Rjas

Vol 43, No 1 (2011)

THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION SYSTEM ON WEED INFESTATION AND GRAIN YIELD OF SMALL GRAINS ON ACID SOILS pag. 3-8

Milan Obrad Biberdzic, M JELIĆ, N. DELETIĆ, S. BARAĆ, S. STOJKOVIĆ, S STANKOVIĆ, S. STAMENKOVIĆ

This paper deals with the effect of fertilization systems on weed infestation degree and grain yield of some small grains on the vertisol soil type. The trial was set in random complete block design with three replications. The trial included control variant and three variants fertilized by mineral fertilizers, lime and manure (1. NP 1 K, 2. NP 2 K, and 3. NP 1 K + CaCO 3 + manure). Small grain crops involved in the trial were wheat, barley, triticale and rye. Results of the study showed significant effect of fertilization on decreasing weed infestation degree of the all investigated small grain crops. The highest degree of infestation by weeds (average 2.2) was observed at the variant without fertilization, while the lowest one (1.2) was found at the variant fertilized by the combination of mineral fertilizers, lime and manure. The highest degree of infestation by weeds was observed in wheat, and the lowest one in rye. Grain yield at fertilized variants was significantly higher comparing with the control variant. The highest average grain yield of the all small grains (3961 kg ha -1 ) was reached at the variant with combined application of mineral fertilizers, lime and manure, while the lowest one was observed at the unfertilized variant (1378 kg ha -1 ). Combined application of mineral fertilizers, lime and manure gave high-significantly greater grain yield in regard to mineral fertilizers alone with lower phosphorus dose. The difference between the variant with combined NPK, lime and manure and the variant NP 2 K was not statistically significant. The highest average grain yield in the all variants of 3884 kg ha -1 was given by wheat, and it was high-significantly greater than in the other crops, while the lowest one (2290 kg ha -1 ) was observed in rye. The difference between grain yields of barley and triticale was not significant. The highest grain yield of 4770 kg ha -1 was given by wheat at the variant with combination of NPK, lime and manure. The lowest grain yield was observed in rye and it was significantly lower than in other crops at every variant, which was expected. Triticale had greater grain yield than barley at the all variants, but the difference at the variant with combination of NPK, lime and manure was not significant.

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small grains, fertilization, weed infestation, grain yield

Presentation: oral

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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN INTERACTIONS WITH NITROGEN FERTILIZATION pag. 9-18

Gheorghe Bunta, ELENA BUCUREAN

In this paper are presented some results regarding the yielding potential of a new own wheat variety, Crisana comparative to another Romanian wheat varieties in last three years, 2008, 2009 (very drought) and 2010 (very raining) in western part of country. Also, we present some results regarding the backing qualities of this new variety comparative to another ones, in last years. The results confirm that our new variety, Crisana, registered in 2005, is one of the best wheat varieties, regarding the yielding potential and backing qualities, with or without nitrogen fertilization. This paper presents the qualities indicators and yields potentials of the cultivars in two comparative variants, fertilized and unfertilized with nitrogen. The results demonstrate that it is possible to create wheat varieties that have in the same time, good yielding potential and very good qualities, like wet gluten, protein, falling number, Zeleny index, etc. The results demonstrate that Crisana has a good yielding potential in the years with very drought spring and summer (like 2009) but not so good in excessive raining year. In the same time, its quality indicators are stable from a year to another and it is competitive to another Romanian and foreign cultivars.

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wheat; variety; backing quality;yield potential

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS FACTORS ON SPRING BARLEY YIELD pag. 19-24

Eva Candráková, Nora POLLÁKOVÁ, Eva HANÁČKOVÁ

Abstract: Spring barley malting varieties (Nitran, Ezer and Poprad) and their response to environmental conditions, year and fertilization were investigated in the field experiment of Slovak University of Agriculture enterprise in Oponice during years 2005 - 2007. Altitude of the area is 168 m above sea level, average annual precipitation is 607 mm, and temperature 9.5 °C. Main soil type was classified as Haplic Luvisol on loess with loamy texture. Treatments of fertilization were as follows: 1. control - without fertilization, 2. LAV (ammonium nitrate with limestone) 20 kg ha -1 of net nitrogen, 3. LAV for grain yield level of 5 t ha -1 applied at the end of shooting stage, 4. DAM 390 (ammonium nitrate with urea) in rate 20 kg ha -1 of net nutrient N applied at the end of shooting stage. Rates of fertilizers were calculated on the base of agrochemical soil analyses, which were done from samples collected before sowing and at the beginning of shooting stage from depth of 0.3 and 0.6 m. The effect of moisture and temperature on grain yield was expressed by the value of internal energy (ΔU). Changes of ∆U in the non-vegetation period and in the critical growth stages of spring barley, and the influence of observed parameters on the yield formation in years with Y max and Y min were evaluated for the analysis of the thermo dynamical characteristics. Negative value of internal energy expresses the dominant effect of temperature beyond moisture and acts positively on grain yield. Positive ∆U values act opposite. The highest grain yields (Y max 7.94 t ha -1 ) were achieved in year 2005 and the lowest in year 2007 (Y min 4.28 t ha -1 ), what demonstrated the statistically significant influence of year, varieties and fertilization. Despite the fertilization by nitrogen promoted increasing of grain yield, but the effect of year was stronger.

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spring barley, varieties, fertilization, water, temperature, yield

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON COMMON PEA YIELD pag. 25-30

Eva Candráková, Nora POLLÁKOVÁ, M. MACÁK

Abstract: A field stationary experiment was carried out during years 2005 - 2007 at the Experimental base of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Dolná Malanta. The long-term average annual temperature of the site is 9.7° C and 16.6° C during the vegetation period. The average rainfall is 561 mm, including 323 mm during the vegetation period. Agro-climatic sub-area is characterized as very dry. Soil subtype was classified as Haplic Luvisol on proluvial sediments with loess. Main aim of this study was the evaluation of yield and yield components (the number of plants per unit area, number of pods per plant, number of seeds in the pod, and thousand of kernels weight) of common pea variety Dunaj grown under different soil tillage and fertilization treatments. Tillage treatments were as follows: O1 - conventional tillage (to the depth of 0.25 m), O2 - reduced tillage (to the depth of 0.18 m), O3 - minimized tillage (to the depth of 0.10 m). The fertilization treatments: 0 - no fertilization; PH – balance fertilization to design yield; PZ – balance fertilization with incorporation of forecrop residues after harvest. Nutrients were added on the base of balance method according to nutrient content in soil on yield level of 3 t ha -1 pea seeds. From the results achieved in this study we can conclude that pea yield was statistically highly significantly affected by the climatic conditions during years (the highest yield 4.48 t ha -1 was reached in 2006), significantly by soil tillage (3.76 t ha -1 in O3 treatment) and fertilization (3.85 t ha -1 in PZ treatment). The lowest yield (2.82 t ha -1 ) was reached during the growing season in year 2007, characteristic by the lack of moisture and high temperatures. The proportion of seeds on overall pea phytomass was around 50 %, resulting in the ratio of seeds to straw 1:1.

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common pea, soil cultivation, fertilization, seeds yield

Presentation: oral

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CORRELATIVE BINDINGS BETWEEN MMB AND SEEDS NUMBER GERMINATED TO CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. pag. 31-36

Cristina Coradini, Valeriu Tabara, Irina Petrescu, Camelia Giuchici

Marigolds took place from the unstable and easy to entertain flowers of garden, with amazing properties ornamental and medical. In purpose of identification if seeds weight was correlated and influenced the germinal capacity, it had been study 16 of local population of Calendula officinalis L. From diffrent localities of Hunedoara district. It were analysed different categorie of seeds: big, medium and small. Local populations supposed for testing in laboratory conditions had germination over 50%. Germination might be minimum of 70-85% to can seeding in the field and to assure the necessar number of plant for arising. The immediately practical utility of the results investigation asserted very much the proposed theme work. In Romania relatively realised a few investigations concerning the correlation existance between seeds weight of Calendula crops and its germinal capacity. Being a success the ones mentioned, it was assessed to make some complex investigations for teoretical argumentation and methods advancement used in some correlations identification between germinal capacity of marigolds seeds and its weight, which constituted an actual matter for our country concerning the development of raw material quality, because that medical plant was one of those plants used in cosmetical production, natural medicines, pharmaceutic preparations , etc. Taking in view the diversity of matter, the observations, collected data in the field and laboratory, the paper had both big complexity degree and one of big visibility, the investigations being centered towards resolving some matters with small degree of knowledge and of presence in speciality literature of Calendula species and also with a great importance for pharmaceutic and cosmetical industry. Results conffirmed some data from speciality literature, thank to that one it existed a strong correlation between seeds weight and germinal capacity. The present paper belongs to a big work which had like study “Resistance testing of some species of Calendula officinalis L. to Thysanoptera pest attack through different methods/techniques of analysis concerning the improvement of raw material quality”, that represented the theme of postdoctoral- dissertation.

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Calendula officinalis, correlations, seeds, germination

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GERMINAL CAPACITY TO DIFFERENT LOCAL POPULATIONS OF CALENDULA IN HUNEDOARA DISTRICT pag. 37-42

Cristina Coradini, Valeriu Tabara, Irina Petrescu, Camelia Giuchici

Marigolds (Calendula officinalis L.), were medical plants with a true source of Vitamin C, protean substances, bitterness substances, having an agreeable balmy smell. The profound knowledge of medical plants, inclusively marigolds, it sphere of usage was developed, especially in the middle of last century, of its cropping being very much people interested, because of exceptional therapeutic qualities which possessed and had to base the complex of active biological substances . Calendula officinalis L. was great in treatments of a lot of illnesses, and its administration was very well accepted by the organism, being nontoxic . All these features of marigolds made that the purpose of that paper to be the index identification of laboratory germination to 16 local populations from Hunedoara district. The knowledge of germinal capacity was very important to be assured the necessary number of plants at the emergence. Investigation made offered knew perspectives in direction of germinal capacity testing of those local populations and filling the scientific data base through foundation of identification’s methods of germinal capacity in laboratory . Taking in view that the tests of germination of spontaneous flora were very complex, it could consider that a part of seeds couldn’t be, anyway, carried out of germinal break. The results obtained through testing and monitoring the germinal capacity of Calendula officinalis L. seeds permitted the identification of some germination indicators of biological material . Investigation brought a data base of valorous reference about germinal capacity of local populations in Western Romania, as Hunedoara district. The present paper belongs to a big work which had like study “Resistance testing of some species of Calendula officinalis L. to Thysanoptera pest attack through different methods/techniques of analysis concerning the improvement of raw material quality”, that represented the theme of postdoctoral- dissertation.

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Calendula officinalis L., germinal energy, germinal faculty

Presentation: oral

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ZEARALENONE OCCURENCE IN CEREAL AND CEREAL-BASED FOODSTUFFS MARKETED IN TIMIS COUNTY pag. 43-49

Petruta Galbenu, Lăcrămioara Damiescu, Alexandra Trif

Abstract: Zearalenone (ZEA, F-2 toxin) is a known non-steroidal estrogenic secondary metabolite, mainly produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum, which are common soil fungi, in temperate and warm regions. ZEA and its metabolites are frequently detected in cereal crops worldwide such as maize, barley, oats, wheat, rice, sorghum and also in breakfast cereals, bread and milk, thus, contaminating both the food and feed chain. ZEA is a resorcylic acid lactone and is well-known by its estrogenic activity in farm animals (pigs, cattle, sheep etc.) and occasionally is implicated in hiperestrogenic syndromes in humans. The present study aimed to screen for ZEA contamination different cereal and cereal-based foodstuffs purchased from local producers and supermarkets in Timiș County, an area of western Romania. Hence, during a period of three years (2008-2010), a total of 125 commercially available foodstuffs, including small cereal grains (wheat, barley, maize), bread and related products (bakery, pastry), maize oil, breakfast cereals and other foods (biscuits, snacks), were investigated for ZEA presence and contamination levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercially available kits. Although, the occurrence of ZEA varied during the three years of study from 6.25% in 2008 and 38.30% in 2009, to 53.33% in 2010, overall ZEA was detected in 37 samples, representing 29.6%, occurrence which was similar to other surveys. The values obtained ranged between 0.4 µg/kg found in barley, and 41.81 µg/kg found in wheat flour, and an overall mean and median value of 3.26 µg/kg and 1.82 µg/kg, respectively. However, none of the values exceeded the maximum allowed levels by the European Commission (EC) in the different commodities analyzed. Whereas most surveys focus on ZEA contamination of different crops (wheat, barley, maize etc.) this paper represents one of the first screenings on a variety of cereal and cereal-based foodstuffs marketed in an area of western Romania.

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Zearalenone, occurrence, levels, foodstuffs, Timis County, Romania

Presentation: oral

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FUMONISIN OCCURRENCE IN CEREAL AND CEREAL-BASED FOODSTUFFS MARKETED IN TIMIS COUNTY pag. 50-55

Petruta Galbenu, Lăcrămioara Damiescu, Alexandra Trif

Abstract: Fumonisins (FUM) are a group of mycotoxins synthesized by different species of the genus Fusarium, mainly Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, which known to contaminate maize and maize-based foods and feeds all over the world. The fumonisins belong to the most toxic fungal metabolites. In human and animals they have been associated with equine leucoencefalomalacia (ELEM), porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) and esophageal cancer (EC) in different countries. The goal of this study was to determine the presence and contamination level of one of the most toxic and frequently detected fumonisin, fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), in cereal and cereal-based foods purchased from Timis County, an area of western Romania, during a period of two years (2009-2010). FB 1 concentration was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. To reach the aim of this study there were investigated 29 samples of foodstuffs mainly of maize origin such as unprocessed maize, maize cans, maize puffs, cornflakes, and maize snacks, but also unprocessed wheat and breakfast cereals. FB 1 was identified in eight samples (27.59 %) belonging to the maize and maize-based products categories. The FB 1 values obtained in this study were ranging between 30 µg/kg (cornflakes) and 92.42 µg/kg (corn puffs). FB 1 was not detected in the unprocessed wheat and breakfast cereal samples. The mean and median values of all commodities analyzed ranged between 30.5 µg/kg (cornflakes) and 92.42 µg/kg (corn puffs). Overall, the mean and median values registered were of 67.94 µg/kg and 78 µg/kg, respectively. However, none of the values exceeded the maximum allowed levels by the European Commission (EC) in the different commodities analyzed. The results obtained where compared to the occurrence data found in the literature. Whereas most surveys focus on FUM contamination of different crops this paper represents one of the first screening on a variety of cereal and cereal-based foodstuffs mostly of maize origin marketed in an area of western Romania.

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Fumonisin, occurrence, levels, foodstuffs, Timis County, Romania

Presentation: oral

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PRODUCTION PROCESS OF WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION pag. 56-61

Eva Hanackova, Pavol Slamka

Abstract : The influence of conventional and minimal soil cultivation in interaction with mineral fertilization and utilization of the by-product on the winter wheat yield, uptake of nutrients by yield and energetic effectiveness in experimental years 2004-2006 was investigated in the experiment. Different soil cultivation did not influence grain yield significantly. Higher yield by 0.17 t ha -1 was achieved at minimal cultivation than at ploughing. In fertilized treatments grain yield was significantly higher than in unfertilized control. On the average of three experimental years and cultivation methods, the highest yield of grain (7.26 t ha -1 ) was gained in treatment rationally fertilized by mineral fertilizers. Increment of grain yield was influenced by forecrop (21.7 %), soil cultivation (3.3 %), fertilization (32.9 %) and year (42.1 %). There was found out strong linear relationship between yield of phytomass and NPK nutrients uptake (r = 0.817 xxx ). One ton of grain and relevant amount of straw of variety Bonita took up 21.7 kg of N, 4.9 kg of P, 15.6 kg of K, 4.6 kg of Ca and 2.2 kg of Mg from soil. Energetic effectiveness of fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers is very good. On the average of three experimental years higher energetic effectiveness was determined under conventional soil cultivation (E = 15.3). Within fertilized treatments the highest energetic effectiveness of nitrogen fertilization was calculated in treatment fertilized with mineral fertilizers (E = 13.5).

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Key words: winter wheat, tillage of soil, mineral fertilizers, post harvest residue, yield of grain, nutrients uptake

Presentation: oral

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THE NUTRIENTS BALANCE OF CROP ROTATION pag. 62-67

Eva Hanackova, Milan Macak, Eva Candrakova

Abstract : During 2004-2006, the nutrient balance of crop rotation pattern under conventional and minimum tillage and influence of different fertilization treatments at the experimental station of Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra was investigated. The crop sequence of maize (Zea mays L.) - winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under seeded with red clover - red clover (Trifolium pratense) - common pea (Pisum sativum L.) and mustard as catch crop was used. The most serious deficit of nitrogen (-57.4 kg ha -1 yr -1 ), phosphorus (-21.8 kg ha -1 yr -1 ) and potassium (-87.8 kg ha -1 yr -1 ) was in control treatments under conventional tillage. Deficit of nitrogen was also found-out in treatments with mineral fertilizers application. However higher deficit of nitrogen (-34.6 kg ha -1 yr -1 ) in an average was noted under conventional tillage. Combination of mineral fertilizers together with incorporation of forecrop plant biomass into soil (PZ) produced small surplus in the nitrogen balance (5.7 kg ha -1 yr -1 in conventional tillage and 6.7 kg ha-1 yr -1 in minimum tillage treatments). The positive results in the phosphorus balance achieved in treatments with incorporation of forecrop plant biomass into soil in both soil tillage treatments, in an average value of 5.25 kg ha -1 yr -1 , contribute to the good soil phosphorous supply. The negative balance of potassium varying from -87.8 kg ha -1 yr -1 (control) to -14.6 kg ha -1 yr -1 (PZ) is acceptable owing to high content of available soil potassium of experimental stand.

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Key words: nutrients balance, crop rotation, soil tillage, mineral fertilizers, post harvest residue, nutrients uptake

Presentation: oral

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DEOXYNIVALENOL AND ZEARALENONE IN WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS pag. 68-72

Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová, Ľubomír Kobida

A long term trial comparing ecological (ECO) and integrated (INT) farming systems was carried out in western Slovakia from 1990 to 2009. The location has a continental climate, with average temperatures of 19,7 °C in July and – 1,7 °C in January and an average annual precipitation of 561 mm, the soil type is a Haplic luvisol. The ECO and INT systems were composed of a six stage crop rotation. Subplots were fertilised and unfertilised treatments. 25 g samples of w. wheat was placed into a 250 mL glass Erlenmayer flask and then 100 mL of 84+16 acetonitrile water were added. After stired extract was filtered and clean up by immunoaffinity column MycoSepTM 226 for ZON and 227 for DON. Purified extract was evaporate to dryness using RVO 400 and redisloved in 0,5 mL mobile phase. The concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZON) was detected in the w. wheat grain samples by using of HPLC WATERS BREEZE equipped with binary pump WATERS 1525, RHEODYNE injector and UV detector WATERS 2487 was used with a stainless steel reverse phase 150x3,9 mm, 4 m m spherical particle C18 Nova-Pak column. UV detector set to 218 nm for DON and 238 nm for ZON. Mobile phase were mix of of A: water, B: acetonitrile with using gradient. In ECO system, the concentration of DON was lower by 46 % (average 192,4 µg.kg-1 ) compared with INT system (average 361,6 µg.kg-1 ). Fertilisation treatments enhanced the level of DON in both systems. Within INT system also pre-crop effect on DON was revealed, peas as pre-crop significantly enhance the concentration of DON. The effects of farming system and fertilisation were not significant for ZON, but level of ZON was influenced by weather conditions. Drier and warmer weather supported the production of ZON, more humid and warm weather enhanced the level of DON.

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deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ecological ,integrated system

Presentation: oral

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INDIRECT BAKING QUALITY AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SPELT WHEAT (TRITICUM SPELTA L.) pag. 73-78

Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová, Joanna Korczyk-Szabó

Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) has undergone a renaissance as a niche product. This may be due to the perception that it is a “healthier”, more “natural”, or less “over-bred” grain than modern wheat. For a couple of years, the breeders have again taken an interest in spelt because of its better resistance to the influence of the environment. A field stationary experiment was carried out at the Research Experimental Station of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Dolná Malanta near Nitra. Eight spelt wheat cultivars (Altgold, Bauländer Spelz, Franckenkorn, Holstenkorn, Ostro, Rouquin, Rubiota, Schwabenkorn) were cultivated in ecological farming system without fertilization and any chemical treatment. The work reports on the results from studying the indirect baking quality indicators (wet gluten content, gluten index (ICC 155,158; AACC38-12), swelling of gluten (STN 461011-9), exstensibility of gluten (STN 461011-9, AACC 54-24), falling number (ICC 107/1; AACC56-81B), Zeleny test (ICC 116/1) and dough parameters (water absorption, dough development time, dough stability and softening, quality number) during a four-year research (from 2005 to 2008). Farinogram test was conducted using ICC standard method No 115/1. All evaluated indirect baking quality parameters were depended on the variety and weather conditions. Spelt wheat was rich in the content of wet gluten. More than 45% was found in Altgold, Ostro and Rubiota. Very tensile gluten of spelt wheat was of standard quality. GI higher than 50% was determined in Altgold, Franckenkorn, Holstenkorn and Rouquin. Rheological properties of wheat flour dough are essential for the successful manufacturing of bakery products because they determine its behaviour during mechanical handling, thereby affecting the quality of the finished products. Statistical analysis showed significant influence of the variety and year also on dough properties. Dough of spelt wheat was developed in short time period, characterized with low stability and weak resistance to over mixing. On the basic of all parameters of rheological analysis the best results was obtained in Franckenkorn. The normal air temperatures and sufficient precipitation of 2008 reflected into the best dough properties of spelt wheat when compared with other years of growing. Further it was found that dough prepared from spelt flour were very soft and sticky during kneading. This fact can be explained thereby that rheological properties of spelt gluten are predominated by gliadins as a very sticky monomeric plasticizer . Currently, there is considerable interest in the use of spelt for food destined for health, its distinctive taste attributes and organic food markers.

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spelt, rheological properties, indirect baking quality indicators

Presentation: oral

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STUDY OF THE MAIN CHEMICAL INDICES OF SOME MAIZE HYBRIDS CULTIVATED IN THE ARADULUI PLAIN (ARAD COUNTY, ROMANIA) UNDER THE IMPACT OF PLANT DENSITY pag. 79-85

Luca Sorin, Valeriu Tabără

Worldwide, maize ranks 3 rd from the point of view of the areas cultivated with maize – after wheat and rice – and 1 st from the point of view of the production. Due to the large areas cultuivated with maize and particularly due to the maize prodcutions, mankind largely depends on maize to feed. Due to the chemical composition of its component parts, maize is both a absic food for humans and a basic feed for animals as well as a valuable raw matetr for industry. The importance of corn as the crop is clear from this plant that uses it has. Thus, maize grain used to feed both people and animals to obtain oil. In human nutrition, by grinding dried beans are obtained: corn flour, corn flakes, baby food, milk etc artificially. The wet milling (grain with embryo), we obtain, in addition to the products listed and rich in fructose syrup (for diabetics), beer, coffee substitutes, etc. coated glazed pastes. The different treatments after wet milling are obtained: starch, glucose, dextrose, whiskey, drug. In forage nutritive value of maize is 1.17 to 1.30 units for 1 kg grain nutrition. The cobs are obtained : furfural, fodder for ruminants, soaps, vitamins are used as fuel . The world production of oil 2% is obtained from corn. Green plant is used as feed for dairy cattle feed. Expansion in culture is due to nutrition and special features The main goal of this paper is to determine optimal planting density in six maize hybrids aiming at obtaining optimal production quality indices. : "Research on the influence of sowing density on production and its quality from 6 corn hybrids, climatic conditions of Plain Arad" scholarship program funded by the European Social din Pilot Program Fund to support research doctoral scholars, under contract POSDRU/6/1.5/2 USAMVB Timisoara, under the distinguished University Professor Dr. Valeriu Tabară

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corn hybrids, Plant density, Protein, fat content, starch

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RESEARCH CONCERNING PRODUCTIVITY IN SIX MAIZE HYBRIDS BY APPLYING CERTAIN CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ARADULUI PLAIN (ŞEMLAC, ARAD COUNTY) IN 2009 pag. 86-90

Luca Sorin, Valeriu Tabără

Maize ranges, world wide, 3 rd from the point of view of the areas cultivated, after wheat and rice (Muntean et al., 2001; Cristea, 2004) and 1 st from the point of view of the production (Troyer, 2006). The area under study is part of the Aradului Plain and is characterised by very good vegetation conditions for maize and is also part of the very favourable cultivation area in Romania. This position , in terms of agriculture, is motivated by a number of features, such as: have a large production capacity by about 50% higher compared to other cereals, has a high ecological plasticity (MUNTEAN et al., 2001 ) is a plant hoes, good run for most crops, monoculture supports many years, has a high coefficient of multiplication (150-400), with a later planting in the spring, allowing a better staging of the agricultural work, culture is 100% mechanized, harvesting is done without danger of shaking, after the early run can be cultivated as second crop, which provides an additional crop of green mass, silage, or grain, is resistant to drought and falling, is less attacked by diseases and pests can be grown on soil and climate conditions very different (CAMPEANU S., 2009). The general goal of the research aims at analysing the behaviour of an assortment of maize hybrids developed by the Pioneer Company from the point of view of the production levels. In general, production per unit of area responds to density changes. To get maximum yields per unit of area, optimal cultivation density differs from one hybrid to another. The present research aims at determining optimal density with impact on production is six Pioneer hybrids in the soil and climate conditions of the Aradului Plain (Şemlac, Arad County). Results of this study are part of a doctoral program, with the theme: "Research on the influence of sowing density on production and its quality from 6 corn hybrids, climatic conditions of Plain Arad" scholarship program funded by the European Social din Pilot Program Fund to support research doctoral scholars, under contract POSDRU/6/1.5/2 USAMVB Timisoara, under the distinguished University Professor Dr. Valeriu Tabără.

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yield, fertilization, maize hybrids, density

Presentation: oral

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EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL SOIL TRAITS AND ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON POTATO PRODUCTION IN THE APUSENI MTS. AREA pag. 91-99

Marilena Marghitas, C. Toader, Mihaela Mihai, Lavinia Moldovan

Potato holds the largest spread in the Apuseni Mts area as a cultivated plant, while being an essential element for the inabitants and their livestock, as the basic food support of the population in the area. Alongside the part played as a basic food for the population in the mountain area, the importance of the potato is increased as the altitude increases, being used as fodder for animal husbandry, due to the fact that agricultural plants under crop are limited to potato, rye, oat, certain fruit trees, certain vegetables, while the rest of areas are covered with natural pastures and forests. Potato holds the largest spread, as maize hybrids- even the early ones- do not reach maturity in this high area of the Apuseni Mts. The numerous research in the area led to the conclusion that there are good and even very good pedoclimatic conditions for the potato crop, also taking into consideration the climatic anomaliies lately. The severity of the impact exerted by climatic changes varies from one region to another and has a serious effect on agriculture. In this highly important sector, climate changes will affect crop harvesting, animal husbandry and the location of production. The increasing possibility and severity of climate events will lead to the increase the risk of calamity for cultivated agricultural and horticultural plants. Climate change will also affect the soil, decreasing the organic matter content – a major contributor to soil fertility. In this context, bearing in mind the basic occupation of inhabitants in the mountain area which is animal husbandry, a certain amount of organic fertilizers is presently obtained. However, through a rational capitalization, it can represent the main potato fertilization source in the area, bringing a contribution to the recovery of physical and chemical soil traits and implicitly maintaining their fertility. The specificity of the main potato product, its tubers, as underground stalks leads to a high demand with regard to physical soil traits, as potatoes only undergo normal development in sufficiently aerated soils. Thus, the most indicated soils for potato cultivation are well aerated and dispersed soils, with a loamy or a loamy-sandy texture. The requirement for soil aeration becomes apparent even from planting, as only good aeration leads to intense breating and thus more rapid germination. Consequently, stolons, as well as tubers, grow and develop normally only in well-aerated soils that are porous and rich in nutritive elements. Assessments on soils aimed for potato cultivation in our country were conducted by Teaci, Berindei, Copony, Maxim, Canarache and other specialists who have worked in the field.The objectives of the presented research aim at the effect of physical soil traits and organo-mineral fertilization on the quantitative and qualitative production of potato tubers, as well as the increase of the organic matter content in the soils for the promotion of sustainable and evironmentally-friendly agriculture in the area.The research conducted studies the effects of the soil’s physical traits and differentiated organo-mineral fertilization systems in potato, through long-term field experiments, aiming at the quantitative achievement of tuber productions per surface unit and the modification of the main agrochemical soil indices. The results obtained will be part of an agrochemical optimization model for the soil-plant system in the potato crop, by setting the domains for the preservation of soil fertility and agrochemical risk domains (insufficiency-defficiency, excess-toxicity) for superior quantitative and qualitative tuber productions in the mountain area. The paper emphasizes the effect of differentiated organo-mineral fertilization and physical soil traits in the Apuseni Mts area on a districambosol (brown acidic soil) under potato crop for the quantitative and qualitative increase of tuber production per surface unit and for the maintenance and enhancement of soil fertility. Experiments were thus set on a districanbosoil, a brown acidic soil in the high subarea of the Apuseni Mts. at the basis of the north-north western slope in the Ariesul Mic river basin. The importance, originality and novelty of these agrochemical experiemnts are due to yet unsolved issued regarding fertilization combinations through the implementing of an ecologically-protective soil fertilization system to maintain and enhance the organic matter content according to the climatic specificity of the mountain area and the specific and overall consumption requirements of potato varieties in the area. In this respect, the experiments and overall research conducted in the present paper are new, useful and aim at the improvement of unfortunate situations (agrochemical risk-insufficiency-defficiency; excess- toxicity for potato tuber production) and provide with alternatives in the field for the differentiation of fertilization systems in order to select practical solutions that are both agrochemically and economically accessible. These ecologically-protective soil fertilization alternatives for potato crop in the mountain area accompanied by a rigorous agrochemical control, provide for a diversity of practical solutions in achieving the agrochemical optimum of the soil-plant system and protection of mountain ecosystems.

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soil, fertiliztion, mineral elements, potato

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THE INFLUENCE OF POTATO VARIETY AND ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON POTATO STORAGE IN THE APUSENI MTS. AREA pag. 100-107

Marilena Marghitas, C. Toader, Mihaela Mihai, Lavinia Moldovan

Potato, in the Apuseni Mts. area, is the most cultivated plant species. By means of its main products, the tubers, it provides the basic ood support for the locals and their livestock throughout the year. For a long period, mountain agriculture has been regarded as a source of healthy and qualitative food products, but devoid of any significant investments in the past, as well as the present. At present, in the poor economic and financial situation in our country, mountain agriculture does not benenfit from investments, although locals in the area rely on agriculture as their main occupation and the sole source of subzistence. This is the reason why young people have left the area and the population is aging and diminishing. For the development of the area and the achievement of qualitative and quantitative superior productions, it is highly necessary to implement ecologically-protective crop technologies employing the natural organic resources in the area, as well as appropriate measures for the storage of tubers in private households. It is well-known that the potato tuber is a living organisms that continues its physical, biochemical and physiological processes after harvesting. These processes, at various degrees of intensity, may lead to serious weigth losses during storage. One of the factors exerting a great influence on storage is the variety. Potato varieties exhibit different behaviours, as the determining factor is the germinal interval and not the duration of the growing period. The germinal interval is characteristic to the variety, as its duration is genetically determined, with no dependence on the duration of the growth period. Varieties with a long germinal interval, resistant to blight, wet and dry rot, show the least losses during storage (Mureşan S., 1976). In terms of external factors, realtive air temperature and humidity in the storage area exert a major influence in the storage of potato tubers. Optimal temperatures for the storage of potato according to employment are: seed 2-4 o C, consumption 3-6 o C, industrial 8-12 o C (Mureşan S., 1980). Temperature in storage areas determines the direction and speed of essential chemical reactions. As such, when temperature is high in storage areas, there is a favourable climate for tuber germination, the intensification of breathing and the creation of a favourable environment for microorganisms.The slow lowering of temperatures leads to tuber sweetening, which continues up to 0 o C, when the breathing process stops and the potato becomes sweet. Relative air humidity in storage areas is important to maintain potato turgor and thus optimal air humidity must be maintained to 85-90% in storage areas. Under this limit, tubers lose water and wrinkle, while over this 90% limit, there is an excess of humidity in the tuber mass, thus favouring rot diseases. Differentiated fertilization influences the level of loss due to rot diseases, as balanced NPK fertilization in optimal doses according to plant nutrient requirements leads to reduced losses as opposed to the situation when fertilization is umbalanced, favouring rot diseases and implicitly significant weigth losses and a quality decrease for stored tubers. The objective of the research presented therein envision the influence of the variety and differentiated organo-mineral fertilization on quantitative and qualitative achievement of potato tubers in the mountain area and losses through storage in unequipped areas, cellars that are specific to households in the Apuseni Mts. area. The importance, originality and degree of novelty of this agronomic research are due to yet unsolved problems regarding fertilization combinations in potato crops, when undesirable weather events are increasingly present thus increasing the risk for calamity in cultivated agricultural and horticultural crops. In this respect, the experiments and overall research conducted in the present paper are new, useful and aim at the improvement of unfortunate situations (agrochemical risk-insufficiency-defficiency; excess- toxicity for potato tuber production) and provide with alternatives in the field for the differentiation of fertilization systems in order to select practical solutions that are both agrochemically and economically accessible. The implementing of a suitable soil fertilization system that is ecologically-protective for potato in the mountain area must be accompanied by a rigorous agrochemical control that would provide for a diversity of practical solutions in achieving the agrochemical soil-plant optimum and providing the protection of mountain ecosystems. In order to complete this paper, experiments were conducted on differentiated organo-mineral fertilization systems, for the Ostara and Desiree ptato varieties, on a districambosoil, namely a brown acidic soil, located in the high area of the Apuseni Mts. at the basis of the north-north-western slope of the Ariesul Mic river basin.

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soil, fertilization, unequipped storage area, potato

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THE INFLUENCE OF ZINC COMPOUNDS ON WHEAT, BARLEY AND OAT GERMINATION RATE pag. 108-113

Camelia Moldovan, Cristina Toţa

Modern diets include more and more raw food or functional food products. Germs and sprout have high biological value due to the quality and quantity of nutrients. Since water is the specific biochemical medium for reactions specific to germination (conversion of proteins in aminoacids and amides, conversion of starch into maltose and glucose, conversion of lipid into fat acids), also ensuring transport of theresulted products towards embryo, the presence of chemical compounds in water may influence the germination process and the plant development, thus contributing substantially to changes in their biological potential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the germination rate for seeds of wheat, barley and oats in the presence of zinc acetate, zinc sulfate that different doses (50 and 100 ppm zinc). Essentiality of zinc (at small and moderate doses) for plant development is indisputable, but its effect on germination rate was less studied in cereals. Germination was acomplished in laboratory conditions, and germination rate was quantified at five and ten days after the start of experiment using Saupe method. We obtained sprout from three species of grain, in the presence of acetate and zinc sulphate.To the end of the first five days, the germination rate was lower in the groups treated with zinc compounds, comparatively with the control groups (average of -5.98% and -9.02% for wheat, -14.57% and -19.62% in barley and -12.08% and -6.78% for oats). Germination rate of the three species, after ten days, was also lower in the experimental groups than in the control group (average of -1.0% and -2.45% for wheat, -4.49% and -4.16% for barley and -3.10%, respectively -0.18% in oats. An exception was noted in the group of wheat treated with 50 ppm zinc as acetate, where the germination rate has been increased to +3.59% respectively +1.05% comparing with the control groups. The dose of 100 ppm zinc, no matter which zinc chemical form was used (acetate or sulphate) affected the germination rate in a higher degree that the 50 ppm zinc dose.

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germination rate, wheat, barley, oat, shoot, zinc

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VITAMIN C LEVEL IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OAT SHOOTS CONSECUTIVE SODIUM SELENITE TREATMENT pag. 114-119

Camelia Moldovan, Delia Dumbrava, Mirela Popa, Diana Dogaru, Diana Raba, Mărioara Drugă

The purpose of this paper was to improve the content of active principles of seedlings obtained by germination of wheat, barley and oat seeds in the presence of sodium selenite with an known antioxidant role. Selenium intake is absolutely necessary because the Romanian soil is, generally, poor in this element. The three cereals were chosen for this experiment because it is known that they are dietary sources of selenium. There were studied the effects of selenium intake at doses of 5 and 10 ppm, on the synthesis of vitamin C (another strong antioxidant). Evaluation of vitamin C content was performed by iodometric method. The novelty of this paper is to assess the level of vitamin C in seedlings of wheat, barley and oats in succession to their germination in the presence of sodium selenite while most research in this area have assessed the level of vitamin C in mature plants (or their fruits). Seedlings treated with sodium selenite, vitamin C levels have been significantly (p<0.05) higher in experimental compared to the control. Thus, consecutive to intake of sodium selenite, vitamin C level in wheat seedlings was on average higher by +1360.65%, to barley has increased by +8.14% and the average growth of oats was +11.815%. The level of vitamin C was directly correlated with the doses of selenium applied to all three plant species. Enrichment technique in vitamin C in raw foods products (sprout), by sodium selenite supplementation has proved to be cheap and beneficial especially for wheat seedlings, making them truly functional food. Moreover, the sprout associated with increased levels of vitamin C, offers to the consumer a better antioxidant protection, increasing its nutritional value. Natural vitamin C is also easier to assimilate by animal organisms than vitamin C obtained by synthesis or fermentation. The high content of vitamin C in seedlings increases their preservation period.

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Vitamin C, wheat, barley, oat, seedlings, selenium

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FIELD EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENTLY STORAGED SUNFLOWER SEED pag. 120-125

Jelena MRĐA, J. CRNOBARAC, B. DEDIĆ, V. MIKLIČ

Sunflower seed treatment with fungicides has become regular measure in sunflower seed production. In recent years, along with fungicides seed is treated with appropriate insecticides in order to increase seed quality. This practice in seed production has brought out a problem of treated seed storage. Aim of this research was to determine the effect of different means of storage on field emergence of two sunflower hybrids. The trial was set during 2007 and 2008. Research was done using seed of two sunflower hybrids, developed in Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad. Effect of storage conditions was carried out partly on seed kept in storage facility and partly on seed kept in chamber with control of temperature. Field emergence was evaluated immediately after pesticide treatment and one year after storage by counting number of emerged plants in the first pair of leaves. Treatments selected for the research were: control (untreated seed), benomyl + metalaxyl, fludioxonil + metalaxyl, fludioxonil + metalaxyl + thiamethoxam and fludioxonil + metalaxyl + imidacloprid. Research data were calculated using analysis of variance of two-factorial split-plot experimental design. Seed of hybrid Baća had the lowest value of field emergence when it was kept on low temperatures regime (73.75%). This value was significantly lower than values for seed sown in short period after treatment (decrease of 8.54%) and seed kept in storage (decrease for 10.95%). Furthermore, field emergence of seed treated with insecticides compared with field emergence of untreated seed (76.59%) was highly significantly lower and compared to treatment 2 (78.67%) significantly lower. Comparison of field emergence of seed submitted to same pesticide treatment and different storage conditions revealed highly significantly lower field emergence, for control and treatment 1, of seed kept in cold chamber. On the contrary, there was no significant difference of the same trait for treatment 2. Evaluated parameter for seed treated with insecticides and kept in cold chamber and storage facility compared to germination of seed sown shortly after treatment was significantly and highly significantly lower, respectively. Seed of hybrid Rimi kept in storage had highest value of field emergence (80.98%) and was highly significantly different compared to other treatments. Field emergence of treatment 4 (77.48%) was highly significant compared to control, treatment 1 and treatment 2 by 6.0, 5.51 and 5.16%, respectively. Under same storage conditions and different chemical treatment control and treatment 2 had highly significantly highest field emergence. Field emergence for seed kept in storage and for treatments 1 and 4 was significantly higher compared to field emergence of non-storage seed, and highly significantly higher than field emergence of seed kept in cold chamber. For treatment 3 there was no significant difference between treatments.

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field emergence, sunflower seed, storage conditions, chemical treatment

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STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BACTERIZATION-SOWING PERIOD ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF PEA AND SOYBEAN IN TIMIȘ PLAIN pag. 126-129

Simona Niţă, Gh. David, Paul Pîrşan, L. Niţă, V. Mircov

The experiment was carried out within the Didactic Station of Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Timisoara on a cambic chernozem slightly gleyied, slightly hyposalic and moderately hyposalty under 100 cm, slightly decarbonized on loess moderate fine deposits medium clay loam / medium clay loam. In the first part of the profile the soil reaction is neutral with a pH of 7.03-7.18, and in the second half the reaction is slightly alkaline with a pH of 8.25-8.49. The reserve of humus is low from 62.98 to 75.65 t / ha in the processed horizon, and very low under 60 t / ha for the underlying horizons. According to its composition, the soil falls within the class texture "fine textured”, subclass medium clay loam, undifferentiated in profile. The two cultures have been organized in a trifactorial experiences, the A-factor was the cultivated variety (the genotype for pea are A1 - Dora, A2 - Montana and A3 - Monique; and the genotype for soybean are A1 - Felix, A2 - Neoplata and A3 - Venera), factor B - (B1 - non bacterized and B2 - bacterized) and factor C the planting period with two graduations (for pea C1- sown in 10 to 20 of March, C2 – sown in 1 to 10 of April; and for soybean C1-sown in 1 to 10 of April, C2 – sown in 20 to 30 of April). On average the three varieties and two planting dates obtained under bacterization conditions a 115% increase in yield, the difference of 225 kg/ha to non bacterized variant is to be provided as distinct significant. Of the three varieties variety Venera was noted. Bacterization of the seed proved to be a beneficial technological measure, helping to increase yields by over 277 kg/ha, even in an area with conditions of moisture deficiency

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Bacterization, planting dates, peas, soybeans, Plain Timis

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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN NATURAL HERBICIDES ON SEED GERMINATION pag. 130-138

liliana panaitescu panaitescu, Irina MOISE, Simona NIŢĂ, M. LUNGU

The signaling and identification of phytotoxic substances in soil is a very difficult problem. The main cause of this difficulty is that many of these phytotoxic substances, especially the organic ones, are ephemeral, transform rapidly and this changes the character of their physiological action on plants. As germination is the main characteristic of sowing seeds, the phytotoxicity of extracts on the plant growth and development can be followed through the effects they produce on seed germination. A characteristic that can be followed is the way the radical system develops. The radicals in particular are especially sensitive to the action exerted by the phytotoxic substances. Thus, the region of the root apical meristem develops abnormally, exteriorizing by their discoloration and then their complete mortification. In most cases, the effect of the phytotoxic extracts on the apical meristem is very quick. The root necrosis is observed an hour after the exposure of the roots to the phytotoxic solution. The paper presents the possible phytotoxic effects on the seed germination that extracts from different indigenous plants and invertebrates could produce, as it is well known that these can be used to fight certain pests in the ecological agricultural crops. The experiment was done within the Phytotechny Laboratory of the Faculty for Natural and Agricultural Sciences – the Agriculture Department. Wheat seeds (Flamura 85 variety) were set to germinate, with aqueous extracts of celandine, wormwood, oily extract of Allium with 10 g sodium-free soap and extract of Coccinella diluted in ethanol. These extracts, used for the ecological fight against pests, were monitored to see if they have phytotoxic effect in the soil.

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the phytotoxicity, phytotoxic extracts, the germination

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PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE VOLATILE OIL CONTENT OF HERBAL AND THE MENTHOL PEPPERMINT (MENTHA PIPERITA L.) UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION IN MINERAL LOVRIN pag. 139-144

Ovidiu PĂTRUI, Valeriu Tabara

Abstract: Peppermint is one of the oldest herbs known. Peppermint is an herb well known for its medicinal properties, but also for refreshing flavor. Given the fact that fertilization is one of the measures which, when applied properly, herba increase production and oil content and hence its quality, more research is carried out lately have focused on identifying the optimal formula aceasta.Uleiul is a valuable part of the volatile composition of herba and foil at the mint. The quality of healing depends on the quality of the finished product that is found in almost all health and beauty products. Calculation of volatile oil production has been achieved in relation to the production of herba mint. The essential oil obtained from the Mentha piperita L. herba, has numerous applications in medicine due to antibacterial properties, antiviral and cytotoxic essential oil, fragrance oil and antioxidant properties make it to be used in food and beverage industry. In England, as in the rest of Europe, peppermint is used almost exclusively for sweet and sweet liqueurs where her pungent fresh and refreshing counterbalance to the sweetness of sugar properties. For these purposes, the use of pure essential oil is preferred to avoid the bitter astringent notes of peppermint leaves. Peppermint freshness fits extremely well with chocolate. Peppermint ice cream is delicious on a warm summer day, because it uses soft properties of menthol. Peppermint is grown in many countries in Europe and Central and West Asia for the production of menthol, which is necessary in pharmaceutical preparations. In most of these countries entered peppermint local cuisine, replacing the local varieties menta.Studiul aims to enrich knowledge on the role of technology features cultivation mint (Mentha piperita L.) with their achievement of improved performance ; to achieve a high production of essential oil of a high quality, thus contributing to the possibility of extending the study of areas of cultivation with mint. Experience has been located on land belonging Lovrin. Experience is the type bifactorial with annual repetition. The biological material used was Columna variety, the seed being applied organic and mineral certificată.Îngrăşămintele mint culture, increased production of essential oil and menthol in fherba. The content of active substances, the determination of volatile oil content of mint and menthol, was monitored in the laboratories SC Fares Vital Bio Laboratories LLC Drastic, (ISO 9001: 2000). Variation of volatile oil content and the content of menthol in fherba (Mentha piperita L.) vary depending on the influence of fertilization. The results of this study are part of a PhD program, having as theme: "Development of cultivation technology of mint (Mentha piperita L.) in conditions of Lovrin"under the leadership of the distinguished university professor Valeriu Tabără.

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peppermint, volatile oil, herba, menthol.

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POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF VOLATILE OIL CONTENT IN FOIL AND THE MENTHOL MINT (MENTHA PIPERITA L.) UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION IN CONDITIONS IN THE LOVRIN pag. 145-150

Ovidiu PĂTRUI, Valeriu TABARA

Abstract: Mint is one of the oldest herbs known. Mint is an herb well known for its medicinal properties, but also for refreshing flavor. Given the fact that fertilization is one of the measures which, properly applied, lead to increased production of foil, production of volatile oil and the oil content and hence its quality, more research is carried out lately have focused on finding optimal formulas for this. The volatile oil is the most valuable component of the composition of mint leaves (foil). The quality of healing depends on the quality of the finished product that is found in almost all health and beauty products. Calculation of volatile oil production has been achieved in relation to film production in mint. The essential oil obtained from the leaves of Mentha piperita L., has numerous applications in medicine due to antibacterial properties, antiviral and cytotoxic essential oil, fragrance oil and antioxidant properties make it to be used in food and beverage industry. In England, as in the rest of Europe, peppermint is used almost exclusively for sweet and sweet liqueurs where her pungent fresh and refreshing counterbalance to the sweetness of sugar properties. For these purposes, the use of pure essential oil is preferred to avoid the bitter astringent notes of peppermint leaves. Peppermint freshness fits extremely well with chocolate. Peppermint ice cream is delicious on a warm summer day, because it uses soft properties of menthol. Mint is grown in many countries in Europe and Central and West Asia for the production of menthol, which is necessary in pharmaceutical preparations. In most of these countries entered peppermint local cuisine, replacing the local varieties mint. The study aims to enrich knowledge on the role of characteristics of cultivation technologies mint (Mentha piperita L.), to achieve improved their performance, to achieve a high production of essential oil of a higher quality, thus the study of the possibility expansion of cultivation areas are mint. Experience has been located on land belonging in Lovrin. Experience is the type bifactorial with annual repetition. The biological material used was kind Column, as certified seed. Organic and inorganic fertilizers applied peppermint culture, increased production of essential oil and menthol in the foil. The content of active substances, the determination of volatile oil content of mint and menthol, was monitored in the laboratories S.C. Fares Vital Bio Laboratories LLC Drastic, (ISO 9001: 2000). The results of this study are part of a PhD program, having as theme: "Development of cultivation technology of mint (Mentha piperita L.) in conditions of Lovrin". The results of this study are part of a PhD program, having as theme: "Development of technology for cultivation of mint (Mentha piperita L.) in conditions of Lovrin"under the leadership of the distinguished university professor Valeriu Tabără.

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peppermint, volatile oil, foil, menthol.

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VARIATION OF THE CONTENT OF Α- AND Β-THUJONE IN SALVIA AETHEROLEUM DUE TO DIFFERENT CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES pag. 151-156

Monica COTARCĂ, Valeriu TABARĂ

Common or garden sage leaves (Folium salviae) contain volatile oil (at least 1.00%) and tanning materials (up to 8.00%). The main component of Common sage oil is thujone (30.00-50.00%). The leaves are sued in mouth conditions, in pharyngitis, amygdalitis, and laryngitis. It is widespread in gardens, as ornamental, meliferous, and medicinal plant. In Romania, they cultivate the local cultivar De Răsmireşti (Bâlteanu, 1993). Aetheroleum Salviae is obtained by hydrolising Common sage leaves; it is a yellow or yellow-grenish, with neuter reaction, with strong camphor smell reminding that of Tanacetum (Ciulei, Grigorescu & Stănescu, 1993). Thujone has limited uses. This chemical compound is a neurotoxic substance that induces absinthism. This syndrome is characterised by addiction, hyperexcitability, and hallucinations. Because of this, FAO/WHO introduced, for the first time, in 1979, restrictions of the use of α- and β-thujone, limiting its sue as food or alcohol additives. Common sage volatile oil contains between 22.00 and 62.00% thujone (more (more in Italian or Bulgarian oil) depending on the group of compounds, alcohols expressed as borneol 2-165, terpenic hydrocarbons 35.00%, ketone 50.00%, and esters 3.00%. At present, scientists make new trials to see if Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is beneficial for patients suffering from serious cognition diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. A study published in February 2003 presented conclusions concerning the efficacy of Common sage in the treatment of light forms of Alzheimer’s disease (Akhondzadeh, Noroozian, Mohamadi, Ohadinia, Jamshidi & Khani, 2003). The exact nature of Common sage effects was still obscure, but a previous trial carried out in laboratory conditions had revealed that Common sage can protect a substance destroyed in the Alzheimer’s disease (Perry, Houghton, Sampson, Theobald, Hart, Lis-Balchin, Hoult, Evans, Jenner, Milligan & Perry, 2001). Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a plant that, due to its biochemical constituents in Salviae Folium, Salviae Herba, or Salviae Aetheroleum, is a source of antioxidants and nutrients: calories, proteins, sugars, lipids, and alimentary fibber, vitamin K and iron (Santé Canada, 1995) with impact on blood lipids and sugars. The extract from green or dry leaves is of inner and outer use in both human (Constantinescu, 1976) and veterinary medicine (Singh, Sharma & Jain, 1974; Verzar-Petri & Then, 1975). Common sage is used in cooking, in the cosmetics industry and in the beverage industry (Myrsini Lambraki, 2003).

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Keywords: Common sage essential oil, α- thujone, β-thujone, row direction, oil quality

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS IN SALVIA AETHEROLEUM UNDER THE IMPACT OF CERTAINTECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AT THE DIDACTIC STATION IN TIMIŞOARA (ROMANIA) pag. 157-163

Monica COTARCĂ, Valeriu TABĂRĂ

Knowing volatile oils is an important issue taking into account the widespread aromatherapy. In 2009, the European Medicine Agency (E.M.A.) published a final monograph replacing the monographs of national authorities of the European Union for the recording of traditional plant medicine containing Common sage as active ingredient. Quality according to the Quality Standards corersponding to the European Pharmacopoiea is a previous condition for recording essential/volatile oils ( e.g., Sage PhEur leaves or Sage PhEur tincture). As far as essential Common sage oil is concerned, E.M.A. concluded that risks do not overrun benefits: therefore, there will not be any monograph on Common sage of the European Community unless they bring up new clinical evidence. In the United States, Salvia Folia is regulated as food ingredient and as a component of food supplements. Common sage leaves is listed as G.R.A.S. (Generally Recognised as Safe) to be sued as a condiment or as natural flavour, while Salvia Aetheroleum is a G.R.A.S. agent used only as aromatic. To use the essential oil as flavour, they published a monograph titled Quality Standards for the Essential common sage oil in the United States in the Pharmacopoeia of the Convention for Food Chemical Products, Codex. For therapeutic use, as part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.), there is a revision going on (O.T.C. Over the Counter sub-commission that regulates the possibility of using certain natural-based medicine without a medical prescription), to prove the safety and efficacy of common sage oil combined with mint oil in mouth hygiene and therapeutic products. Common sage oil is characterised by a high level of thujone. Consumption of common sage oil as single ingredient implies a high risk of overdose. In the monograph by the H.M.P.C. (Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products), the presence of thujone (common sage leaves) is allowed in preparations, but it is restricted to a daily intake of 0.5 mg/person for a amximum duration of 2 weeks. According to the regulations applyable to traditional plant medicines stipulated in Chapter 2a of the Directive 2001/83/CE, article 16a paragraph (1) letter (a) concerning their use in minor directions that do not require a doctor’s surveillance, the risk – benefit analysis in commons sage is negative. If new information concerning the clinical safety and efficacy of the common sage oil were available, such documents could be re-evaluated by the H.M.P.C.

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Keywords: essential common sage oil, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor row direction, quality of essential oil

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THE STUDY OF POTENTIAL RAW COTTON PRODUCTION TO THREE SPECIES OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM SP.) IN REPORT WITH FERTILIZATION DEGREE AND PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE YEAR 2009, IN THE WEATHER CONDITIONS OF TIMISOARA pag. 164-170

Liliana ROŞCULEŢ(BABĂ), Valeriu TABARA

The purpose of this paper was to emphasize the production potential of raw cotton through behavior analysis of three species of cotton (Marismas, Coko and Canada) from Greece and North America, in pedoclimatic conditions of Timisoara and in function of fertilization degree. Investigations developed during the period 2008- 2010. Bifactorial experience was placed in the field after subdivided parcels method. The experimental factors established were: factor A - agrofield (A 1 - N 0 P 0 K 0 , A 2 - N 30 P 30 K 30 , A 3 - N 60 P 30 K 30 , A 4 -N 90 P 60 K 60 , A 5 -N 120 P6 0 K 60 , A 6 -N 30 P 30 K 30 + foliar fertilization); factor B- species (b 1 - Marismas-Greece, b 2 - American provenance, b 3 - Coko-Greece). It was made pedoclimatic factors monitoring during vegetation period. For production quality and quantity an important role had the three fertilizer macroelements: the azoth, phosphorus, and potassium, the azoth represented the dominant fertilizer factor. Analysis of vegetation conditions for the cotton realized during the period May- October, active vegetation period (180 days) bordering between seeding date (9 th May) and the first autumn hoarfrost (the second decade of October month). Investigation brought a reference data base of cotton crop appreciated in Western Romania. Also, it was a good point of view to develop the agricultural field of Banat’s Plain. Production analysis of raw cotton, fibers and seeds obtained under species influence emphasized differences among them, in that way: by the weather conditions of Timisoara in the year 2009, the average productions of raw cotton were: Grecian species Marismas – 2005 kg/area, Grecian species Coko- 2069 kg/area, and Canada species - 2145 kg/area. In separated analysis of every species under agrofield influence it distinguished two of agrofields with bigger influence on raw cotton production to the three species of cotton, such as, a 4 - N 90 P 60 K 60 and a 5 -N 120 P 60 K 60 , respectively the azoth doses applying about 90 kg/area and on potassium and phosphorus field about 60 kg/area from every one. The three species of cotton presented a good adaptability to pedoclimatic conditions of Timisoara in the year 2009.

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cotton, production, agrofield

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DETERMINATIONS THROUGH BIOMETRICAL MEASURES CONCERNING THE QUANTITY OF RAW COTTON/PLANT AND THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF FIBERS/PLANT TO THREE SPECIES OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM SP.) IN THE YEAR 2009 IN WEATHER CONDITIONS OF TIMISOARA pag. 171-178

Liliana Rosculet (Baba), Valeriu Tabara

Through behavior analysis of three species of cotton in pedoclimatic conditions of Timisoara, it was made determination through biometrical measures under fertilization influence concerning the quantity of raw cotton/plant, the average weight of fibers/plant and seeds/plant weight. The three species of cotton taken in study were: Marismas and Coko from Greece and Canada, North America provenance. Investigations developed during the period 2008-2010. Analysis was made through evolution maintenance and monitoring in vegetation of experimental factors and its entire experience, and also pedoclimatic factors monitoring during the vegetation period. During vegetation period, phonological observations were made: emergence, growing, plant development (apparition of the floral buds, blooming, fecundation, fruitification formation, capsules development evolution, capsules maturity). It was followed the elements calculation of variant rows obtained through biometrical measures made in the field and laboratory. Results interpretation obtained after results calculation obtained from the accounting was made through variation analysis method and of answer curves. Bifactorial experience was placed in the field after subdivided parcels method. Experimental factors established were: factor A- agrofield (A1-N0P0K0, A2- N30P30K30, A3- N60P30K30, A4- N90P60K60, A5- N120P60K60, A6- N30P30K30 plus foliar fertilization); factor B- species (b1- Marismas- Greece, b2- American provenance, b3- Coko- Greece). Positive evolution of characters taken in study registered to all the three species of cotton on agrofield A4- N90P60K60, when a dose of 90 kg/area azoth applied on a field of phosphorus and potassium base in doses of 60 kg/area every one, face to testifier variant A1- N0P0K0 (NPK dose applied to germinal layer preparation under complex chemicals forms of type 15:15:15). The weather conditions of year 2009 determined low productions (raw cotton, fibers and seeds) to all the cotton species face to the ones of 2008, the entrance in vegetation of plants with a delay of approximate of 11 days, it was the dominant factor. Investigation brought a data base of valorous reference about cotton cropping in Western of Romania.

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cotton, agrofield, quantity, weight

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RESEARCH CONCERNING SOME QUALITATIVE ELEMENTS OF WINTER BARLEY FOR BEER INDUSTRY pag. 179-183

Fanel Constantin Tarjoc, Valeriu Tabara

Abstract: For the production of beer, especially for the production of varieties of beer for various brands, quality of raw material obtained from barley is very important. In the category of quality traits of barley are: dry matter (%), starch content (%), protein (%), fat (%) extract(%), ash (%), germination faculty (%). The research on this paper aims to find best technological elements to obtain higher quality of malt barley. Fertilizer application and selection of suitable varieties are two of the most important links in order to obtain best quality. This study is par of the author's doctoral research and is in progress to public sustaining of the doctoral thesis. In order to obtain concluding results were organized experiences of bi-factorial type. Experimental facts, were placed in the field after the method of over lapping strips During vegetation, were carried out three foliar fertilization, using products PlantfertU, MicrofertU and TerraSorb. Were tested four varieties of winter barle: Laura, Trasko, Plaissant and Clarine. Laboratory tests were made at the brewery Distillery Sudrigiu European Food and Scandic , which has a laboratory equipped with modern equipment with which they could obtain very precise values of some parameters of the chemical elements that make complex traits of winter barley and spring barley designed to achieve a high quality beer . The highest value of dry matter content was unregistered on Laura variety, on basic fertilization with N 48 P 48 K 48 – 88.32%. From the fertilizants poit of view best result in starch content were obtained usig PlantfertU while from the poit of view of varieties best results were obtained on Trasko and Plaisant varieties. From the analysis of results obtain on winter barley we find that the differences between varieties are significant on two varieties, Laura and Trasko, the protein content excedees 8%, while on the rest of varieties the protein content is lower

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winter barley, quality elements; foliar fertilization; varieties

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ISSUES CONCERNING THE IMPACT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF BARLEY IN TIMISOARA pag. 184-189

Fanel Constantin Tarjoc, Valeriu TABĂRĂ

The development of brewing industry in Romania draws to the development of agricultural industries that provide the raw material used in the process of obtaining this drink. One of the raw materials of great importance in this industry is barley. Starting from these considerations, the paper proposes a study of the evolution of production values recorded in some barley varieties under the influence of foliar fertilization products. This study is par of the author's doctoral research and is in progress to public sustaining of the doctoral thesis. The research method that we used involved the placement of experiences in the field and the development of physical and chemical laboratory analysis. Production values were obtained by statistical calculation. The biological material used is composed of several varieties of winter and spring barley. Bellow basic fertilization, foliar treatments were applied using the following products: PlantfertU, MicrofertU and TerraSorb. Have been studied both forms of spring and winter barley. Different physiological needs of both forms of barley have required the separate study of the effect of foliar fertilizer on them. In case of spring barley using the product PlantfertU we achieve the sustainable production of 2842 kg/ha for the Hanca variety and 2722 kg/ha for the Penellope variety. On winter barley best results are obtained using the product TerraSorb on Plaissant variety (5490 kg/ha). Summing up the results we can say that the best results were obtained using the foliar products foliar PlantfertU and TerraSorb, the difference being considerate statistically very significant compared with the results obtained using the product MicrofertU. Research related to the use of foliar fertilizers in barley cultivation have a high degree of novelty, the products that we used being relatively newly introduced and used in Romanian agriculture. This fact gives a touch of originality on present work. The results have great significance in that they come in support of the barley growers who want to use new technological links in order to obtain high yields.

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barley; foliar fertilization; varieties; yields

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EFFECT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZERS AS UNCONVENTIONAL INTEVENTION METHODS WITHIN DIFFERETIATED FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS FOR THE MAIZE CROP pag. 190-194

Constantin Toader, Marilena MĂRGHITAŞ, Mihaela MIHAI, M. Şandor

The purpose of the research presented in the paper envision the rationalization of fertilizing mineral inputs and their reduction by promoting certain alternatives for the promotion of alternatives and strategies fo the efficient involvement in differentiated fetilization systems of unconventional resources (foliar fertilizers). Throughout the research period, a study was conducted on the effect of differentiated fertilizations through field experiements in order to assess the differentiation of maize grain productions and nutrient accummulation in the soil and plant, by means of laboratory analyses. The data obtained will be part of an agrochemical optimization model of the soil-plant system in maize crop, by setting the domains of soil fertility maintenance, as well as those of agrochemical risk (insufficiency-defficiecy, excess-toxicity) for grain production. The paper presents the testing of foliar fertilizers in maize crop in the Transylvania area on a chernozem (phaeozem) soil for the quantitative and qualitative increase of maize grain production per hectare. The completion of this paper is due to a series of experiments involving a wide range of foliar fertilizers in the experimental field of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca at the SDE Co jocna throughout the year 2010. The production results obtained as a consequence of the experiments reveals the essential character of foliar interventions in the context of an optimal soil supply of nutrition elements. The application of foliar fertilizers in plants has had a complementary role providing higher usage coefficients of the active substance in soil and soil-applied fertilizers. These experiments in researching the effects of certain unconventional fertilization sources (foliar fertilizers) are of the utmost importance, originality and novelty in the field of agrochemistry, due to yet unsoved problems with regard to fertilization combinations: exclusively mineral soil fertilization; exclusively organic soil fertilization; organo-mineral soil fertilization. It is thus clear that the experiments and overall research in the preset paper are up-to-date, useful and aim at the recovery of detrimental situations (agrochemical risk- insufficienty-defficiency; excess-toxicity for grain production) and provide with alternatives for the differentiation of fertilization systems in the field that can include practical solutions that are both agrochemically and economically accessible. These solutions include varieties of complex balanced NP fertilizers and a wide range of balanced foliar fertilizers, as well as organo-mineral ones that can enhance the efficiency of application for soil-incorporated fertilizers and even diminish the mineral input of this intervention. These fertilization alternatives for the potato crop accompanied by a rigorous agrochemical control ensure a diversity of practical solutionns for the achievement of the agrochemical optimum in the soil-plant system. The paper was supported through the project: POSTDOCTORAL SCHOOL IN THE FIELD OF AGICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE Contract n.: POSDRU/89/1.5/S/62371 .

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productions, nutrients, fertilizers, maize grains

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENTIATED FETILIZATION SYSTEMS ON MAIZE CROP ON NUTRIENT PRODUCTION AND ACCUMMULATION IN THE SOIL AND GRAINS pag. 195-198

Constantin Toader, Marilena MĂRGHITAŞ, Mihaela MIHAI, M. ŞANDOR

Maize is considered to be a plant exhibiting significant nutient consumption, thus responding to the application of fetilization systems that make eadily available significant element amounts in the soil or applied by means divesified nutrient vaieties. It has been previously proven expeimentally that on a regula basis, the maize crop significantly responds to a multitude of fetilizing combinations, with an organic and mineral substatum, where esential nutritive elements reside, especially those with a high specific and global consumption in maize. The research undertaken in the field of differentiated fertilization in maize crop aim at rationalizing fertilizing mineral inputs and at their reduction by promoting alternatives and strategies for an efficient inclusion within differentiated fertilization systems of humiferous organic resources and plant residues. In order to achieve the aforementioned research objectives, field experiments were conducted in 2009 at SDE Cojocna of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, on a cambic chernozem soil, on maize crop including different fertilizing sources, mineral- from complex NP fertilizers, organic- from semi-fermented stable manure and residual mushroom compost.The present paper presents analytical and experimental results obtained through the application of differentiated doses of fertilizers on maize crop, both mineral (from complex NP fertilizers) and organo-mineral (semi-fermented stable manure, residual mushroom compost and complex mineran NP fertilizers).The differentiated application of fertilizers reveals the importance of combinations such as the organo-mineral one with stable manure as an organic support, as well as that including residual compost, where the grain production significantly increases as compared to the control variant (unfertilized) and tne exclusively mineral fertilized one. In the same context, agrochemical soil indices and nutrient accumulations in maize grains are positively influenced in organo-mineral fertilizations. As far as the exclusively mineral fertilization is cocnerned, one can observe a slight acidification of the soil, as fertilizer doses are increased. The capitalization of production and analytical data in time, in the context of multiannual application of different fertilizer combinations will certainly lead to relevant, as well as impotant intepretations for agricultural pactice. These data support integated fertilization technologies for agicultural crops and determine decisions for the sustainable management of soil fertility. In addition, production quality modifications that are assessed on a periodical and an annual basis, as well as interpreted in connection with the multiannual changes of the relevant indices of soil fetility, may provide the foundation fo the safety of plant and food production. In this context, the drafting of agrochemical nomograms for differentiated fertilization systems are of the utmost scientific importance and may stir agricultural practice towards the differentiated application of fertilization.The paper was supported through the project: POSTDOCTORAL SCHOOL IN THE FIELD OF AGICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE Contract n.: POSDRU/89/1.5/S/62371.

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productions, nutrients, fertilizers, maize grains

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE CALIBRE INFLUENCE ON THE DEPTH OF THE SEEDING ON THE RAISING RHYTHM AND GROWTH VIGOUR AT THE MAIN HYBRIDS CULTIVATED IN TRANSYLVANIA pag. 199-206

Camelia TODORAN, G. MORAR, Teodora FLORIAN, C.V. FLORIAN, Cristina MOLDOVAN

The paper deals with the study of the influence of the seeds calibres, of the sowing depth and of the growth vigour at the main hybrids cultivated in Transylvania. For doing this there were taken 3 depths of sowing 4,6,8 cm from the depth norms, where were sowed the experimental calibres selected from the seeds of the hybrids T-165, T-200 and T-201 in a trifactorial experience placed after the methods of parcels subdivided in three repetitions. The sowing was made after the optimal period to avoid the influence of the thermal stress on seeds germination and to strictly delimit the relation between the sowing depth, the calibre and the hybrid. The correlation between the indexes established through laboratory analyses and the raising in the field are an important part of the control of the seeds vigour. The correlation between the indexes established through laboratory analyses and the raising in the field are an important part of the control of the seeds vigour. The appreciation of the vigour was made after 7 days from the raising (in the phase of 2 leaves) and in the phase of 11 leaves, being appreciated through marks from 1 to 9, mark 9 being the maxim vigour. Research has been conducted in the experimental field of the territory Jucu Station for Research and Development in 2008 and the biological material taken for study was created at SCDA Turda from hybrids that were in production and in perspective, namely: TURDA 201 - triliniary hybrid, semiearly created at SCDA Turda, group FAO 340, TURDA 200 -hybrid double early, registered in 1976,rewritten in the Official Cataloque in 2000 and TURDA 165 - triliniary hybrid, early belonging to the group FAO 270. The obtained results show us that among the technological factors involved in the raising and the vigour of the corn seeds , the sowing depth at normal intervals of 4, 8cm has a small influence on the raising vigour, the registered differences remaining at the level of those established for hybrids and calibres.

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corrn, calibre, seeding depth, raising, vigour

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL AND FOLIAR FERTILISATION ON THE NUMBER OF ACHENES ON CALATIDIUM IN THREE SUNFLOWER CULTIVARS IN THE CONDITIONS OF TIMIŞOARA pag. 207-211

Mihaela Claudia Ungureanu, Valeriu TABĂRĂ

Sunflower represents one of the most important crops in Romania from the point of view of the area cultivated, ranging 3 rd after maize and wheat. In this paper we point out the impact of different systems of fertilisation on sunflower productivity elements. The analysis of results in the three sunflower hybrids under study point out the fact that the number of achenes formed on the calatidium is an important element of sunflower productivity. We have studied three sunflower hybrids resistant to herbicides of the imidazone type from the Limagrain Company: Rimisol (approved for cultivation in Romania since 2004), F 30008, and Hidalgo. These sunflower hybrids have been tested on four agri-funds: N 0 P 0 K 0 , N 60 P 60 K 60 , N 90 P 60 K 60 , and N 60 P 60 K 60 + foliar fertiliser (Fertitel). The bifactorial experiment was set on the experimental field of the Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine in Timisoara. Introducing into cultivation this type of sunflower hybrids resistant to herbicides containing imidazolines is of particular importance for Romania’s agriculture. Though our results speak for just one year, they are particularly valuable for the agricultural practices and point out the efficacy of chemical and foliar fertilisers. The theme of this research aimed at better knowing sunflower hybrids developed by the Limagrain Company and at expanding their cultivation both in Romania and in Europe. Sunflower hybrids resistant to some post-emergent herbicides of the imidazoline or sulphuran-ureic type contribute, besides the increase of production per ha, to the efficacy of the sunflower crop on farms. By using this type of sunflower hybrids we eliminate 1-2 mechanical works whose efficacy is low in the context of sunflower weeding by creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense) and cockleburs (Xhantium sp.).

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sunflower, hibryds, chemical fertilizers and foliar

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL AND FOLIAR FERTILISERS ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THREE SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS) HYBRIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF TIMIŞOARA pag. 212-216

Mihaela Claudia UNGUREANU, Valeriu TABĂRĂ

By properly applying all cultivation technological steps specific to sunflower, agriculture becomes more sustainable and performing. As in any crop, spectacular progress by the Company Limagrain in Romania, these last years, ask for deeper research of the main features of the sunflower hybrids of the Clearfield type, their behaviour under the differentiate impact of chemical and foliar fertilisation with further implications on achenes’ morphological features. The main goal of this paper was to establish the impact of the fertilisation system on the morphological features of sunflower seeds in the soil and climate conditions of Timişoara, in three sunflower hybrids. The sunflower hybrids of the Clearfield type from the Company Limagrain and the cultivation technology they supply support scientifically the idea that their introduction into cultivation is the best solution for the farmers. In this paper we point out aspects concerning the importance of sunflower hybrids of the Clearfield type in Romania, the role of chemical and foliar fertilisers on oil content in achenes and of oil production per area unit. These sunflower hybrids can be cultivated with small efforts if we take into account that they can be treated with herbicides post-emergently when broad leave weeds are in the rosette phase and sunflower plants have 3-4 leaves. Cultivating this type of sunflower hybrids makes possible the control of a species of weeds that is extremely damaging to sunflower crops, a weed that is extremely difficult to control through the classical system of herbicides in common genotype sunflower hybrids. The sunflower hybrids resistant to imidazoline developed by the Company Limagrain are: Rimisol (approved for cultivation in Romania since 2004), F 30008, and Hidalgo. Sunflower is cultivated for its seeds used as raw material in the food industry, supplying 9% of the amount of raw materials processed in the world annually in the oil industry, and 12% of the world oil production. Though our results speak for just one year, they are particularly valuable for the agricultural practices and point out the efficacy of chemical and foliar fertilisers.

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floarea soarelui, hibrizi, însuşiri fizice

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CONSERVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR THE NATURAL GRASSLAND HABITATS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST FROM THE PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF ROMANIA pag. 219-223

Alina Lavinia CALUSERU, Luminiţa COJOCARIU

Abstract : Until 2011, the Ecological Network Natura 2000 in Romania includes 273 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) - 13,21% from the country surface, designated by the M.O. no. 1964/2007 (5), as a result of the implementation of Habitats Directive no. 92/43/CEE and 108 Bird Special Protected Areas declared by the Government Decision no. 1284/2007 regarding the declaration of bird special protected areas as an integrant part of the European Ecological Network Natura 2000 in Romania The total surface of the sites Natura 2000 (pSAC + SPA - Bird Special Protected Areas) represents 17,84% of the country surface. Partially, some of these sites are superposed, being designated both as SAC and SPA, and a part of them is superposed too over the protected natural areas of national interest (national parks, natural parks and reservations). SACs represent 13,21 % of the country surface, and SPAs represent 11, 89% of the country surface.(7) From the total of the natural grassland habitats whose conservation necessitates identifying the special areas of conservation, 37% of them are priority habitats, meaning they are in danger to disappear in their natural area, or they have a reduced natural area, or they constitute representative samples with typical characteristics for one or more biogeographical region. Mainly, the present paper intends to approach the legal aspects concerning the management way of the protected natural areas comprising natural grassland habitats, the realization of their management plans and regulations, and to analyze the measures imposed by these last in order to assure the favourable conservation status and the sustainable development of the natural grassland habitats, considering that Romania is into an incipient stadium under these aspects.. “The main causes contributing to grassland and hayfield degradation are: overgrazing, non-grazing, land clearing and arson of Pinus mugo woods, the conversion of the grasslands into arable lands, changing of land usage, the absence of a coherent management and other causes. Also, a special threat is constituted by the precarious state of the local agricultural economy. The traditional agricultural non-profitable methods, the massive emigration of population out of the rural medium led to abandonment of the marginal lands and to intensification of exploitation of the lands easy of access. All the problems and their solving must be introduced within the management plans of the protected natural areas and the authorities of local public administration must respect the obligations stipulated by the law in this field (1)” .

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grasslands, natural habitats, priority grassland habitats, Ecological network Natura 2000, conservation and sustainable management measures.

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MANAGEMENT OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST FROM TIMIŞ COUNTY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NATURAL GRASSLAND HABITATS pag. 224-228

Alina Lavinia CALUSERU, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, Marinel Nicolae HORABLAGA, Florin MARIAN, Cristian BOSTAN, Mădălina IORDACHE

Abstract : Until 2011, in the Timiş County there were declared by the M.O. no. 1964/2007 five Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) - 13,21% of the country surface, designated as a result of the implementation Habitats Directive no. 92/43/CEE and five Bird Special Protected Areas declared by the Government Decision no. 1284/2007 regarding the declaration of special protected areas, as a result of the implementation Birds Directive no. 79/409/EEC (modified and completed). Partially, some of these sites are superposed, being designated both as SAC and SPA, and a part of them is superposed too over the protected natural areas of national interest (national parks, natural parks and reservations). The management of the special areas of conservation necessitates appropriate plans of management, specific to the designated sites or integrated within other management plans and legal, administrative or contractual measures with the purpose to avoid the deterioration of the natural habitats and species habitats, as well as the disturbance of the species for which the areas were designated (3). Within the sites Natura 2000 declared in the Timiş County by the order no. 1964/2007, with partial distribution at county level, there were identified the following natural grassland habitats of community interest (1): 6430 - Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels; 6440 – Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii; 40A0* - 6510 - Lowland hay meadows ( Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis); Subcontinental peri-Pannonic shrub; 1530* - Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes. As can be observed, the sites Natura 2000 designated in Timiş County, also have as protection object 2 priority natural grassland habitats, meaning natural habitats in danger of disappearing, for whose conservation the European Community has a special responsibility, because of their reduced areas on the territory of European Union. Considering that national legislation in the field of biodiversity, which transposed the stipulations of the European legislation in the field, established that administration of the protected natural areas must assure the favourable conservation status and the sustainable management of the natural habitats for which they were designated, fact that requires the nomination of a responsible person or entity, by this present paper it is realised a situation concerning the state of putting in custody of the protected natural areas of community interest from Timiş County and the achievement of their management plans and administration regulations .

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grasslands, natural habitats, priority grassland habitats, administration, management plan, administration regulation.

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CLASSIFICATION MODEL OF SOME VARIETIES OF FODDER BEET BASED ON STUDY OF CHARACTERS pag. 229-235

Luminita COJOCARIU, Al. MOISUC, D. V. LALESCU, I. SAMFIRA, M. HORABLAGA, F. MARIAN

The fodder beet ( Beta vulgaris L. var. crassa ) is cultivated presently in almost all European countries, and in Romania on large surfaces in West Plain. Vest. This crop is used as a valuate source of cattle food. Due to its high content of water and sugar, it increases the milk production and is an appropriate fodder for the dairy cows (albayrak s. and necdet ç., 2007, lauwers t., 2009) . Usually, the fodder beet is administrated chopped and mixed with straws. The goal of this paper is to find a mathematical model which will allow to analyze the studied varieties of fodder beet under aspect of some quantitative characteristics (by correlation method) and then to classify them considering the similitude degree (in this case considering the first two factors). The biological material that was studied is represented by 16 varieties of fodder beet and it represents a valuable and highly diversified material from ecological viewpoint (Belgium, Germany, Poland, Romania), reason why there was considered useful to see what is their behaviour in conditions of Banat. The variability study of the root characteristics (root weight, root length, maximum diameter of the root) and of the leaf characteristics (leaf number, green leaf number and foliar surface) was made basing on biometric determinations. There were determined the linear correlations between the morphological characters up mentioned and then, basing on these correlations, there was realised an analysis of the main components and a cluster analysis (using the Euclidian distance and Ward method) which revealed that the varieties Angoba, Troya, Feldher and Ketil; Monro, Polifuraj 2, Beta Rosa and Ursus; Gonda, Tamara and Kyros I; Brigadier and Marshal; Fumona, Zentaur and respectively Tamon formed clusters, showing a strong similarity between them. The values of the genetic potential in fodder beet are manifested only if the variety is maintained in genetic equilibrium and whether it will receive appropriate condition of cultivation.

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MULTIPLE COMPARISONS BETWEEN SOME FODDER BEET GENOTYPES BASED ON LEAF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS pag. 236-242

Luminita COJOCARIU, Al. MOISUC, D. V. LALESCU, M. HORABLAGA, F. MARIAN, C. BOSTAN

In animal feeding are used both the roots and the leaves of the fodder beets. Because the leaves have an important role in photosynthesis, the present work focused on the study of the leaf morphological characters of 16 fodder beet genotypes grown in Timisoara, during 2002-2010. The data used in the paper are collected along five years, because in the second year was obtained the seed. The fodder beet is characterized as a plant with indeterminate growth and it is strongly influenced by the agro-ecological conditions. The development of the leaf and root morphological characters of the fodder beets are strongly influenced by light intensity, temperature, precipitations and soil nutrient. (Luminita cojocariu and moisuc a., 2005; albayrak s. and necdet ç., 2007). As any fodder crops, the fodder beets have the same natural needs. The number of leaves has a large variability and it is very much influenced by genetic factors and also by environmental ones. To emphasize the degree of externalization of the leaf characters, its have been used 16 fodder beet genotypes of different origins, which have been seeded with own seed. The goals of this paper is to perform multiple comparisons between the Angoba, Monro, Brigadier, Gonda, Ketil, Tamara, Marshal, Kyros I, Fumona, Beta Rosa, Troya, Feldher, Polifuraj 2, Tamon, Zentaur and Ursus genotypes of fodder beets based on the leaf morphological characters (namely foliar surface, leaf weight and leaf number). We used the the Bonferroni’s test to determine the statistical differences between the above genotype. The mean, the minimum, the maximum, the lower quartile, the upper quartile, the variance, the standard deviation, the skewness and the kurtosis for the foliar surface, for the leaf weight and for the leaf number respectively of the above genotypes of fodder beets were pointed out. The pairwise comparisons between the studied genotypes using the Bonferroni’s test allow us to conclude that in general, there are statistically significant differences between the studied genotypes from the point of view of foliar surfaces, the leaf weights and leaf number, but we also found out the genotypes which are not statistically different.

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STUDY REGARDING SPECIFIC FRECVENCY AND PASTORAL VALUE OF POA PRATENSIS L. GRASSLAND IN SURDUCULUI HILLS AREA (WESTERN ROMANIA) pag. 243-247

Carmen Claudia DURĂU, Al. MOISUC, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU, N. M. HORABLAGA, F.M MARIAN

Dynamics of vegetation is more and more affected by human activities. The more human society changes or the more and more systems are being built, the more important it is to understand how human activities affect succession. Human dominance of the systems covers a great variety of the management or control. The evolution and succession of the vegetation is developing permanently as a result of the development law and human impact, the development of the vegetation cover being analysed by the scientists from different countries. Through this work we are trying to do an appreciation on the effect of restriction of mowing and grazing on a permanent grassland of Poa pratensis L. The study was developed in the Surducului Hills that are placed at the base of the Poiana Rusca Mountains, at the east of the Bega river terraces. The observations were done on permanent grassland during five years (2006-2009). The vegetation was determined using the linear point-quadrate method, the results being calculated on the base of the botanical surveys. The geographical coordinates were determined with the help of a GPS receptor Magellan. The statistical method used was the correlation analysis. In conclusion we can say that the dynamics of the vegetation is in an intermediate evolution state created by the disturbances connected with the mowing and grazing; the underexploitation and the microclimate created by the presence of the Surduc Lake has determined the trend of the species from the point of view of the FS%; there is a negative correlation between VP and FS% of the legumes and between VP and FS% of the species belonging to other botanical families isn’t any correlation. Thus, our purpose is to continue this study for the applying and implementing of some restoration measures for the increase of the quantity and quality of the yield obtained on the surface of these permanent grasslands.

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grasslands, pastoral value, specific volume

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OPTIMIZATION OF ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS L. PRODUCTION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CATTLE MANURE, IN BANAT PLAIN CONDITIONS. pag. 248-253

Valentin Leneschi, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, D. V. LALESCU

The fodder graminaceous generally highly valuate the organic fertilizers, the fertilizer doses being proportional with production level. The cattle manure is a valuable source of nutritive elements for the meadow foxtail cultures because contains all major nutrients that this specie necessitates and also an important number of essential micronutrients.(http://www.ssca.ca/agronomics/). There is estimated that fertilizing with cattle manure, the production gains of the specie Alopecurus pratensis L. are significant ( Jankowska-Huflejt H. , 2000;Wesolowski P., 2001). The performed research concerning the dry matter production of the meadow foxtail takes into account the specie behaviour when were applied different amounts of cattle fertilizer. The goal of this paper is to find a functional dependence of the dry fodder production of the specie Alopecurus pratensis based on different amounts of fertilizer, with the purpose to obtain the technical optimum and also depending on applied technology. The biological material was the variety Alpha of meadow foxtail, seeded in each autumn of the years 2009 and respectively 2010, at distance between rows by 12,5 cm, 25 cm and by scattering method. The present paper presents the obtained results in the specie Alopecurus pratensis, cultivated at different distances between rows and fertilized with different doses of cattle manure (Doze 1- 20t ha, Doze 2- 40t ha, Doze 3- 60t ha and Doze 4- 80t ha). The largest dry matter production were found in all variants for the maximal dose of cattle manure (80 t ha). However, the technical maximum of dry matter was as following: to 7784,3 kg ha -1 for an amount of 68,98 t ha -1 cattle manure and for 12,5cm distance between rows; to 7688,9 kg ha -1 for an amount of 69,29 t ha -1 cattle manure and for 25cm distance between rows, and to 8438,8 kg ha -1 for an amount of 71,97 t ha -1 cattle manure and for sowing by scattering .

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PHENOTYPE INTERRELATIONS IN AUTUMN VETCH pag. 254-260

Marinel PAŞCA, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, D.V. LALESCU, Aurica BOROZAN, I. SĂNDOIU

The autumn vetchs are fodder plants with multiple uses. They can be used as main, stubble or intermediate crops or can be successfully used as green manure on different soil types. The autumn vetch inclusion in the agricultural crop rotation is auspicious attributes as it can contribute to the improving of the soil properties (density, porosity, accumulation of humus in soil) primarily because legumes are able to fix the nitrogen atmosphere ( Clark et al, 2007; Schulz et al, 1999 ). The purpose of this paper is to determine correlations between the main morphological characters of autumn vetches in the phenophase 46 (according to the code BBCH- Uwe Meyer, 2001) in order to evaluate their potential, when they are used as green manure. Thus there was shown a strong linear correlation between the internodes number and the number of roots, between the plant weight and the shrub height, between the root number and the nodule number, between the plant weight and the number of roots, respectively between the plant weight and the nodule number. Based on these correlations it was determined functional dependences between these well correlated morphological characters. In particular, it was determined the linear regression of the root number based on the internodes number, the linear regression of shrub height depending on the plant weight, and the linear regression of nodule number based on the number of roots As biological material was used the autumn vetch, seeded in September, after a bearded ryegrass culture. The vetch will be incorporated into the soil, as green manure. In this situation, we are interested in both the morphological characters at the ground surface, as they represent the amount of biomass and the root characters because they influence the soil processes, and by their death they enrich the humus layer. It is not insignificant that the morphological characters development at the ground surface increases the characters and properties of root such as root weight, main root length, number of secondary roots and the root nodule number. There are positive linear correlations between the number of roots and the internodes number; the shrub height and the plant weight; the nodule number and the number of roots Based on these correlations there were determined functional dependencies between these well correlated morphological characters.

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autumn vetch, morphological characters, linear correlation, linear regression.

Presentation: oral

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YIELD CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION COSTS IN NS BANAT ZMS II ALFALFA VARIETY CULTIVATED IN SIRIA, ARAD COUNTY pag. 261-265

Ionel SAMFIRA, Al. MOISUC, Veronica SARATEANU, D. GAITIN, D. MOTIU

There can be appreciated that the land surfaces cultivated with forage plants will increase at least from two reasons, respectivelly the change of the human food structure in the advantage of the animal products and the absolute numeric increase of the humankind, the last one determinng the need of consistent food to be greater. From the forage plants that are distiguished considering the yield and qualitative importance the main are the leguminous. Most of the legumes are excelent forager species, mainly for the ruminants becvause of their increased content in proteins. This content is due to the symbiosis between legumes and bacteria from Rhyzobium genus. The purpose of this study is to approach the rentability of an alfalfa crop used for forage and for seed production for the exploitation during three years. For this purpose there were analysed the costs needed for the setting of the alfalfa field on s surface of 50 hectares on the teritory of the PlantProtection SRL from Siria locality (Arad County) associated with the material expenses generated by the crop maintenance. The biological material used was represented by NS-Banat ZMS II variety cultivated on a vertic faeziom soil type. The applied technology was the following: winter plowghing, seed bed preparation and spring seeding. The total costs from the setting of alfalfa crop on 50 hectares are coming from the costs regarding the mechanical works that were cost 19.750 lei (Romanian currency) and material expenses that were cost 41.250 lei, the total costs being 61.000 lei. From the analysis of the costs regarding the costs for the setting, maintenance and exploitation of the 50 hectares alfalfa crop was obtained 101200 lei for the first exploitation year and 309939 lei for the second. As a conclusion alfalfa crop is one of the most profitable culture for the farmers.

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Medicago sativa L., production, NS-Banat ZMS II variety, yield, production cost

Presentation: oral

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YIELD CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION COSTS IN VERDI RED CLOVER VARIETY CULTIVATED IN PECICA, ARAD COUNTY pag. 266-270

Ionel SAMFIRA, Al. MOISUC, Veronica SARATEANU, Andreea GHICA, C. ZORICI

The beginnings of the red clover crops in our country are not known, after Varga et al (1998), in the middle XIX century the red clover was cultivated in the Romanian Countries, and first recorded information about red clover crops begins in the end of the XVII century. In our country climatic condition and agriculture evolution the red clover production decreased continually, in the 1990 the national production was 1962 thousand tonnes, and in 1453 thousand tonnes ( http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap14.pdf ). In this agricultural context we indented to approach the rentability of an red clover crop used for forage and for seed production for the exploitation during three years. The purpose of this study was carried to test the yield capcity in Verdi red clover variety cultivated in Pecica, Arad County, at PF Zorici on 10 hectares. As a control production was used the national and Arad County average yield, from Romanian Statistical Anuary. The biological material used was represented by Verdy variety cultivated on a hablic chernozem batigleic soil type. The applied technology was the following: winter plowghing, chemical imputs NPK 16-16-16 at 40 kg s.a./ha, seed bed preparation and spring seeding, seed quantity was 20 kg/ha, and 12.5 cm between rows. The total costs from the setting of red clover crop on 10 hectares in 2007 are coming from the costs regarding the mechanical works, material expense that were cost 15.500 lei (Romanian currency). In the first exploitation year was obtained 11.5 t/hay/ha, (three time cuting) and in the second 11.5 t/hay/ha. The total maintenance and production costs for the first production year was 1800 lei, and the production value for the first pexploitation year was 46000 lei (that means 0.4 lei/kg/hay).

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Trifolium pratense L., Verdi red clover variety, yield, production costs

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WHEAT COMBINE HARVESTER WORK EFFECTS IN RYE HARVEST pag. 273-282

Sasa R. Barac, Aleksandar VUKOVIĆ, Bojana MILENKOVIĆ, Milan BIBERDŽIĆ, Aleksandra DIMITRIJEVIĆ

Abstract: The quality of combine harvester work depends on several factors: the condition of the crop, defining the relevant parameters for combines, technical correctness and staff skills. Quality of work is significantly decrease when key parameters are not well coordinated, resulting in increased losses of rye grain and a high proportion of impurities in harvested mass in the harvester bunker. The aim was to determine the effects of combines ZMAJ 135B and ZMAJ 143 in the rye harvest in the observed area. Work method determines the loss on the header and harvesting device depending on the changes: peripheral winches speed; combine speed, underdrum-drum distance at the entrance and evaluating the quality of harvested weight (content of whole, broken, poorly grains and other particles). Header losses were determined using a wire frame of 1m 2 , located after the passage of the side behind the combine header and harvesting device by setting the appropriate container, during harvester motion, between front and rear wheels at an angle of 10-20 o in regard to the movement direction. The quality of harvested mass was determined by taking samples from the harvester bunker and the determination of the percentage content of healthy (whole), broken grains and impurities was performed later in the laboratory. The applied methodology is standard for this issue and is related to field-testing laboratory and exploitation wheat combine in the single-phase rye grain harvesting. The obtained results allow to point out the advantages and disadvantages of the applied concepts of different wheat combine. Header largest losses were registered in the device combines ZMAJ 143 and were 25.77 kg ha -1 (1.18%) and lowest in combine ZMAJ 135B, amounting to 14.76 kg ha -1 (0.65% ). The highest content of whole rye grain was in combine ZMAJ 135B and amounted to 97.34 in 15 00 , and the lowest in combine ZMAJ 132 94.59%. Based on these results it was concluded that the ZMAJ 135B harvester worked better than the harvester ZMAJ 143, with lower losses of rye grain on the harvester unit header, and higher content of whole grain with a significantly lower share of impurities in relation to other investigated harvester. The general conclusion of our research is that harvester ZMAJ 135B can be successfully used in rye harvest in a given area and with proper optimization of labor exploitation and operator training can gain full expression.

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harvester combine, harvesting, losses, grain, rye

Presentation: oral

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RESULTS OF TESTING OF SEEDS AND QUALITY LOSSES OF HARVESTED MASS DEPENDING ON THE DRUM-UNDERDRUM INTERSPACE AT BUCKWHEAT HARVEST GRAIN COMBINES pag. 283-288

Sasa R. Barac, Milan BIBERDŽIĆ, Aleksandar ĐIKIĆ

A significant indicator of the quality of harvesting by buckwheat combines is amount of an achieved losses and quality of harvested mass of buckwheat grain. The harvest of buckwheat we can perform multiphase, double phase, and single phase. Quality of combines work depends on a numerous of factors: the state of crops, defining the relevant parameters for combine’s work, technical soundness, and operator’s skills. When the relevant parameters are not well coordinated, impairs the quality of work is significantly, resulting in increased losses of buckwheat grain and a high proportion of impurities in harvested mass of buckwheat in the combines bunker. The aim of our two-year study was to determine the amount of realized losses of buckwheat seeds by harvest device of combines ZMAJ 132 and ZMAJ 143, depending on the interspace underdrum-drum at the entrance, as well as the quality of harvested mass of buckwheat. The results allow pointing to the shortcomings and advantages of the concept applied various harvest combines. Applied methodology is standard for this issue and relates to the field-testing laboratory and exploitation, during the single-phase harvesting of buckwheat grain. The highest losses on harvesting device were recorded at combine ZMAJ 132 - 9,56 kg ha -1 (1.01%) , and the lowest at combine ZMAJ 143- 4.28 kg ha -1 (0.45%). The highest content of whole buckwheat grains in harvested mass was at ZMAJ 143 and it was 96.32%, and lowest at combine ZMAJ 132 in amount of 92.55%.

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combine, buckwheat, harvest, losses, grain.

Presentation: oral

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HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUEL BASED ON RAPESEED OIL COMPARED TO DIESEL FUEL IN DIESEL ENGINE D-2402 pag. 289-296

CORDOS NICOLAE, Fl. F. MARIAŞIU

Biofuels are a very attractive alternative to conventional fuel (diesel fuel) in their use on medium power diesel engines. The effects of using on Diesel engines have been intense studied the engine performances and emissions resulting from use as fuels. The hydrocarbons (HC) emitted by a diesel engine are complex mixtures of unburned and partially burned fuel components in the gaseous and liquid phases, containing dangerous compounds for both the environment and human health. The purpose of this study was to identify from experimental researches the emissions of hydrocarbons using as fuels based on rapeseed oil compared with diesel fuel. This engine type (engine D-2402) equipped the middle power vehicles with different destinations and implicitly with different operating regimes and loads. The engine used in the experimental test equiped some tractors in Romania and the supply unit adapted as the case to use biofuels. Fuels used in experimental research were mixtures of rapeseed oil, rapeseed methyl ester and diesel in different proportions, namely: 80% diesel fuel - 20% rapeseed oil, 50% diesel fuel - 50% rapeseed oil, 25%diesel fuel - 75 % rapeseed oil, 100% rapeseed oil, 100% rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and 100% diesel fuel as (reference fuel). Worldwide research on the use of biofuels in the medium-power diesel engines has underlined the immediate results of using the biofuels on consumption problems, pollution and wear of engine parts. Results and conclusions issued in the work are possible due to the support of the research project co-funded by the European Social Fund through Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013. The theme and direction of approach in this paper represents an innovation in the field of national research. The novelty of these experiments refers to the fuel blends used in the experimental tests and to the importance of results on emissions of hydrocarbons. Practical implications of this work have applicability on the possibility to use these cheaper classes of biofuels in diesel engines in order to reduce hydrocarbon emissions into the atmosphere.

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diesel fuel; crude rapeseed oil; hydrocarbons emissions.

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF BIOFUELS BASED ON RAPESEED OIL USING IN DIESEL TRACTOR ENGINE D-2402 TYPE ON EFFECTIVE POWER AND TORQUE PERFORMANCE, COMPARED TO DIESEL FUEL pag. 297-305

CORDOS NICOLAE, F. MARIAŞU, N. BURNETE

The idea that has conditioning this paper was the use of biofuel based on rapeseed oil on a medium-power diesel engine, alternative power supply being used, both as with diesel fuel and with rapeseed oil mixed with diesel in various proportions. This paper presents experimental results on a diesel engine effective power and torque performance of fueled with fuels based on rapeseed oil compared with diesel fuel. Fuels used in experimental research were mixtures of rapeseed oil, rapeseed methyl ester and diesel in different proportions: 80% diesel fuel - 20% rapeseed oil, 50% diesel fuel - 50% rapeseed oil, 25%diesel fuel - 75 % rapeseed oil, 100% rapeseed oil, 100% rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and 100% diesel fuel as (reference fuel). Because the researches were focused on the use of fuels derived from rapeseed oil on the existing Romanian engines, the work initially focused on those factors that do not involve changes or adjustments to diesel engine. International researches conducted so far have highlighted the effective power and torque performance differences of fuels based on rapeseed oil in comparison with diesel fuel. In Romania there have been intensive studies on different biofuels used in diesel engines. BIOCOMB consortium of the Technical University of Cluj- Napoca in collaboration with University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, from the researches made possible that Cluj- Napoca to be the first city in the country where buses fueled with biodiesel from from rapeseed oil. The novelty of these experiments refers to the fuel blends used in the experimental tests and to the importance of results of effective power and engine torque performance. Practical implications of the work are found in the immediate applicability in the possibility of increasing the performance of agricultural tractors powered by biofuels and also open new directions in applied research on ways of streamlining the use of biofuels. The theme and direction of approach in this paper represents an innovation in the field of national research. Results and conclusions issued in the work are possible due to the support of the research project co-funded by the European Social Fund through Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013.

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rapeseed oil; rapeseed metyl ester; diesel fuel; effective power; torque;

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE SAWDUST BRIQUETTES GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ON THE CONVERSION EFFICIENCY pag. 306-311

Teodora DEAC, Victor ROŞ, Florin MARIAŞU, Marius DEAC

Sawdust briquettes are characterized by different geometric parameters (length, diameter and geometric form), depending on the briquetting press characteristics. Geometric parameters of the sawdust briquettes have an influence on the energetic conversion. In the present paper we examine the influence of the length of cylindrical sawdust briquettes on the efficiency of their conversion into heat. For this purpose, the energetic efficiency of the conversion process for cylindrical sawdust briquettes in different length and from two different wood species has been analyzed. The efficiency of the conversion process was evaluated as the ratio between the energy resulted at the end of the conversion process and the energy introduced in the system through the solid biofuels used. In order to assess the input biofuel energy, the calorific value of each biofuel was evaluated using the calorific method according to the existing standards Also, a technical analysis of the fuels was performed in order to assess the ash content, the volatile matter and charcoal content. In order to assess the thermal energy obtained in the conversion process, and stored in the thermal agent, a test bench was used, consisting in a boiler with direct combustion and natural draft, radiators for domestic space heating, and a data acquisition system with temperature sensors to establish the thermal agent temperature variations on tour and retour on a complete working cycle. The heat embodied in combustion air was neglected, being considered a limitation of the system, because due to the natural convection of the boiler it could not be evaluated accurately. The sawdust used in experimental research was from two wood species, fir and beech, collected from Apuseni Mountains (fir) and Cluj-Napoca (beech). From the collected sawdust three types of sawdust briquettes were prepared, characterized by the wood species: beech, fir and beech and fir mixed in equal proportions of 50%, their geometrical shape – cylindrical, variable length - 30mm, 50mm and 70mm and constant diameter – 55mm.The results showed an influence of sawdust briquettes length on the conversion efficiency. This is due mainly to the variations in the energy stored in the thermal agent varying with the length of the briquettes. The analysis of energy consumed in the conversion process through fuels shows that it is influenced by the length briquettes use in a very low proportion. This is especially influenced by the different values of the calorific value and energetic density of fuels.

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biomass; conversion efficiency; sawdust briquettes; thermal energy

Presentation: oral

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AN ENERGY ANALYSIS OF THE SAWDUST PELLETIZING PROCESS: A SYSTEMIC APPROACH pag. 312-319

Teodora DEAC, Victor ROŞ, Marius DEAC

In Romania, sawdust is rated as one of the main renewable energy source, due to its high potential, being used for heat production and in the wood industry. Currently, sawdust is used for heat production in natural form or compacted form as briquettes or pellets. In all of these cases, sawdust processing is necessary to achieve a high energy efficiency of the conversion process into heat. All activities in the sawdust processing stage involve energy use. Thus, in the present paper, an energetic analysis of the sawdust pelletizing process has been performed. The objective of the energetic analysis is the identification of the main activities with high energy consumption and the determination of the total energy amount obtained at the end of the process (useful energy). The identification and quantification of the energy consumptions associated with each activity of the pelletizing process provides the possibility to identify solutions for decreasing energy use and thus an increase of the energy efficiency of the process. It also offers the possibility of calculating the energy balance of the process and it constitutes a method to evaluate the energy efficiency of the pelletizing process. Due to the complexity of the process and the multitude of contingency factors, the systemic analysis has been considered to be the best approach to present research. In the context of systemic analysis, an independent system, generic called „PELET” was assimilated with the sawdust pelletizing process. The specific stages of the pelletizing process were considered subsystems of the independent system. The input variables represent the total energy consumptions associated with the activities of the subsystems. The output variables represent the total energy embodied in sawdust pellets, obtained at the end of the pelletizing process. Using the flow energy chart of the process, we have developed explicit mathematical equations used for the evaluation of energy consumptions of each activity of the considered subsystems. These equations were computed based on energy consumption of the specific equipment and machinery used in the process. All activities involve an energy consumption which was calculated using the technical characteristics and maximum energy utilization of the specific equipment. From the analysis of the results the system with the highest energy consumption was identified as the “Processing” subsystem. The analysis of the “Processing” subsystem structure shows that high energy consumption is mainly due to pelletizing and drying activities. Also, high energy consumption has been identified in “Intermediate Transport Subsystem”, mainly due to the pellets loading equipment in transportation vehicle. However the energy balance showed a high energy efficiency of the sawdust pelletizing process.

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energy efficiency; sawdust pellets; pelletizing process; systemic approach

Presentation: oral

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TYPE OF FARM, SELECTION AND OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINARIES IN ALBANIA pag. 320-326

Etlova JOJIC, F. SALLAKU, P. VEIZI, N. BAJRAMI, A. FRAKULLA

There is a total of 353486 agricultural farms across Albania which operate in an area of 696000 ha of agricultural land (equivalent to 24% of total surface area). The total population coverage of farms is 1626019 and the average size of farms under crops is 1.14 ha. Expenditures on agricultural machineries in 2009 were estimated at around 574,612,000 leks (≈574612$), out of which around 60% (≈ 352120$)) were expended on fuel. In the context of small-sized and fragmented farms the selection and optimal use of agricultural machineries is quite an important task to be performed. To this end a study was conducted in the experimental agricultural plot at Agricultural University of Tirana. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the utilization of different types of agricultural aggregates under present conditions of land fragmentation in Albania. The experiment was administered in three plots of land: plots 1 and 2 with an area equal to 0.2 ha and number 3 with an area of 0.1 ha. In plots 1 and 2 the processes of agricultural processes including plowing, cutting and sowing were 100% mechanically run. They were accomplished with agricultural aggregates of different capacity. With reference to plot no.3 the agricultural processes were semi-mechanized. The plowing and cutting were achieved by means of motor-powered cultivators and planting was manually done. The indicators being the focus of the study were: field machine index, fuel consumption the number of plants sprouting per unit, labor capacity for each aggregate used. Also, on the basis of these indicators was determined the area covered by each aggregate from the energy perspective.

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Tractor, plowing, cutting, sowing, plot, effectiveness, farm

Presentation: oral

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CFD SIMULATION OF ULTRASONIC CONDITIONING INFLUENCES ON BIODIESEL INJECTION PROCESS pag. 327-333

Florin MARIAŞIU, Dan MOLDOVANU, Levente KOCSIS

In case of using biodiesel to fuel compression ignition engines, there is a decrease in effective power of the engine by 5 ... 15%, but with concomitant reduction in the amounts of polluting gases (CO, CO 2 , HC). The currently researches and also the solutions proposed regarding the external conditioning process of fuel or fuel-air mixture (trough ultrasounds) aimed at improving overall performance of the engine, the functional characteristics (primarily engine power and efficiency), increasing speed of chemical reactions and, consequently, reduces the duration of burning, acting on some physico-chemical properties of the fuel in a controlled manner. This paper presents an originally and novelty CFD simulation study on temporal development inside a diesel engine combustion chamber of a fuel injection process using a biodiesel fuel conditioned trough ultrasounds. It shows the values of Combustion Equivalence Ratio (CER) variations for the ultrasonic conditioned biodiesel. In the horizontal section of the combustion chamber, according to data obtained by simulation, it is apparent that for the case of biodiesel ultrasonic conditioned injection, the occupied area by the fuel-air mixture is 6.77% higher than when using biodiesel classic unconditioned. In the case of biodiesel conditioning exist an area that is characterized by a higher CER = 1.4-2.0, occupying 11% of mixture total area. A lower value of the mixture area in the combustion chamber of CERs = 0.8-1.4 (for biodiesel ultrasonic conditioned), lead to influence the burning process by a lower value of the adiabatic flame temperature, which determinate lower values of NO x emissions resulting from the combustion process. A lower value of the area air-fuel mixture all available surface relative to the combustion chamber (in the case of ultrasonic conditioning) increase the premix phase of combustion and realize further increase the diffusion phase of combustion that conduct to reduced emissions of NO x . Taking into account the complex nature of the interaction of ultrasounds with liquid media and their action at the molecular level of biodiesel, further studies are needed to determine the effect on diesel engine functional parameters, the level of pollutants emissions and to confirm the above obtained results trough experimental researches.

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CFD simulation, biodiesel, external conditioning, ultrasounds, combustion equivalence ratio

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCES OF ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION PROCESS ON BIOETHANOL- GASOLINE BLENDED FUELS ON SI ENGINE FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS pag. 334-339

Florin MMARIAŞIU, Bogdan VARGA, Teodora Deac, N. CORDOS

To reduce emissions caused by SI engines, gasoline-ethanol blends (bioethanol) represents not only an alternative as well as an immediate response to current and future policies related to reducing pollution. There are numerous scientific studies have shown that bioethanol-gasoline blends has several disadvantages. Functional parameters such as engine power, torque and BSFC are much inferior to the use of gasoline (in particular the use of fuel blends containing a higher volume of bioethanol 20%). One way to reduce these major drawbacks is the conditioning (reforming) of biofuels by external energy intake in the form of direct ultrasonic, which represents an original approach in the biofuels research domain. The purpose of the experiments is to improve the energetic possibilities of biofuels, to can be use in a great proportion as blended fuel with fossil fuels. The paper presents the experimental results and data’s obtained studying the influence of ultrasonic irradiation process on BE5-BE20 bioethanol-gasoline blends. To determine the influence of external energy on functional parameters of a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with gasoline and ethanol blends was use an experimental stand equipped, developed and adjusted in accordance with the methodology of research in the field. Parameters considered in carrying out the experimental research are effective power, effective engine torque and brake specific fuel consumption. Experiments show possibilities in improving the energetic potentials of bioethanol-gasoline blends fuels for use in SI engines. Improvements exist for all considered parameters (power, torque and BSFC) for the entire range of engine speeds. For a full understanding of the phenomena that occur during the process of ultrasonic irradiation, future research is needed to determine the chemical transformations that may occur in the frame of this process. Possibilities to appear new class of peroxide compounds during ultrasonic irradiation process (due to the existence of OH radical in the molecular structure of bioethanol) may worsen the long-term storage properties of this class of fuels. Studies are also needed to establish the existence of an optimal-frequency and intensity of radiation to establish the optimum point, linked directly with the economic aspect in the development and application possibilities of such devices on SI engines.

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ultrasonic irradiation, bioethanol, SI engine, power, torque, BSFC

Presentation: oral

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EXAMINING THE WORKING SPEED OF THE AIR-SUCTION PNEUMATIC SEEDER IN PLANTING CORN pag. 340-344

Bojana Jovan MILENKOVIĆ, S. BARAĆ, A. VUKOVIĆ, A. Đikić

Planting represents one of the most important soil management operations in the corn production technologhnology,because in case eni drawbacks in planting take place , they cannot be compensated afterwards. The aim of work is to point out that the rate of corn grain yield (beside quality seeding material, time of planting, soil, climatic conditions) most of the times highly depends on the right choice of technical solution of the seeder and the possibility for conforming to the given planting norm at changing the working speed of the sowing aggregate. During the experiment, we monitored the work of the pneumatic seeder IMT-634-454 (air-suction pneumatic seeder) at a working speed ranging from 4 km/h to 10 km/h.The aim of research is to determine the optimal speed of the sowing aggregate in order to comply for qu for quality planting. The research program encompassed the evaluation of the planting depth, the achieved interspaces in the rows, the precision of the planting, the dynamics of the plants’ motion, productivity, as well as the final result effect of the examined factors to the corn grain yield at various working speeds of the sowing aggregate. It is noted that the speed of the sowing aggregate significantly affects the quality of planting, where the largest deviations, comparing to the given norms of a quality planting, happen at working speed of 10 km/h, so that beside the fact that the most favourable effects are achieved at a higher speed the limiting factor for working of the examined seeder at higher speed achieved quality of planting.The first year of the research was very unfavourable in terms of climate comparing to the second year that was favourable, which reflected on the rate of the corn grain yield. The highest grain yield. was obtained in the more favourable year, at a speed of 4 km/h, because, at the same speed, the bigger set of plants was achieved, which is in the state of interaction with the favourable climatic factors and gave a result with the highest grain yields, whereas in the unfavourable year, at the same speed of 4 km/h, the attained grain yield was the lowest due to the interaction of the achieved number of plants per hectare with unfavourable climatic conditions..In exploitation examination of the seeder, the most favourable values are attained at a speed of 10 km/h, but there is a quality planting appearing as a limiting factor, which doesn’t comply to the given criteria at higher speeds.Correct choise is not onli the sowing machine ,his way of work are important for increase grain yield. Therefore, by this examination, we come to a conclusion that the optimal working speed of the pneumatic seeder IMT-634-454 in planting corn is from 6 km/h to 8 km/h.On base of results we found that diference working speed of pneumatic sseeder are very important for precision sowing

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pnematic seeder,corn, working sped

Presentation: oral

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PRODUCTION EFFECTIVENESS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS MOWER TYPES DURING ALFALFA MOWING PROCESS pag. 345-349

Aleksandar D Vuković, S. BARAĆ, Bojana MILENKOVIĆ

Abstract : The results of fuel consumption and production effectiveness for three types of alfalfa mowers have been shown: self-propelled mower and hay crusher Fortschritt E 302; oscillatory mower with classic cutting apparatus and rotary mower with two drums BRK 1650. The exploitation parameters for each mower were measured simultaneously (moving speed, fuel consumption). The measurements of fuel consumption for all three types of mowers have been done exclusively for mowing, and they have not included fuel consumption for other operations, such as flipping, halts, etc. The production effectiveness is determined by moving speed, swath width and coefficient of the used production working time. The shorted mowing period of the green mass, the greater production effectiveness. The production effectiveness of the tested mowers has been defined applying the chronometric method, i.e. measuring working time of the tested mowing apparatus at certain moving speeds. The aim of this study is to conduct the comparative analysis of various technical performances of the mowing machines, with regards to the fuel consumption and production effectiveness, and identify optimal parameter values for use of tested mowing machines. The comparative results for tests of all three mowing apparatus have shown significant difference at fuel consumption between the self-propelled mower ( 4.52 l/h ), and other two mowers (2.20 l/h for oscillatory mower and 3.32 l/h for rotary mower). The greatest production effectiveness was made by the self-propelled mower-hay crusher with average 1.78 ha/h, and 0.87 usage of coefficient of the used production working time. Oscillatory mower with classic cutting apparatus made the production effectiveness of only 0.72 ha/h on average, whereas the average production effectiveness for rotary mower with two drums was 1.00 ha/h. Coefficient of the used production working time of these two types of tested mowers was the same – 0.84. F test has shown existence of highly significant differences between the tested mowers. The self-propelled mower-hay crusher has consumed more fuel compared to the oscillatory mower with classic cutting apparatus and rotary mower with two drums. In this case, the self-propelled mower-hay crusher has shown greater values compared to other two types of the tested mowers. In comparison to the oscillatory mower, that value was 1.6 times higher. Even the rotary mower with two drums was a bit more superior compared to the oscillatory mower with the classic cutting apparatus.

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fuel consumption, production effectiveness, mowing

Presentation: oral

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