorghum halepense

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ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ARTHROPOD FAUNA AND PEST PRESSURE IN A HAZELNUT AGROECOSYSTEM pag. 421-430

Ramona, ȘTEF1*(ORCID: 0000-0001-6443-5896), Monica, BUTNARIU1 (ORCID: 0000-0002-2032-5000), Levente, MOLNAR1, Casiana, MIHUȚ1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475), Denisa, AIOANEI1, Arup Kumar SARMA2, Alin, CĂRĂBEȚ1 (ORCID: 0009-0002-7321-4336)

The study aimed to characterize the arthropod fauna associated with hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars and to evaluate the ecological importance of the dominant pest species under field conditions. The research was conducted on three hazelnut cultivars (Tonda Genetic, Nohichone, and Tonda Romana) through two visual inspections performed on 15 and 25 May 2025. The identified arthropods were evaluated using ecological indices, including abundance (A), dominance (D), constancy (C), and ecological significance (W). The results showed that Myzocallis coryli and Parthenolecanium corni were the dominant phytophagous species in all cultivars, exhibiting the highest values of dominance and ecological significance. Myzocallis coryli reached the highest dominance in Tonda Romana (71.99%), whereas Parthenolecanium corni showed high ecological importance, particularly in Nohichone (46.14%) and Tonda Genetic (36.41%). Other pest species, including Curculio nucum, Byctiscus betulae, Tipula spp., and Tapinoma sessile, displayed considerably lower ecological relevance. Beneficial arthropods, including Coccinella septempunctata, Coccinella bipunctata, Bulaea lichatschovi, Eresus sp., and Xysticus kochi, were recorded at low abundance and constancy throughout the monitoring period. Assessment of pest pressure indicated moderate infestation levels, with a slight reduction in Tonda Genetic and Nohichone between the two assessment dates, whereas Tonda Romana maintained stable or slightly increasing pest pressure. Overall, the study highlights the ecological importance of M. coryli and P. corni in hazelnut agroecosystems and demonstrates the usefulness of ecological indices for characterizing arthropod communities and supporting integrated pest management.

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Parthenolecanium corni, hazelnut pests, cultivar susceptibility, agroecosystem, entomofauna, pest monitoring, biodiversity

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ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL SOIL CONSTRAINTS IN SÂNANDREI, WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 431-441

Marius Silviu STROIA1, (ORCID: 0009-0009-7158-7586) Ciprian STROIA1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-9163-5332) Casiana MIHUȚ1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475) Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307) Veaceslav MAZĂRE 1, (ORCID: 0009-0003-1751-8762) Dumitru RADU1

This study analyzes the physical and physico-mechanical properties of two representative soils from Sânandrei (Timiș County, Romania): molic preluvosol and eutric gleysol. The research is based on detailed pedological data, including granulometric composition, bulk density, total porosity, aeration porosity, water retention capacity, and soil compaction indicators. The results indicate that both soils belong to the fine-textured class (clayey-loam), which significantly influences their water retention capacity and aerohydric regime. The molic preluvosol is characterized by high bulk density (1.46–1.60 g/cm³), low total porosity (38–42%), and reduced aeration porosity, indicating significant compaction and limited permeability. In contrast, the eutric gleysol shows lower bulk density (1.28–1.42 g/cm³) and higher total porosity (43–49%), but negative aeration porosity values, reflecting excessive water saturation and poor oxygen availability. Water retention capacity is higher in gleysol, with field capacity values reaching up to 44%, compared to 22–24% in preluvosol. However, this advantage is offset by poor drainage and reduced biological activity. The comparative analysis highlights that preluvosol is mainly limited by mechanical constraints, while gleysol is affected by hydric excess. The study emphasizes the importance of adapting soil management practices to specific physical limitations. Recommended measures include deep loosening and organic amendments for preluvosol, and drainage and controlled tillage for gleysol. These findings contribute to a better understanding of soil functionality in the Banat Plain and provide a scientific basis for sustainable agricultural management.

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soils, physical properties, physico-mechanical properties, molic preluvusol, gleiosol, fertility

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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND FERTILITY IN SÂNANDREI, ROMANIA pag. 442-451

Marius Silviu STROIA1, (ORCID: 0009-0009-7158-7586) Casiana MIHUȚ1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-6263-6475) Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, (ORCID: 0000-0002-7152-7307) Ciprian STROIA1, (ORCID: 0000-0001-9163-5332) Adalbert OKROS1, (ORCID: 0009-0004-2881-5866) Dumitru RADU1

This study aims to comparatively evaluate the chemical properties of two representative soils from Sânandrei area (Timiș County, Romania), namely molic preluvosol and eutric gleysol, in order to highlight their fertility status and agricultural suitability. The research was based on detailed pedological profiles, with chemical analyses performed on genetic horizons. The investigated parameters included soil reaction (pH), humus content, total nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and potassium, sum of exchangeable bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation degree (V). Standard laboratory methods were applied, including potentiometric determination of pH, wet oxidation for humus, Kjeldahl method for total nitrogen, and extraction methods for mobile nutrients. The data were processed using descriptive and comparative statistical approaches, including range, mean values, and profile trends for each parameter. Results showed that molic preluvosol presents a wider pH range (5.80–8.40) and higher mean values of mobile nutrients, particularly phosphorus (12.3 ppm) and potassium (145.3 ppm), indicating a more balanced chemical fertility. In contrast, eutric gleysol is characterized by higher humus (up to 2.97%) and total nitrogen content (mean 0.116%), as well as greater cation exchange capacity (mean 31.06 me/100 g soil), but lower availability of mobile nutrients and a more acidic reaction in surface horizons. Statistical comparison highlights that preluvosol is chemically more suitable for intensive agricultural use, while gleysol shows limitations related to nutrient availability and hydromorphic conditions. The findings emphasize the need for differentiated soil management strategies, including fertilization and drainage measures, to optimize agricultural productivity under local pedoclimatic conditions.

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soil chemical properties; soil fertility; preluvosol; gleysol; nutrient availability; cation exchange capacity; Romania

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RESEARCH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION IN SUNFLOWER CULTIVATION (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) pag. 452-457

Rebeca VARGA1 , Isidora RADULOV1 (ORCID: 0000-0001-7113-9163), Laura CRISTA1 (ORCID 0009-0003-7940-3258), Alina LATO1 (ORCID 0000-0003-0523-8969), Adina BERBECEA1 (ORCID 0000-0002-0592-6940), L. NITA1 (ORCID 0009-0003-1756-4291), F. CRISTA1 (ORCID 0000-0001-5545-9669)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, requiring balanced nutrient management to achieve high productivity, superior seed quality, and sustainable agricultural performance. Foliar fertilization has become an increasingly adopted agronomic practice because it complements soil fertilization, improves nutrient availability during critical growth stages, and enhances plant physiological processes associated with growth and yield formation. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of different foliar fertilization strategies applied under field conditions in western Romania. Four treatments, including an untreated control, foliar NPK fertilization, micronutrient application, and a combined NPK plus micronutrient treatment, were compared in terms of seed yield, thousand-seed weight, oil content, and plant height. The combined application of macro- and micronutrients consistently produced the highest values for all evaluated parameters, indicating a synergistic effect on plant growth and productivity. The observed responses highlight the importance of balanced foliar nutrition in supporting photosynthetic activity, nutrient uptake, assimilate translocation, reproductive development, and seed filling. Improvements in vegetative growth were accompanied by increased seed yield, enhanced thousand-seed weight, and higher oil content, demonstrating the beneficial influence of foliar fertilization on both crop productivity and seed quality. These findings confirm that foliar fertilization represents an effective complementary nutrient management strategy capable of improving sunflower performance, increasing nutrient-use efficiency, and supporting the development of more productive and sustainable cropping systems under modern agricultural conditions.

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foliar fertilization; sunflower; micronutrients; NPK; seed yield; oil content

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