Rjas

Vol 51, No 4 (2019)

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS THYMUS L. IN ROMANIA pag. 3-8

Rodica BEICU, Alina NEACŞU, Ilinca-Merima IMBREA

The species of Thymus L. is taxonomically classified in the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, a large family recognized for the large number of medicinal and aromatic species found here. The species of the Lamiaceae family are intensively studied in the chemical-pharmaco-dynamic aspect and widely used for therapeutic purposes in medicine and traditional medicine. An important aspect, when we study a species under different aspects (botanical, biochemical, genetic), is the correct taxonomic determination. This can be difficult especially if the studies target species are from spontaneous flora. A misidentification of the genus or species leads to an incorrect reporting of the scientific results of the research, with repercussions on the entire academic community, when comparative results for the same species obtained from different areas will be reported. In the last period of time, the genetic and biochemical researches are constituted in additional and complex taxonomic instruments, which come to complement and clarify the classical taxonomy. The paper presents in comparison the difficulties of determining the Thymus genus in the flora of Romania, comparing with the species of the genus recognized at European level. It is noted that Flora Europaea, on the one hand, does not recognize the presence on the territory of our country of some species, reported in its own determinants as being present in us. On the other hand, certain species mentioned in the indigenous determinants, are not recognized as being present in the flora of Romania by Flora Europaea (T. roegneri not mentioned in our country for distribution). Also, some species are variously synonymised or considered subspecies as is the case of T. pannonicus treated in European flora as a subspecies for T. pulegioides. Taxonomic interpretation of the species belonging to the genus Thymus is also difficult, due to the high variability of populations with very different morphological characteristics, but also because of hybridization.

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Thymus, Lamiaceae Family, medicinal plant, Romanian flora

Presentation: poster

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TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR EFFICIENCY IN SUGAR BEET CROP AT ALMOS ALFONS MOSEL HANDELS GMBH pag. 9-16

Larisa Elena BRATESCU1, Prof. Univ. Dr. G. JITAREANU2

Tillage systems are sequences of operations (tilling, planting, fertilization, pesticide application, harvesting and residue chopping or shredding) which affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which in turn affect plant growth. It is essential to develop a right tillage system in crop production, in order to achieve high yields, using machines rationally and effectively. This paper has been released to emphasize the importance of tillage and the importance of choosing the tillage system, in order to achieve qualitative and quantitative superior yields, protecting in the same time the environment. In Almos Alfons Mosel Handels Group, during 2015-2017, sugar beet crop was cultivated in two tillage systems: conventional system and conservative system. The varieties used in the conventional system were Clementina, Magistral, Gorilla, Marcus, Damian, and in the conservative system only varieties Magistral and Damian. Efficiency is presented only for these common varieties, to highlight the differences between two variants of tillage systems. In addition to the evolution of soil properties and the efficiency of the tillage system on the biotic factor, we followed the evolution of economic indicators that establish economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is an instrument for evaluating activity, which helps us make the best decisions. The calculation of economic efficiency, at Almos Alfons Mosel Handels Gmbh, represent an important activity because it shows the connection between the resources used and the results achieved. The indicators analysed ware: average production, total expenses, sales revenue, agricultural subsidy, turnover, gross profit, net profit, profit rate. These indicators have been calculated on the basis of the technological data, specific to each tillage system and each year in the study. Under no-tillage system, represented by sowing directly in the crop debris of the pre-crop (mustard), economic indicators have set higher values. Thus, we can conclude that this no-tillage system has a rate of profit that is higher than that obtained under the conventional tillage system.

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sugar beet crop, tillage systems, economic efficiency

Presentation: oral

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RESEARCH ON THE FAUNA FROM OLT COUNTY pag. 17-23

Cătălin-Ionel CIONTU, Maria DINCĂ, Ion CHISĂLIŢĂ

The Olt County compris 57 game funds with a surface of 492.073 ha. Amongst the game species present in this County, eight (fallow-deer, muflon, eurasian-coot, comon-quail, eurasian-jay, crow, bream, picke-perch) were selected and classified based on 19 criteria (harvesting period, the quantity gathered by a worker in eight hours, harvesting cost, harvesting knowledge, knowledge for harvesting the species, tools needed for harvesting, complexity of harvesting process, development of the process of harvesting, knowledge for recognition, distribution range, biotic threats, abiotic threats, perishability, market potential, market demand, "celebrity” of the product on the market, the price of raw product, the price of the derived product, portfolio of derived products, the transport from the harvesting point up to the storage center). Notes from 1 to 8 were given for each species taken into account for this study by specialists from the domain and by using an analytical hierarchical process (AHP) based on the Expert Choice Desktop Software. As such, the species with an important game interest are the fallow-deer and common-quail due to the fact that they have a large portfolio of derived products, a large distribution range and a high demand on the market. On the other side, the least important species are the eurasian-jay and eurasian-coot because biotic threats, abiotic threats, perishability, market potential, market demand, "celebrity” of the product on the market, the price of raw product, the price of the derived product, portfolio of derived products are low. Overall, the harvesting potential and commercialization of game species, as well as their diversity, in this County is high, portfolio of derived products is high.This aspect is the cause of a well represented forest area that allows the space and environment in which these species can reproduce and develop. Hunting and trading these species also represents an important income source for the owners of hunting fundsand for their development.

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Olt County, fauna, harvesting, fallow-deer, comon-quail

Presentation: oral

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MYCORRHIZAL MECHANISMS IN GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS – A SHORT REVIEW pag. 24-32

Corcoz Larisa, Vidican Roxana, Stoian Vlad

In recent years the focus has been on finding procedures in agriculture to satisfy the food requirements for a growing population and new technologies whose main purpose is to protect the environment. Mycorrhiza represent a symbiotic system that involves terrestrial plants and soil fungi. It is a beneficial balanced process between plants and fungi, where the fungal hyphae colonize root of plants and increase the absorption process of nutrients. Fungi receive part of the metabolites produced through photosynthesis by plant. The purpose of this review is to raise awareness over the importance of mycorrhizal mechanisms in grassland ecosystems. Researches have shown that grassland biomes have the highest microbial and plant diversity, which stimulate the simultaneous presence of positive interactions in rhizosphere. Soil fungi interconnect all plant species and in addition improve their nutrition, with an increase in plant's ability to compete and reduction of abiotic stress. Mycorrhized plants benefit from better resistance against pathogens and limit the absorption of toxic substances, that the fungus stores in the vesicles. Besides the benefits to the plants, mycorrhizas are able to release nutrients in soil for the other microbial communities, including their sporocarps which are a favorite food source for edaphic micro- and macrophages. The reduced anthropic activity in grassland ecosystems facilitate the development of extensive hyphal networks, that connect directly and indirectly a large number of species. Diversity of symbiotic fungal species can also be accounted within plant biodiversity. The analysis of root symbiosis is necessary for a large number of actions in grassland: assessment of phytocoenosis stability with the understanding of mycoheterotrophy level for each species; future expansion of invasive plants in relation with secondary and tertiary successions; integrative models of plant – microorganism – climate interactions and survival potential in new climatic conditions. Therefore, mycorrhizae play a very important role in the good development of plants and a more detailed study is needed to understand mycorrhizal mechanisms because they can be a biological source of rehabilitation and improvement of grassland ecosystems.

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nutrients, pathogens, symbiotic

Presentation: oral

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OBSERVATION REGARDING THE PELLETS AND FOOD BEHAVIOUR IN CAPTIVITY OF BUBO BUBO pag. 33-40

Diana Dragan, Alex Birau, Olga Rada, Liana Mihaela Fericean

Bubo bubo is one of the largest owls from our country who has a diet generally consisting of insects, rodents and a small quantity of birds. The collection of pellets of Bubo bubo was made around the wintering places, around nests in the village of Satchinez (Timis county). Some of the samples were from some older and already abandoned nests from Sânicolau Mare, but at several sites we also found and collected fresh Bubo bubo pellets. Observations on the Bubo bubo species were carried out in captivity at the Timisoara Zoological Garden, where observation were made on the behavior of the species in captivity, mode, type of food and the consumption time. To determine the feeding behavior of owls the pallets were collected weekly during Octomber 2018 - March 2019. At the Bubo bubo species, measurements were made on the length, width, and weight of 100 pellets. The food behavior of the Bubo bubo species was studied at the Timisoara Zoological Garden, based on the quantity of food administered by the caretakers and the pellets found in the shelter. The feeding at Bobo bubo, in captivity, takes place at seven o'clock a.m. in a single meal, the food consisting of chicken breast weighing 311g. The consumption time was about 24 minutes, and it was interrupted several times being influenced by our presence in the area that caused a state of agitation. Due to the fact that the food is administered without bones, the pellets at Bubo bubo from captivity, found in the shelter were consisting of dried grasses, feathers and some of them had bones from the captured prey that entered the cage (mice, rabbits). The pellets of Bubo bubo is gray to black. At Bubo bubo species the size of the pellets is larger, the maximum length of the pellet was 6.12 cm, and the minimum length was 4.13 cm. The average length was 4.8 + 0.6 cm. Regarding the width of the pellet and it averaged 2.83 + 0.75. The average thickness was 2.94+ 0.77cm. Regarding the dry weight of the pellets, it has an average of 8.07 + 2.33g. The winter prey of these species are rodents, voles (Microtidae) and field mice (Muridae).

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Bubo bubo, pellets, food behaviour

Presentation: oral

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IMAGISTIC ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING THE DEGREE OF BACTERIOSIS ATTACK (XANTHOMONAS JUGLANDIS) IN WALNUT pag. 41-50

Robert Drienovsky, Florin Sala

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a very important and appreciated species from the group of nuts for fruits rich in nutritional principles (minerals, vitamins, fats and so on). Bacteriosis (Xanthomonas juglandis) is one of the main diseases of the walnut. The present study used image analysis methods to evaluate the degree of bacterial attack on walnut leaves. The total leaf area (TLA), healthy leaf area (HLA) and affected leaf area (ALA) were determined. For image analysis, the Scan Sick & Healthy Leaf application, made in Processing with Java code lines Java, was used. There were analyzed 15 case studies, represented by walnut leaflets with different degree of bacteriosis attack. The single factor ANOVA test was used to evaluate the variance in the experimental data set. PAST software was used for statistical analysis. The total leaf area (TLA) studied ranged from 35.89 cm2 in sample 4 to 92.35 cm2 in sample 7. The healthy leaf area (HLA) ranged from 29.85 cm2 for sample 14 to 90.13 cm2 for sample 7. The area affected by bacterial attack (ALA) varied between 0.26 cm2 in case of sample 1 and 9.24 cm2 in case of sample 15. The healthy leaf area (HLA) as a percentage, compared to the TLA, recorded values between 81.24% (sample 14) and 99.58% (sample 1). The leaf area affected by bacteriosis (ALA) recorded percentage values between 0.42% (sample 1) and 18.76% (sample 14). The relation that accurately described the distribution of ALA values against HLA values (%) is given by a linear equation, under conditions of R2 = 1, p << 0.001, which indicates a very high accuracy of determining the two types of surface ( HLA, ALA) in relation to the total surface of the studied leaves. The Scan Sick & Healthy Leaf application can be extended to evaluate other attacks by plant pathogens, at different plant species, cultivated or in spontaneous flora.

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bacteriosis, Java, leaf area, Processing, walnut, Xanthomonas

Presentation: oral

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MODEL FOR CORN KERNELS WEIGHT ESTIMATING BASED ON MATURE CORN EARS DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS pag. 51-60

Robert Drienovsky, Adelina Anghel, Florin Sala

By regression analysis in the present study were obtained models of grain weight prediction based on the dimensional parameters of mature ears of corn. There were randomly sampled 35 mature corn ears of variable sizes, the MAS59 hybrid, the FAO 500 Group. Were determined the parameters: corn ear length (L), base diameter (BD), middle diameter (MD) and tip diameter (TD) of corn ears, total weight of each corn ear (TW), grains weight (GW) and weight of corncobs (CCW). The length of the corn ears (L) recorded values between 12.6 - 20.3 ± 0.32 cm. The diameter at the base of the corn ears (BD) had values between 43.54 - 58.95 ± 0.57 mm; the diameter at the middle of corn ears (MD) had values between 45.34 - 55.78 ± 0.39 mm, and the diameter at the top of corn ears (TD) had values between 38.15 - 49.29 ± 0.41 mm. Total weight of each corn ears (TW) recorded values between 144.9 - 357.2 ± 9.76 g, and the weight of the grains varied between 128.7 - 300.3 ± 8.09 g. Corncobs weight recorded values between 16.2 - 59.9 ± 1.81 g. Given the high level of correlations identified between the studied biometric parameters and the grain weight, multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the possibility and safety of grain weight prediction, based on the biometric parameters of corn ears. A weight estimation equation of the grains was obtained based on all the parameters taken in the study, under conditions of R2 = 0.998, p << 0.001. From the regression analysis it was possible to obtain some functions of corn grains weight prediction based on each parameters, under conditions of R2 = 0.801 for parameter L, R2 = 0.811 for parameter BD, R2 = 0.590 for parameter MD, R2 = 0.345 for parameter TD, R2 = 0.993 for parameter TW, and R2 = 0.849 for parameter CcW, respectively.

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correlations, grains weight, maize ears, prediction model, regression analysis

Presentation: oral

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INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA UNDERGOING THERAPY pag. 61-70

Duicu Maria, Fericean Mihaela, Rada Olga-Alina

Acute leukaemia represents uncontrolled malign, immature cell proliferations (called blasts) of the hematopoietic system. As opposed to chronic leukaemia, acute leukaemia occurs in a few weeks and determines the precocious occurrence of symptoms, severe in some situations, which renders its diagnosis and treatment extremely important. The diagnosis of acute leukaemia is established based on a blood exam: the complete blood count (CBC), the peripheral blood smear and the red marrow biopsy, highlighting leucocytes, leukemic blasts and thrombocytopenia; usually, anaemia and a haematocrit decrease are registered. It is worrying that the number of leukaemia cases has grown widely during the last years and it is increasingly harder to detect the causes of these genetic changes at cellular level. The purpose of the present study was to capture and highlight the importance of the changes that occurred in the examination of peripheral blood smears and of the automatic complete blood counts, before and after the intervention of the chemotherapy treatment, respectively in the high precision diagnosis of acute leukemias. Patients were monitored during the chemotherapy treatment, with 23 complete blood counts and peripheral blood smears being performed. The analysis and processing of complete blood counts was done following the changes that intensive chemotherapy induces at the level of haematological parameters and on the morphology of blood cells. It has been observed that depending on the individual and the time of diagnosis of acute leukemia, there are wide variations in blood parameters. The response to chemotherapy treatment is also variable over time. Chemotherapy caused the sudden decrease in the number of leukocytes and the complete destruction of leukemic blasts. The investigation of peripheral blood smears supported the results recorded in the processing of automatic complete blood counts for all patients. If the presence of leukemic blasts associated with leukocytosis or leukopenia was detected before chemotherapy, the chemotherapy treatment initially destroyed the leukemic blasts, and then they reappeared on the blood smears. The result indicates the need to consolidate the remission obtained following the first chemotherapy treatment by continuing the treatment until the complete release of the haematogenous bone marrow from the cancer cells, and by resuming the normal haematopoiesis of blood cells.

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acute leukemia, blood counts, blood smears, chemotherapy treatment

Presentation: poster

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SMART SCANNING WITH UAV TECHNOLOGY pag. 71-80

Adriana HALOIU, Vlad STAICU, George POPESCU, Codruta Ana CHIS

This paper presents a case study about smart scanning with UAV Technologies. The case study was carried out at the Metropolitan Cathedral of Timisoara, which is located near the city center, adjacent to the Bega Canal. The scope of this study was to take part of the cathedral’s renovation by helping pinpoint the optimimum location for placing its new illuminating system. Since the cathedral is also a hystorical monument, by law, we first needed to scan the bulding and compare the new values we have with the old ones in order to determine if some areas needed to be repaired/restored first. Once there, all scannings and surveys were made using: GPS Leica G08, DJI Phantom 4, Leica 3D ScanStation C10. To process all data gathered, we used AgiSoft FotoScan and CloudCompare. The method used was georeferencing using Ground Control Points. A total of 18 GCP were taken, all of which were placed strategically inside the area of survey of 19,1 acres for the drone to easily see them. The total flight time was 4 minutes and it flew to an altitude of 84m with an result of 130 images. Using all data points gathered we obtained our point cloud. In order to execute this project, several criteria must be taken into consideration, for exampleThe Metropolitan Cathedral of Timisoara (Figure.1) is one of the most expensive buildings in the city and one of the most famous architectural monuments in our country. The Catedral impresses by its significant dimensions, by the architectural specificity and by the enameled tiles. The additional work consists in adding illumination of the Cathedral’s façade to highlight the enameled tiles which shine beautifully when light is reflected on them. Due to the growing interest in updating geodata - mainly 3D data and cadastral data as basis for GIS and mapping applications - there is a demand for a fast and efficient surveying method that combines data acquisition with additional information such as images, orthoimages, 3D-models of buildings and infrastructure, and elevation models. One possibility for such a fast and efficient capture of georeferenced data is the use of UAV systems (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Second possibility is 3D scanning because it allows detailed analysis of a building no matter how complex the architecture, no matter what form it would have and no matter how unconventional it would be. Using the scanned data, any intervention on the building can be planned. We can perform 3D laser scanning for buildings, monuments, heritage buildings, archaeological sites, civil constructions, industrial constructions and installations, volume monitoring. For the project mentioned above we used both 3D scanning and UAV technology.

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UAVs, Surveying, Measurement, Mapping, Planning, Modelling, High Resolution, Sustainable, 3D Scanning

Presentation: oral

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THE ADAPTING OF A MANUAL TOOL FOR WORKING THE SOIL TO A MECHANIZED WORK PROCESS pag. 81-88

Ph.D. Stud. Eng. MĂRUNȚELU I., Prof. Ph.D. Eng. BRĂTUCU Gh.

The soil processing process is the basis of most agricultural technologies in agriculture. Sustainable development is the concept underlying the maintenance of resources and land conservation. Ensuring a healthy and harmonious environment, i.e. the quality of soil, water, air, vegetation and food, are fundamental human rights. In order to achieve these conditions, in the peasant households manual tools are still widely used for working the soil, especially in gardens and on small areas of land near the farm. In these places you can also use a relatively new hand tool successfully used by Russian gardeners, namely "chudo-shovel" or "shovel - wonder".This tool simultaneously plays the role of fork, shovel and rake by digging, harrowing, loosening and smoothing the soil. Unlike the ordinary shovel that requires a great effort on the part of the user, with a "miracle-shovel" which is based on the principle of "the breakdown effect", the soil can be worked on small areas of land by elderly people or even people with spinal disorders. However, the mechanization of agricultural works is a basic activity in agriculture and acts in close dependence with biological factors, with the potential of the soil executing a favorable influence on the growth of agricultural production. For this we have adapted such a tool to a mechanized production process being operated by a digger with engine by a double chain transmission from the support and displacement wheels. The functional optimization of the equipment was achieved through a dynamic analysis and a simulation of the movement of the working organs when entering the ground. Thus, the work presents a dynamic modeling, by using software, of the manual tool for working the soil (miracle-shovel), adapted to mechanical actuation with the help of a digger with engine. The dynamic model was realized by using the following elements: tool components, kinematic couplings between components, the characteristics of the materials from which the components are executed, the system of forces and the moments of action. Following the dynamic simulation process, there were represented: the forces and moments in the joints, the forces in the working organs, and the speeds in the system.

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manual tool, dynamic model, software, dynamic simulation, double quadrilateral mechanism

Presentation: oral

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INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE SOIL-PLANT-ANIMAL RELATIONSHIP IN THE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY FOR GRASSLANDS LOCATED IN THE LOW PLAIN OF TIMIS pag. 89-96

Andreea MICLAU, Ionel SAMFIRA

The present study is of descriptive source being focused on the bidirectional interdependence of the soil-plant-animal relationship used especially in establishing the management or management practices of permanent grasslands. We believe that establishing a correct management plan will in the future dimension a correct use of the permanent grassland ecosystem. In order to highlight this interdependence relationship was studied some permanent grasslands from the Silvostepa Area, Low Plains of Timis with altitudes between 50- 150 m, administrative area studied belongs to Sacalaz commune Timis county. The analysis of the permanent grassland soils, the grouping of the land units and the interpretation of the pedological and geological characteristics was carried out by OSPA Timis based on the documents from the institution's database. Because no agrochemical study has been carried out by taking soil samples, the recommendations regarding the fertilization plan are indicative. The following characteristic types of soils predominate in the permanent grasslands studied: cernoziomes (3-57%), pelosols (5-47%), eutricambosols (9-41%), alluviosols (8-33%), solonets ( 5-25%), gleiosols (2-11%), vertisols (1-5%). For the floristic characterization of the grasslands, the phytosociological (geobotanical) method was used, as well as the double meter method (Samfira et al., 2011).. Finally, the study highlights that a certain type of soil generates a specific herbaceous cover, this vegetal carpet has its own characteristics both productive and qualitative. Depending on the productive characteristics of the vegetal association identified on a certain type of soil, the management practice of the respective ecosystem is designed, namely the loading of animals per hectare, the duration of the grazing season, the improvement of the soil characteristics through amendment and fertilization. The results show that the soil-plant-animal relationship is defining for the design of a correct management practice that will allow the economic exploitation of the plant system but especially the maintenance of its natural stability state.

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grasslands, Banat Plain , productions features

Presentation: poster

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PRE-WINTERING BEHAVIOR OF HALYOMORPHA HALYS (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) pag. 97-103

Mihaela NEACSU, Ioana GROZEA, Ramona STEF

The species Halyomorpha halys is an arthropod insect (Arthropoda: Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) that has recently appeared in various places, disrupting both good plant growth but also human comfort and habitat. Although in Romania it was reported 4-5 years ago, and in the western part (Banat) 2-3 years ago, no obvious damages or invasions in the human habitat were recorded. And this is explainable, because at the beginning of the installation in a new area the population level of sting bugs is low. Through the present work we intend to bring to attention the pre-wintering behavior of this species. The period in which the observations were made included 2 months (September and October) of the current year (2019). The place where these observations were conducted was a private mixed garden in Timis county that includes many species of vegetables, fruit trees, ornamental plants, lawn grass, terrace and house. It is interesting the behavior that these stink bug have during the autumn period, specifically before hibernation. Analyzing their activity at different times of the day I found that they behave differently, being in a continuous movement. At lower temperatures of the day (below 18-20ºC) they were removed to sheltered places (terraces, objects present on terraces, warehouses, under layers of leaves, among stones, etc.). At higher temperatures (over 20ºC) during the day, the adult forms migrated to the still green plants and continued to feed. There is a dynamic of their flight during this period expressed by chaotic movements from shady to bright places (where the sun is present) and vice versa when the temperatures and intensity become unbearable for them. Being large insects, they can be easily observed in preferred places. Usually they are extremely active and mobile at temperatures between 20-28ºC, when the flight was more intense. The aggression of the attack on the plants differs depending on the presence and variety of the preferred plants and the maintenance of the organs of the plant in a green state. In conclusion, this insect has become in the last year (2019) a big problem both for the plants of culture (agricultural, horticultural), for the ornamental ones but especially for the houses of the people.

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insect, pest, Halyomorpha halys, behavior, pre-wintering

Presentation: poster

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ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN LANDSCAPE OF PETROȘANI MUNICIPALITY AND THE IMPACT OF ABANDONED BUILDINGS ON IT pag. 104-114

Liliana, NEGOE1, Izabela-Maria, APOSTU1, Florin, FAUR1, Maria, LAZĂR1

The city of Petrosani, as well as the whole area known as Jiu’s Valley, is integrated in a general vision of transforming a mining region into a tourist destination and, in this context, the aspects related to the quality of the urban landscape must be taken into account in a vary serious manner. Although the Petroșani municipality is located in an area considered by many to be idyllic (being surrounded by hills and mountains with altitudes of over 2000 m, being crossed by spectacular valleys and gorges) the intensive industrialization (mining exploitation: Dâlja, Livezeni; mining machinery and equipment companies: UMIROM, UPSRUEM) from the communist era left a significant mark on the urban landscape. Moreover, after 1995, with the restructuring of the mining sector, many of these industrial buildings lost their usefulness and are currently abandoned. Of course, the restructuring of the mining sector, in particular, but also the lack of jobs in alternative sectors of activity led to the massive depopulation of the municipality, which led to the increase of the number of abandoned buildings, which are currently in different stages of degradation. The urban landscape should not be ignored, this being the first that comes in contact with the tourists who will visit this region and will contribute to the economic well-being of the inhabitants. As these buildings, beyond the degradation of the urban landscape, constitute true outbreaks of infection and, being exposed to the arson and collapse they constitute a public danger, in the present paper we set out to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the urban landscape of Petrosani municipality and to estimate the impact that some of the abandoned buildings have on the urban environment in general. For this purpose we have used specific methods for analyzing the urban landscape and we have adapted the methods for identifying/estimating the anthropic impact on the environment (the network method and the impact matrices) for the situation under study.

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Petroșani, urban landscape, abandoned buildings, environmental impact

Presentation: oral

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HETEROPTEROUS INSECTS ON ALFALFA CROPS FROM WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 115-120

Felix OTAVĂ, Klaudia KINCEL, Ioana GROZEA, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant from Fabaceae family, cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. During the vegetation period, alfalfa is attacked by a series of pests that can cause significant yield losses that reach up to 40 - 50% (in case of seed crops). Among these pests, heteropterous insects are considered to be the most damaging. The Heteropterans or “true bugs” are among the most diverse groups within the Hemiptera, and are commonly identified by the strong odors produced by the metathoracic scent glands. They pierce tissues of plants and feed on their juices, live as entomophagous and many of them are serious plant pests. In the climatic conditions in the western part of Romania (Hateg: Hunedoara), a significant presence has the heteropterous insects (plant bugs), 23 specie being collected. The present paper contains new data on the heteropterous insects species encountered in the alfalfa crops, a brief classification of the species and the plant bug feeding habits and host plants. Specimens were collected from alfalfa crop by hand and using sweep net methods. There were 747 specimens belonging to 23 species, from which 5 species: Deraeocoris serenus, Deraeocoris trifasciatus, Nysius thyme, Alydus calcaratus, Camptopus lateralis are new records for the investigated area. The experiments conducted in Hunedoara County, on alfalfa crop shows that insects from Miridae, Coreidae and Pentatomidae family produces serious damage when they feed on alfalfa plants causing lesions along the main steam, leaf petioles and leaves. Two rare species (Deraeocoris trifasciatus and Nysius thymi) were mentionated from the first time in the Heteroptera fauna from alfalfa crop, in Hunedoara County, this species being known only in a few locations in Romania until now. The invasive brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys Stål, 1855) species is present for the first time on this crop.

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heteropterous insects, alfalfa, western Romania, feeding habits, host plants

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THE FLIGHT OF CODLING MOTH (CYDIA POMONELLA LINNAEUS, 1758) POPULATION IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN SĂLIȘTEA (ALBA: ROMANIA) pag. 121-126

Marius PARASCHIV, Sorin HORNOIU, Codruța CHIȘ, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU

Several members of the lepidopteran family Tortricidae are important pests of apple orchards in Romania with potential to cause significant ecomomic loss to commercial apple growers. The most important species, producing significant damages, both from a quantitative point of view, but especially qualitative, is codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). The species was originally from Eurasia, but in the last two centuries, once with the expansion of apple cultivation, it has spread all over the world. In Romania, the species is widely distributed in all regions of the country. In recent years many apple growers from western part of the country have reported high infestation levels and damaged produced by codling moth. Although many studies have been carried out regarding the occurrence, the seasonal activity of Cydia pomonella L., the climatic changes of the last period of time have required the carrying out of new research to target the mentioned species. In this context, the present paper intends to establish the date of first appearance, the seasonal activity of these lepidopterans, in the climatic conditions of Alba County, but also the evolution of specimens number according to the age of the trees studied. Seasonal activity of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., was conducted by pheromone traps in the apple orchards in Săliștea (Alba: Romania). In our researches, pheromone traps and baits Atra-Pom, produced by the Institute of Chemistry "Raluca Ripan" in Cluj-Napoca, were used. The earliest catches of Cydia pomonella L. in Alba County were recorded in the third decade of April. The mass flight was recorded in the first decade of June for the first generation and in the third decade of July for the second generation. In the area under study, the codling moth develops two generations per year, the first generation being more harmful than the second one. The data obtained are important in order to improve the control programs for the Alba county area.

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Cydia pomonella, flight, population, apple orchard, Alba County

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POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL WITH DIFFERENT COPPER FUNGICIDES pag. 127-133

Simina Alina PAȘCA, Vasile FLORIAN, Loredana SUCIU

Potato culture is very sensitive to the pathogen attack. Of these, the most frequently reported is Phytophthora infestans. Late blight can cause in favorable years a 40-50% loss of the harvest if the control measures are not applied. In our country, Potato late blight is frequent and dangerous in the area of cultivation, especially in the rainy years, when the production losses can reach 50% or more. The evolution of the attack degree in 2017 is explosive, after 20 days of the first reading. If the first two readings in July show a level below 3%, in the third decay of the month, the average attack exceeded 20%. One of the oldest substances used to control these pathogens is copper. This substance is still valid and still accepted in organic farming. Climatic conditions strongly influence the efficiency of copper fungicides. Also, previous studies claim that there are differences in efficacy between the three chemical formulations of copper. This paper aims to determine the effectiveness of different formulations of this substance. Thus, copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, and copper oxychloride were tested on three varieties of potatoes (red, white, and purple). For control of downy mildew, the most efficient was the oxychloride followed by copper hydroxide. In the variant treated with copper sulfate, the average attack rate exceeded 30%. The highest levels of the attack were recorded in the variants treated with CuSO4 in both the Sante and Red Fantasy varieties. The differences between these two variants and all others are significant. Comparing the varieties is observed that the least attacked by the Phytophthora infestans is the purple variety, the differences between this variety and the others are covered statistically. The most sensitive to the late blight attack was found to be the Sante variety. Of the fungicides tested, the highest efficiency we noted at the copper oxychloride.

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potato, Phytophthora infestans, copper, fungicide

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GRAIN WEIGHT AND SIZE ASSESEMENT OF SOME ROMANIAN WINTER BARLEY GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT SOWING DENSITIES pag. 134-141

Eugen-Iulian PETCU, Liliana VASILESCU, Viorel ION

Grain weight and size are among the main traits used for characterizing a barley variety in order to recommend it for malt industry. Moreover, the first evaluated trait to know the yield destination is the grain weight which is determined by the grain length and width. In the malt industry, the grain size is an important characteristic having into account the fact that the potential extract is proportional to the size of the grain. This trait depends on genotypes, environment and crop technology, as well as on the interactions between these factors. The objective of this paper has been the assessment of the grain weight (expressed through the thousand grain weight - TGW) and the grain size fractions (2.8 mm, 2.5 mm, and 2.2 mm), as well as the yield potential for the Romanian winter barley genotypes in order to establish further usage. In this respect, twenty-five winter barley genotypes created at National Agriculture Research and Development Institute Fundulea were investigated in 2017-2018 under two different sowing densities (350 grains/m2 and 500 grains/m2). Barley samples have been analyzed for grain weight using Contador (electronic seeds counter) and screening machine Sortimat for sieving fractions at different grain size (2.8 mm, 2.5 mm, and 2.2 mm). Obtained data has been statistically analyzed by ANOVA, as well as by correlation and regression analyses. Analyses of variance revealed a significant variation of TGW and grain size between genotype and sowing density. According to the 20th European Brewery Convention (EBC) of evaluation malting barley varieties, the requested minimum value of TGW for malt industry is 42 g and more than 80% of grains have to remain on the sieves of 2.8 mm and 2.5 mm. Under low sowing density (350 grains/m2) the values of TGW ranged between 48.1 and 55 grams, while for the second sowing density (500 grains/m2) the values ranged between 41.4 and 50.2 grams. The grain size fraction of 2.8 mm showed a better proportion value (97.2%) under low sowing density comparing with the value of the same grain size fraction obtained under high sowing density (92.8%). All tested winter barley genotypes registered an increased yield under low sowing density (5804 - 9304 kg/ha) comparing with the yield obtained at high sowing density (4074 - 6978 kg/ha).

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winter barley, sowing density, grain weight, grain size, yield.

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TOPOGRAPHIC LIFTING OF A SEWERAGE NETWORK IN SANTAMARIA ORLEA COMMUNE, HUNEDOARA COUNTY pag. 142-149

Rareș Petrescu, Adrian Șmuleac

The topographic elevation represents a set of field and office works necessary for the realization of a topographic plan. Depending on their content, the topographic elevations can be: planimetric elevations when determining only the position in the plane of the points of the topographic surface, leveling elevations when determining only the vertical position of the points, the combined elevation, when determining both the position in the plane, as well as the vertical position of the points. Topographic survey may be necessary to obtain the building permit, demolition permit, PUG, PUD, PUZ; design of electricity, gas, water and sewerage networks; conclusion of rental, leasing, concession contracts; identifying the real owners of the land on which certain investments are to be executed; obtaining a notice of removal from the agricultural circuit; obtaining the decision to award the postal number. The present work was carried out in Santamaria-Orlea commune, Hunedoara county and aims at the topographic elevation of a sewerage network carried out in the commune as well as in the villages belonging to it. This measurement was made using a Hi Target V30 GPS system, which is the perfect combination of the quality of the materials used in its manufacture and the applied technology. Hi-Target V30 receiver for GNSS RTK measurements is a system that receives signals from multiple satellite constellations, designed to work with the network of ROMPOS reference stations. For the production of the receiver special materials were used, due to the fact that the Hi-Target V30 repeater is extremely resistant to the most difficult weather conditions, it can withstand even under water. The working mode with the V30 receiver can be: rover, base or static. All the working methods as well as the control over the GSM module, the internal radio or the external radio are made from the controller that comes with the Hi-Survey software with which you can modify the working mode. After the completion of the field measurements, the office work was completed, where the machine was unloaded and the measurements were completed to complete the work. In order to carry out the work, I used the AutoCAD (computer aided design) program, which is a CAD program used in the design of two-dimensional (2D), less three-dimensional (3D) construction plans, developed and marketed by the American company Autodesk. The measurements were processed in files specific to the "native" system, which are those of type dwg as well as those of dxf (Drawing eXchange Format), extremely widespread.

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GPS, GNSS, RTK, Hi-Survey, ROMPOS, Autodesk, dwg, dxf, GSM.

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EXAMINATION OF SILAGE YIELDS AND CONTENT VALUES DIFFERENT TRITICALE VARIETIES pag. 150-156

L. SAS, Z. FUTÓ

As an impact of climate change the yield of non-irrigated silage maize harvested in the summer is increasingly threatened. Annual precipitation amount shows a declining tendency and its distribution also becomes uneven and hectic. Therefore, we shall base our coarse fodder production on plant species with higher yield security. Winter cereals, especially triticale may excellently fulfil all requirements. The growing season of this species starts in September and ends in the beginning of May. During this period sufficient amount of water is available for the plants. By applying adequate agro-technical solutions and selecting the best varieties triticale can provide high yields together with outstanding quality. All examined triticale varieties provided high yields in 2017 accompanied by good content values. Examinations conducted on the quality of yields showed that the Dimenzio variety contained remarkably high crude protein content that significantly exceeded that of all the other triticale varieties. Taking into account the easily digestible fibre content NDFd48 Dimenzio and GK Maros performed extremely well with proportions above 77 percent. 2018 proved to be an arid year with low amount of precipitation. Average per hectare yields were ten tons less than in 2017. However, content values of the samples were still very good. 2019 has started with an arid autumn that had some negative effect. However, the largest yields were measured in this year reaching 42.14 t/ha for the Hungaro variety in the fourth mowing. Proportion of easily digestible fibre content proved to be considerably high in all three years of the examination. At the time of first mowing the value of dNDF48h was always above 70%. This can be interpreted as very good, since this value is measured only around 50 to 55 percent in case of silage maize. It is important to choose the appropriate variety. Based on our experiment results GK Maros, Hungaro and Dimenzio are suitable for coarse fodder production as well.

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climate change, silage yield, biomass, triticale, fibre content

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THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGES IN LAND MONITORING pag. 157-167

Roxana SELARIU, Andreea STULEANEC, Radu BERTICI, Mihai HERBEI

Remote sensing is defined as the technical field that deals with the detection, measurement, recording and visualization in the form of images, of electromagnetic radiation, which are emitted by objects, but also phenomena, from the surface of the Earth or from the Universe, from certain distances, without the existence of real or direct contact with them. As its name implies, remote sensing involves "the acquisition of information from a distance, without having direct contact with the detected object", through a "set of means that allow the recording of information on the earth's surface". This paper presents the spectral behaviour of some components of the environment, such as: spectral reflectance and spectral signature. Next, are presented a series of satellites, the most important of which is Landsat 8, which is the eighth satellite in the Landsat program and the seventh that successfully reaches orbit. The satellite has two instruments: OLI (Operational Land Imager) and TIRS (Thermal InfraRed Sensor), which provides global coverage at resolutions of 30m (visible spectrum, NIR, SWIR), 100m (thermal bands) and 15m (panchromatic band). We will conduct a study on the most important vegetation indices. The formulas for the calculation of the indices start from the hypothesis that the spectral variation of the soils without vegetation is linear. The function which described this variation is called the straight of the soils. This line can be most easily determined in a two-dimensional histogram of radiometric values, having as x-axis red band and z-axis, near infrared band. The radiometric values corresponding to the lack of vegetation are identified in the histogram. The straight for best approximating is the straight of the soils. Vegetation indices are very useful in monitoring of large areas, as they represent a very effective means of monitoring and evaluating drought phenomena at the scale of images, due to the possibilities of precise discrimination of vegetation, as well as correlations with biophysical parameters that determine the vegetation status and turgidity such as: plant height, leaf index, biomass, etc.

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Remote Sensing, Vegetation indices, NDVI, NDWI, Landsat

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MECHANIZATION TECHNOLOGY FOR WHEAT HARVESTING WITH SELF-PROPELLED GRAIN HARVESTING COMBINE pag. 168-171

Șeran P., Creț C., Anișoara Duma Copcea, Mihuț Casiana

Self-propelled combines enter plots without prior opening of roads. It is indicated, however, that, at the end of the plot from the access road, two to three furrows are initially harvested to allow the entry of the means of transport and other means necessary for harvesting. [5] For the rational use of the means of transport, of the work of each combine independently, for better supervision and faster organization of technical assistance, it is recommended to use group work, with each combine on its work post. [4] The width of the posts should be 0.15-0.25 L (L = plot length) so as to allow the combine to work at least one day on the same post. In low-length chains, the width should be higher reaching the same size as the length of the plot. In the case of grounded crops, the direction of the plants grounded should be taken into account to ensure the harvesting in both directions with minimal loss without useless movements. [2] In the case of uneven maturation plots, the areas of plants that cannot be harvested can be delimited, entering combines in the field and harvesting only areas with mature plants. The main agri-technical requirements for the harvesting of grassy cereals are the following: the harvest shall be done in the optimum period, the grain losses shall not exceed 3%, and the purity of the grains shall be at least 97%.[1] Exceptionally, if there are not enough combines, the harvest period can increase by 1-3 days after the full maturation phase and, after the end of this phase, properly adjusting the machines; because grains are heavier in the maturation phase, the loss in not threshed grains grow and, in the over-maturation phase, the straw crumble greatly, making the process of threshing, shaking and separation more difficult. [10] In order to ensure maximum working capacity and minimum consumption of fuels, the combines should be adequately ensured with sufficient means of transport of harvested products. The number of means of transport should correlate according to the hourly productivity of the combines and the distance of transport of the products. [3]

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mechanization technology, grain, combine

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STUDIES ON THE MECHANIZATION OF WORKS TO CONTROL DISEASES AND PESTSIN GRAPEVINE pag. 172-176

Șeran P., Creț C., Anișoara Duma Copcea, Mihuț Casiana

Experiments on sprinkler machines were carried out at the vineyard-wine company in Vânju Mare, in 2018, duringthe treatments applied to prevent and control diseases and pests. These treatments largely complied with the unitary programme previously drawn up.[9]The treatments were carried out with MC-300P and MST-900 machines, in aggregate with tractors of 45 HP. Pneumaticdispersion of a rosette type with 10 dispersing heads (in the MC-300P machine) and 5-head palmette (MST-900 machine)were used. .[10]In these experiments, samples were made to determine the following indices: actual working speed; flow of the machine;flow of dispersion; liquid rules; adjustment of the actual flow according to the theoretical one. The working speed wasdetermined by going through the aggregate, under working conditions, on a distance of 100 m and the timing necessary forthis distance to be completed. .[7]Three measurements were made for each speed and their arithmetic mean was taken into account. The engine speed has beenkept steady. The flow of the dispersion and the machine was determined by the Volumetric method depending on pressure.The dispersed liquid during a 1-minute period was collected in graded vessels. Three measurements have been made for eachpressure value and type of dispersion. .[6]To adjust flow rates, the above indications, as well as the adjustment tables and the adjusting diagrams of the sprinklermachines were used. Reducing environmental pollution and energy consumption in the process of controlling diseases andpests is mainly achieved by reducing the liquid norm per hectare, using sprinkler systems in which we can control and steerthe droplet size, as well as droplet distribution on plants, requiring the use of sprinkler machines complying with thesetechnological requirements.[8] The studies in this paper were carried out at the vineyard-wine Vânju Mare company in the year 2018.The territory taken in the study belongs to the village of Vânju Mare.The study refers to mechanization of works for grapevine. The main mechanized works were carried outto control weeds, diseases and pests.

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sprinkler machines, controlling diseases and pests, determination of indices

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THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS AT THE ATTACK OF THE MAIN PATHOGENS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE TRANSYLVANIA PLAIN pag. 177-182

Mădălina Ioana ȘERBAN, Vasile FLORIAN, Loredana SUCIU

Sunflower is a plant of origin from North America, one of the four important cultures grown for oil, along with soy, rapeseed, and peanuts. The most common species is Helianthus annus L., which is cultivated all over the globe as an oil and ornamental plant. In Romania, it became the main oleaginous plant shortly, due to excellent conditions of culture. Climate change is occurring in Romania and is interacting with agroecological factors to increase biotic stress in sunflower. The uneven distribution of precipitation has increased the chances of infection with necrotrophic pathogens. The main objective of this paper was to study the dynamics of pathogens in the sunflower culture influenced by both the use of fertilizers and the genetic characteristics of the hybrids, correlated with the economic potential offered by pedo-climatic condition found in the Transylvania Plains area. Following the determinations made in the experimental field regarding the level of attack, we identified two pathogens (Diaporthe helianthi, respectively Plenodomus linquistii). We can say that the highest degree of attack was found in the case of Phomopsis stem canker, whit an average attack at 11.72 %. The second pathogen identified in the experimental field was noted, with a meager attack degree (below 2%). Of the six hybrids, the least susceptible to pathogen attack was the Adagio hybrid with 4.25% and the most sensitive Neoma hybrid with an attack degree of over 20%. Data analysis show that from hybrids sensitivity to the attack of pathogens point of view, they can be divided into three groups: Adagio and Klarika slightly sensitive, Gracia and Europe mean sensitive, Neoma and NHK 12MO10 with an above-average sensitivity. The main objective of this paper was to study the dynamics of pathogens in the sunflower culture influenced by both the use of fertilizers and the genetic characteristics of the hybrids, correlated with the economic potential offered by pedo-climatic condition found in the Transylvania Plains area.

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sunflower, disease, pathogen, fertilization, Diaporthe helianthi, Plenodomus lindquistii

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ASSESSING THE POPULATIONS OF APHIDS ON THE ROSE AND OTHER INSECT ASSOCIATED WITH THEM DURING THE AUTUMN PERIOD pag. 183-189

Razvan STEF, Ioana GROZEA, Ana Maria VIRTEIU

During the autumn, the aphids of roses appear in adult sexual forms (females and males) or sexupara forms (un-winged), sometimes in extremely high populations. The cause may be the weather neither too hot nor too cold. And the warmth days alternating with rainy and cold days, somehow determine a balance and climate conducive to population development and intensive feeding activity. Through this paper we set out to evaluate the populations of aphids that damage the rose plants during the autumn. Being a decorative plant, the rose also needs attention during periods other than those of spring and summer. The observations were made in a private garden in Timisoara in Lipovei area (Timis county) during 2 months (IX, X) of 2019. Four varieties of rose were analyzed, on which 4 readings were made (bi-weekly). In addition to aphids we have also followed other species associated with them such as ants or ladybugs. We found that on all the plants analyzed, aphids were present, sometimes even in excess populations (with overlapping individuals). Ants were also noted among the aphids. These were attracted by the liquid excrements of aphids which are known as honey dew. Where the number of aphids was high and the number of ants visiting the plants near the aphid-concentrated areas was increased. The population level of the 2 species involved (aphids and ants) varied depending on the variety of roses but also on the time of reading (periodic verification and the time interval of the day). High levels of aphids have been observed especially in red flowered varieties and thicker, softer petals, well caught by the bud. Compared to varieties with petals that fall slightly the population level was lower. In conclusion, aphids can create serious impairment of the decorative quality of roses in all flowering seasons, therefore it is necessary to check them periodically and to intervene to stop their propagation.

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aphids, ants, population, assessing, autumn, rose plant

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ROAD LIFTING FROM BIGAR,UAT BERZEASCA,CARAS-SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 190-196

Larisa Mileva Suhai, Adrian Șmuleac

The topographic elevation means a set of field and office works useful for the realization of a topographic plan. Depending on their content, when determined, the plan metric elevations give the position in the plane of the points of the topographic surface, leveling elevations when the position in the plane, as well as the vertical position of the points is terminated. The topographic elevation may be necessary to obtain the building permit, demolition permit, PUG (general urban plan), PUD (detailed urban plan), PUZ (zonal urban plan). The present work was carried out for the elevation of the road from Bigar locality, Berzeasca commune, Caras-Severin county. There were works carried out for improving the asphalting of the streets and the geometrical elements, the arrangement of the sidewalks and access to properties, the realization of horizontal and vertical road signs, the assurance of water leakage by designing systems for taking them and evacuate them outside the carriageway. The main elements present on the topographic plan are: the road axis where measurements were conducted for determining the transverse and longitudinal profiles, the road part is the surface of the road platform, intended for the vehicles` circulation and the road platform where they were made outside the road segment. The situation plans presented in the current document show exactly where the buildings are located. The situation plan is a technical drawing showing the neighborhoods and all the other existing constructions. The topographic elevations were determined using the Leica GS08 GPS. This GPS has a built-in 3.5G high speed modem, which will connect to the RTK reference networks and allows broadband internet connection through the mobile connection for data transfer; hence, once the unit is switched on, you can connect and measure. After carrying out the field measurements, the work was carried out in the office, where the results were downloaded, then processed for the completion of the assignment. For the work accomplishment, it was used the AutoCAD system, which represents a CAD system, used in designing the two-dimensional(2D) designing plans, less in 3 dimensions(3D), invented and commercialized by the Americana Autodesk company. The measurements were processed in the system-specific files (“native”), which are the dwg type, as well as the widely spread dxf (Drawing eXchange Format).

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PUG, PUZ, PUD, GPS, RTK, Autodesk, dwg

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TEACHING STRATEGIES USED TO KNOW THE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM. CASE STUDY KNOWLEDGE OF THE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN MEHEDINTI COUNTY. pag. 197-203

Toporan Ramona Loredana, Marinel HORABLAGA, Ionel SAMFIRA

The purpose of the paper is to assess the impact of using specific teaching tools to students regarding the role and functions of the grassland ecosystem so that they understand the functioning of this ecosystem without anthropogenic intervention. It is important for students to know the role, structure and functioning of this ecosystem because it is one of the richest resources of semi-natural grassland still existing in Europe. These are classified as grasslands with high natural value and high biodiversity. In the sciences of life or biology, we can say that phenomena are understood by students when they can operate with the knowledge acquired in contexts other than those presented in the lesson. Also, in biology lessons we must also focus on what is useful for the further development and activity of the individual. In order to illustrate and explain the grassland ecosystem so that the students can understand and retain it, a division of methods was used, with an informational-operational, but especially participatory-non-participatory weight. As a case study, the present paper tried to approach the educational process, life, practical activity. The training through the case mediates a confrontation with a real life situation, authentic, taken as a typical representative example for a general state of affairs. The direct results obtained were analyzed by the increased interest of the students in the lesson about the grassland ecosystem due to the multiple attraction systems generated by its functions as landscape, habitat for rare species of animals and plants, present near houses in the form of lawn, etc. We can appreciate that in the future the presentation of lesson topics in attractive interactive forms will both as a teaching method and as content will contribute to increasing the interest of the students towards the school but you have chosen the life sciences.

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teaching methods, grassland ecosystem

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MULTISPECTRAL MONITORING TRIAL DESTINED TO QUANTIFY THE NITROGEN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF BARLEY CROP pag. 204-210

Ciprian Tripon, Antonia Odagiu, Ioan Oroian

Presently, a large variety of mechatronic systems are implemented in precision agriculture. The mechatronic systems are also often used for monitoring the sub-processes involved in a complex agricultural system, while to each sub-process, corresponds a sub-system. The involved sub-systems are often interconnected by IoT (Internet of Things). The concept of Internet of Things aims a series of elements, which are the components of a network of sensors, elements, etc. In order to manage these networks, which are usually made up of huge amounts of data, special approaches are needed, involving complex computing tools (e.g. Big data, Cloud Computing, etc.). An advantage of including these tools is that human factor is not needed in computational stage, the existence of a compatible devices network being enough. Examples of using Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture are: the networks of measuring climatic factors stations (including weather forecasting systems), placed in different points of an agricultural field, orchard, etc.; wireless sensors destined to perform real time measurements of soil pH, moisture, etc., located in different points of an agricultural field, and examples may continue. These considerations show the importance of wireless systems and solutions for implementation of mechatronics in agriculture. These systems include besides applications as GPS (Global Positioning System), RS (Remote Sensing), or GIS (Geographic Information System), a large variety of technologies, as: IrDA (Infrared data Association), WPAN (Wireless Personal area Network), multi-hop WLAN (Multi-hop Wireless Local Area Network), Bluetooth, etc. Practicing precision agriculture involves the use of agricultural equipment that performs fully automated or even autonomous works, from the land preparation sowing, and treatment phase, to harvesting, using satellite navigation systems and correlating the geographical position with the type of decision to be taken (localized fertilizers for example), weighing in real time the harvested products, or drawing up land productivity maps. Our research was developed in the year 2018, on West Plain, Benecu de Jos, Timiș County, and aimed to multispectral monitoring of the vegetation indices of a barley culture, using ”Dorne Technology”. The collected indices were georeferenced, and based on input data best fertilization solutions were formulated.

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drone technology, IoT, GIS, GPS

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THE MAIN CATEGORIES OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FROM VRANCEA COUNTY pag. 211-217

Ciprian TUDOR, Lucian DINCĂ

There are a lot of studies which explain the truly value of the non-wood forest products from the sphere of their benefical properties in human health and also their contribution to enhance the economy. The aim of this study was to highlight the most important non-wood forest products for Vrancea County and to see the adaptability and sensivity of every species from different utilization categories As material and methods, it was used 4 categories of non-wood forest products which were evaluated by an hierarchical analytical process which show a lot of specific characteristics of the component species, including 19 well-established criteria: harvesting cost, market demand, market potential, abiotic and biotic threats and so on. Every criteria was analyzed by 3 specialists, giving them notes between the interval [1…8] which represent the degree of demands and needs on market place, assesment of costs in harvesting period etc. In the part of results, it was described four categories of NWFPs: edible mushrooms (Cantharellus cibarius (golden chanterelle), Macrolepiota procera (parasol)), tree products (Christmas trees, Spruce seeds), understory plants (Hippophae rhamnoides (sea-buckthorn), Allium ursinum (ramson)) and animal origin (Tetrao urogallus (western capercaillie), Salmo trutta-fario (brown trout)) which are spreaded in the entire study zone. In the case of mushrooms, Cantharellus cibarius has maximum notes based on criteria like: ”Celebrity” of the product on market, price of raw product and of the derived products and portofolio of derived products. Also, Christmas trees have a good range distribution and the market potential is increasing, especially in the winter season.. Understory plants such as sea-buckthorn and ramson, have a good distribution range, an increased harvesting cost and the consequences derived from their properties are promoted well in the market zone. The degree of novelty is represented by the unique analyze of these non-wood forest products in Vrancea County. Research limitations is the lack of collecting data from the field. Originality of research is derived from the hierarchical analytical process (AHP), which is a good method from economy to analyze the non-wood forest products using different criteria. The importance of this report comes through the demands and the needs of the population which constitute an strategic way to improve the market potential. The knowledge potential of these NWFPs is also important for development of bioeconomy, purposing to use all the parts of the products, without recycling nothing.

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AHP, NWFPs, golden chanterelle, brown trout, market potential, harvesting cost, diagram of sensivity

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WHAT CAN WE LEARN ABOUT BROMUS GENUS PRESERVED IN ”ALEXANDRU BELDIE” HERBARIUM ? pag. 218-225

Ciprian TUDOR, Lucian DINCĂ

Through the success of some famous botanists, the ”Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium gained a symbolic allure by preserving and keeping in the attention of the researchers a lot of important and special species, belonging to certain genres of plants and which is currently hosted by National Institute of Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", from Bucharest. Genus Bromus, also called the genus of herbs, making apart from this herbarium. Thus, this article presents some important aspects related to this genus. Methods and materials used the collection of vouchers as well as the information processed in excel to create a database. Moreover, for each sample in the collection, the year and place of harvesting were used, as well as the person who handled the collection of these taxa. With the help of the obtained data, it was possible to draw the analysis regarding the key periods in which the plants were harvested and also their diversified distribution regarding the place of harvesting. The obtained results consisted in the identification of the number of plants collected in small spreaded intervals of 9 years and the use of 4 degrees of conservation of the species, surpassing the quality of their maintenance throughout these years. The degree of novelty is represented by the description for the first time of this genus within this herbarium. The content is elaborated by a unique analysis, including details related to the history of the genus Bromus as well as the present benefits. The originality of the work is shown by the fact that at the process of collecting the plants it was realized by famous botanists, reflecting the influence on the biodiversity and who have put all the necessary bases in order to obtain the characteristics of the Genus Bromus. The importance of this paper work comes from perspective of contents presented in this spectacular herbarium, which hosts a lot of plants species from different genres, also Genus Bromus. Also, some species were transfered from another herbariums belonging of International Institutions, which is also a good thing for improving the „Alexandru Beldie” Herbarium.

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genre, herbarium, Bromus Genus, harvesting period, degree of conservation

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AGRICULTURE OF SATCHINEZ LOCALITY, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 226-235

Ungureanu ALEXANDRA- GABRIELA, Răbonțu ANDREEA GIORGIANA, Okros ADALBERT, Ciolac VALERIA

Agriculture is one of the first economic activities in the history of human society development. It has been the dominant branch of the economy and today in many countries of the world it continues to be the main branch of the economy and sphere of activity of the population. Agriculture is the most widespread branch of material production and, unlike industry, it is practiced on large spaces. in agriculture many production processes are seasonal in nature, depending on the natural conditions. Agriculture provides plant and animal products, which are used as raw materials in some industrial sectors, and provides the needs of the population in basic food products. A fundamental feature of the Romanian agriculture is that the high natural potential can provide the domestic necessities of basic food for a much larger population than the one that exists today. The import of food should be only a source of supplementation and diversification of consumption. The negative effects of agricultural reform in its first phase have a temporary negative impact on the level of plant production and especially animals and negative effects propagated on the industries upstream and downstream of agriculture. The decentralization of the agri-food sector, the privatization of the land, the lack of some programs designed to create new agri-food chains generated the crisis of agriculture and affected the food security of the population.Satchinez is a commune in the county of Timiș, Banat, Romania, consisting of the villages Bărăteaz, Hodoni and Satchinez (the residence). Satchinez locality is located in the north of Timiș county, about 25 km from the city of Timișoara. It is bordered to the north by Gelu, to the east by Bărăteaz, Călacea and Carani, to the southeast by Hodoni and to the southwest by Biled. Located in the plain area of the county, in the hydrographic basin of the Bega Veche river, Satchinez commune morphologically falls into the meadow and terrace of the Bega Veche river, bounded on the north by the Lipova hills and on the south by the Banat Plain. The Satchinez commune is located halfway between the river Mureş and Bega Veche, is devoid of running water. The territory of the commune is entirely plain with a gentle slope towards the south in the sense of the surface water flow. The climate is temperate continental and has a slight Mediterranean hue lacking permanent winds of higher intensities. During summer and early spring, the prevailing oceanic air masses with abundant precipitation are dominant. During the year, prevailing masses of sea air from the west with sufficient humidity. The land with artificial, arable character represents 81%, forests represent 0.1%, waters and ponds 5.5%, and pastures and meadows 9%.

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Satchinez, agriculture, crops, land surfaces, agricultural systems, production

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AGRICULTURE OF THE VAȚA DE JOS, HUNEDOARA COUNTY pag. 236-242

Ungureanu Alexandra Gabriela, Bojinescu (cas. Botoș) Florina Nicoleta, Okros Adalbert, Mihuț Casiana

The commune Vaţa de Jos, located on the road from Brad to Oradea, covers an area of 20,263 hectares, of which 3,570 are agricultural lands, its population is about 3,718 inhabitants and is composed of 13 settlements, these being the commune center. and the villages: Vaţa de Sus, Căzăneşti, Basarabasa, Prăvăleni, Ciungani, Ociu, Ocişor, Brotuna, Târnava de Cris, Prihodis, Tătărăştii de Cris, Vata de Jos and Birtin. The commune Vaţa de Jos is located at the northeastern tip of Hunedoara county. The geographical position of the commune Vaţa de Jos, is limited by the values 46 ° 11 'north latitude and 22 ° 36' east longitude. In the north and west the commune is neighboring with Arad county, in the south-west and south it is neighboring with Tomeşti commune, to the south-east with Vorţa commune, and in the east with Baia de Criş commune. The distance from the town of Vaţa de Jos - Deva is 60 km and to Brad is 20 km. The closest villages to the commune center are Prihodişte and Basarabasa, 2 km away. In the northeast, the commune is crossed by the national road DN 76 (Oradea-Brad-Deva) and almost parallel to it, by the railway that connects Deva with the localities Brad, Vaţa de Jos and Arad. The commune Vaţa de Jos is in the intra-mountain depression Brad - Hălmagiu, at the foot of the Metaliferi mountains, on the western edge of the Land of the Crişeni Mountains and at the confluence of the Ponor and Crişul White watercourses. The relief is mostly hilly and grows from the Crişului White meadow to near the Metaliferi mountains, presenting elements of a geometric symmetry. The relief presents altitude differences between the actual submerged basin and the surrounding hills, specifically for the intramontane tectonic basins. The share of the land is approx. 230 m. The climate is temperate, having a specific character for depression, with slight variations in temperature. The wind has low intensities due to the relief shapes, which prevent the massive air travel. Annual average temperature: 9 0C. Precipitation average: 700 mm (quite high) The precipitation waters - abundant in this area - are gathered by the Crişul Alb and the Ponor stream (Vaţa), both of which have a torrential character, giving rise to the floods, especially the spring, but not only, because in December 1995 the waters of the two streams had left the stall. The soil of the administrative territory of the commune belongs largely to agricultural land (50.33%) but also to forests (46.17%). The timber fund is capitalized through the care of the foresters and the economic agents that carry out their activity in this field. The commune Vaţa de Jos covers an area of 20263 ha, representing about 3% of the area of Hunedoara county from which agricultural land: 3570 ha - agricultural land, of which: - 1730 ha arable land, - 1021 ha of pastures, - 819 ha of hay

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Vața de Jos, Hunedoara, agriculture, grassland, hay

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AGRICULTURE OF THE VALCAN COMMUNITY pag. 243-247

Vezok Rebeka, Bota Denisa, Okros Adalbert, Ienciu Anișoara

Valcani commune is located in the western part of the Arancai Plain, in the lowest part of it on the Romanian territory, part of the Banat Plain. Valcaniul is a border town and is located in the west end of Timis county, on the border with Serbia, about 20 km southwest of the city of Sânnicolau Mare. At the same time, it is a crossing point of the Romanian-Serbian border. It is bounded on the north by the Bulgarian Colony, on the northeast by the Old Dudeştii, on the southeast by the Teremia Mică, on the south by Mokrin (Serbia) and on the west by Vrbica (Serbia). The first documentary attestation of Valcani dates back to 1256, with the name Kywolkan villa. In the past it was owned by the Csanad family, as well as other localities in the area. In the seventeenth century here would be settled Romanians from Transylvania and Caraş and Severin. In 1717 it was annexed to the county of Timiş. Due to the presence of smectic clay soils, solonets and lithosols, it is favored to water the water, there are large areas of reservoir. The most representative types of soils present in the territory of Valcani are: 1. Chernozymes: 7.0%; 2. Gleiosoils: 0.2%; 3. Solonet: 0.8%; 4. Vertisols: 43.0% 5. Alluvial soils: 37.0%; 6. Soil associations: 12.0%. From a climatic point of view, Valcani commune benefits from a temperate-continental climate with sub-Mediterranean influences, a climate characterized mainly by mild winters and moderately warm summers, with an average multiannual temperature of 11C and a multiannual precipitation value of 536.3mm. , according to the Sannicolau Mare station, the closest to the area of interest. Valcani commune was established for the first time in 1877 and served as an administrative unit until 1968, when it was abolished, being attached to the commune of Dudeştii Vechi. Following a local referendum held in 2004, the commune of Valcani was formed, consisting of a single village. Following the Protocol concluded between the Commune Dudestii Vechi and Commune Valcani, on the basis of Law 84/2004 and of the provisions of Law 7/1996, of the Order of the Prefect no.672 / 02.08.2005 and of the Order no.534 / 2001 of the Ministry of Public Administration regarding the approval of the Technical Norms for the Introduction of the General Cadastre, the territorial limits of the commune (Valcani Commune) were established, separated from the Dudestii Vechi commune, by negotiation between the representatives of the parties, resulting for Valcani Commune, a total area (extra-urban and intra-urban), of 6243.38 ha. During the three agricultural years studied, namely 2015, 2016 and 2017, we noticed that cereals such as wheat, maize and triticale, but also of oilseed plants, especially the flower, have a high share in the agricultural field. sun and rapeseed. Important areas grown in the past with cereals have been replaced with technical plants but especially with fodder, clover and alfalfa plants.

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Valcani, soil, agriculture, cereals, technical plants

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TOPOGRAPHIC WORKS FOR THE MODERNIZATION OF THE LOCAL ROAD NETWORK -DC70A AND THE STREETS pag. 248-253

Gabriela A.L. Coruț, Adrian Șmuleac

In order to carry out the topographic surveys in order to carry out the situation plans, measurements were made in the field with the GPS equipment North Smartk. Topographic operations performed in the field: Route length (Plan No. 2, A size, scale 1: 5000) 5.6 km the details that need to be measured and the route to be traveled have been identified in the field, 2 support points were determined, S100, S200. The points were determined using the GNSS North Smartk receiver, by the RTK method using corrections from the ROMPOS system, with the reference station: Ro_VRS_3.1_GG. To verify the coordinates, 3 determinations were made for each point at 30 minutes intervals, each time with a new reset of the receiver. As a result of the checks, there were no errors in determining the points. The points were materialized in the field with wooden chisels. The final coordinates of the points are: 100 : X=442807.373, Y=357094.574, Z=483.728m and 200 : X=442832.326, Y=442832.326, Z=483.728m. The points were also checked with Trimble 5603, DR 200+ total station.A total of 5021 points were measured. The accessible points were determined with the telescopic milestone with the prism having the height of 2.00 m, the inaccessible points being determined with the Direct Reflex technology directly on the surface of the measured object. The points determined with this technology have an exact positioning only planimetric (X and Y), not level. Preparation of the situation plan: The data downloaded from the total station were processed to prepare the situation plan (Sheet No.1, format A0 scale 1: 2000). Route length (Plan No. 2, A size, scale 1: 5000) 5.6. For the realization of the situation plans, the AutoCad program was used together with the TopoLT program for importing points and ProofLT for profiling. Post-processing of RiNNEX data was a mandatory condition for verifying the obtained coordinates.

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GNSS, ROMPOS, Ro_VRS_GG, Trimble 5603, DR200+

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PLANTS FROM THE FORMER VLAŞCA COUNTY THAT ARE IN THE “ALEXANDRU BELDIE” HERBARIUM pag. 254-261

Cătălin-Ionel CIONTU, Lucian DINCĂ

The paper aims to present the plants collected from the former Vlaşca county and their collection characteristics that are found in one of the most important grasslands of Romania - the “Alexandru Beldie” herbarium of the National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry “Marin Drăcea”. Vlașca County is a former first-order administrative division of the Kingdom of Romania, in southern Muntenia, located between Bucharest and the Danube, which is now mostly the county of Giurgiu. The county seat was Giurgiu. The county was located in the southern part of Greater Romania, in the southern part of the historical region of Muntenia. The county was bordered on the west by Teleorman County, on the northwest by Argeş County, on the north by Dâmboviţa County, on the east by Ilfov County, and to the south by the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Its surface coincides in large part with that of the present Giurgiu County, but there are small parts of it that are included in today's Teleorman County. In 1938, the county was disestablished and incorporated into the newly-formed Ținutul Argeș, but it was re-established in 1940 after the fall of Carol II's regime - only to be abolished 10 years later by the Communist regime.According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 296,412 inhabitants. The “Alexandru Beldie” herbarium of the National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea" systematizes and presents different species collected from the former Vlaşca county, totaling of 71 species and 155 specimens, according to the place and the year of harvesting, as well as the name of the specialist who harvested the plant, systematized based on more criteria such as: drawer number, voucher number, botanic collection, species name, harvesting date, harvesting place, the specialist that has collected and/or determined the species as well as the conservation degree. This last criterion was graded on a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 means a very good conservation state, while 4 represents a very poor conservation state. The conclusions present some peculiar aspects regarding these species and samples from the Herbarium, collected from the former Vlaşca county.

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Vlaşca County, herbarium, botanic collection, species

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THE EFFECT OF CYCLOHEXANEDIONES IN REDUCING THE SORGHUM HALEPENSE POPULATION IN THE SUNFLOWERING AGROECOSYSTEM pag. 262-272

RAUL CHIFAN, ȘTEF RAMONA, GROZEA IOANA

According to Holm (1969 and 1977), Johnson grass ranks among the first 10 weeds worldwide due to the size of the damage. Johnson grass has a great ability to adapt and spread. This species produces thousands of viable seeds (Scopel et al., 1988), it is adaptable (Clements and DiTommaso, 2012), it does not rely on insects for pollination and it is spread by humans unknowingly (Christoffoleti et al., 2007; Ghersa et al., 1993). Through natural dispersal pathways (Holm et al., 1977; McWhorter, 1989; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001), it accumulates a large reserve of seeds in the soil in the long term (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001) and it is resistant to some herbicides (Heap, 2015). We can say that the extensive rhizome system and the prolific seed production make Johnson grass an extremely competitive and invasive plant (Holm et al., 1977). In agricultural ecosystems, it diminishes the productivity (McWhorter, 1989; Mitskas et al, 2003), increases the production costs (Keeley and Thullen, 1981; McWhorter and Anderson, 1981) and is toxic for animals under certain circumstances (Burrows and Tyrl, 2013). Although the past 20 years have witnessed continuous improvement of the methods of control of species Sorghum halepense, researchers are always looking for effective control strategies (Andújar et al, 2013a, Johnson and Norsworthy, 2014), including for the populations which are resistant at herbicides (Johnson et al., 2014). In 2015, an American study on the risk associated with the presence of species Sorghum halepense (https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/sorghum-halepense.pdf) revealed that, out of approximately 300 species under evaluation, Johnson grass obtained the highest risk score in terms of its potential to adapt and spread. Regarding the spreading of this species, at world level and in Romania, it has been observed that it is in continuous expansion, progressing even in colder areas. This leads us to believe that climate change will aid its spread (Follak and Essl, 2013). The competitive capacity of this species might come from an accelerated transfer of photosynthetic substances from the shoot to the rhizome. In addition to its competitive capacity, Johnson grass produces allelopathic substances. Crop losses due to weeds vary between 10 and 80% in the case of wheat, between 30 and 90% in corn and between 40 and 84% in soy beans (Sarpe, 1981, 1984 and 1987).

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reduction, population, Sorghum halepense, herbicide, cyclohexanediones

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THE BEHAVIOR OF ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) FOR HAY UNDER CONDITIONS IN WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 273-281

Romina MAZĂRE, B. NEAGA, R. TIMARIU, C. BOSTAN, Luminiţa COJOCARIU

Alfalfa, a plant with multiple uses, grown across the globe and large areas in Europe; in Romania it is gaining ground as a result of EU CAP policies providing subsidies for this crop and supporting the growth of livestock. Alfalfa feed can be used in animal feed both during summer as a green meal and as hay during the period of stabulation. The quality of alfalfa seed influences the degree of consumability and indirectly the animal health and the level and quality of animal products. Factors affecting the quality of alfalfa meal include soil fertility, plant growth and development conditions, variety, degree of bathing, harvesting, hay handling and storage. However, the harvesting stage is the most impact factor in the management of lucerne cultivation. As alfalfa plants grow from the vegetative to the generative stage, the lignite content is increased and the protein percentage is reduced, digestibility, metabolizable energy and good animal yield is reduced. In this context, the purpose of this work is to benchmark the production of alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) in the second year of cultivation in three experimental sites. The experiences were organized in three experimental sites from the municipalities: Timişoara (Timis County), Vinga (Arad County) and Vintu de Jos (Alba County). The same technological links of culture have been respected. The harvest, on the seesy, was carried out when 10 % of the plants were flowering. Research results show differences in hay production in the areas analyzed. The largest production of alfalfa hay was obtained on the experimental site at the Vintu de Jos, where the soil and climatic conditions favored the yield. In all the studied areas, four scythes have been observed in alfalfa since the second year of cultivation. This is unusual in Romania's climate conditions, the fourth scythe is harvested in October 2019. In conclusion, climate variables: temperature and precipitation are increasing the vegetation season in alfalfa and made a difference in hay production in the areas analyzed.

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alfalfa hay production, cultural technology

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE PESTS OSTRINIA NUBILALIS, HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA AND THE FUNGI FUSARIUM VERTICILLIOIDES, ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS IN SWEET CORN IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FROM LOVRIN (TIMIȘ COUNTY) pag. 282-291

NEGRUȚ Georgiana Niculina2, COTUNA Otilia1,2, SĂRĂȚEANU Veronica1

Maize is sensitive to the infection with myco-toxigenous fungi from the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus when the climatic conditions are favourable. The specific maize pests play an important role in the spread of the spores of the myco-toxigenous fungi among the climate conditions. The main Fusarium species are able to produce infections are the following: Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium graminearum. The first two species are producing mycotoxins from the fumonisines group (considered as carcinogenous) and the third produces mycotoxins by the types trichothecene and zearalenone. The most frequent species from the genus Aspergillus in crops is Aspergillus flavus. Near this species there can be found Aspergillus parasiticus. Both fungi are major aflatoxins producers strongly carcinogenous for humans and animals. The infections of these fungi are associated with the dry years, warm climate and the damages produced by insects. The insects play an important role in the epidemiology of those pathogens. This research was developed in a selection field formed from 21 lines of sweet corn placed in the perimeter of the Station of Agricultural Research and Development Lovrin (Timiș County). The purpose of this study is to set the interrelation between pathogens and pests and the implication of the last ones in the fungal epidemiology. The observations regarding the attack of the myco-toxigenous fungi Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus were developed in conditions of natural infection. In parallel was noted the frequency of the attack of the pests Helicoverpa armigera and Ostrinia nubilalis on cobs and the density of the larvae on cobs. The incidence of the cobs infested with mycelia of Fusarium verticillioides was comprised in the interval 33 % – 100 % and the severity between 3 % and 17.5 %. In the case of the fungus Aspegillus flavus the incidence of the cobs with mycelium was comprised between 0 and 27 % and the severity doesn’t overpassed 15 %. There was noticed the high incidence of the cobs damaged by Helicoverpa armigera between 40% and 100% and that coincides with the frequency of the cobs infested by Fusarium. The density of the Helicoverpa larvae on cob was one, rarely two and three. Comparative with Helicoverpa armigera, the incidence of the cobs attacked by Ostrinia nubilalis was lower than 40%. The density of the larvae on cobs was similar as in the case of Helicoverpa. The obtained results show the indirect implication of those two pests in the dissemination of the above mentioned myco-toxigenous fungi. The infections level with Fusarium verticillioides was higher on the cobs damaged by larvae, those being entirely covered with white, pink or salmon colour mycelia, characteristic for this fungus.

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Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus, sweet corn, mycotoxins, Helicoverpa armigera, Ostrinia nubilalis.

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MONITORING OF GRASSLAND HILLS FROM EASTERN TIMIS COUNTY ON HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION AERIAL IMAGERY pag. 292-298

P. RAIN, Loredana COPĂCEAN, Luminiţa COJOCARIU

The scientific researches consulted in the specialized literature, as well as their own observations, in the field, support the hypothesis that, irrespective of their mode of use, agricultural lands can be regarded as components of the constantly changing environment, both through the action of natural factors and processes (afforestation, erosion processes, etc), as well as as a result of changing the evolutionary tendency through anthropic intervention (changes in the category of use or the way of use, deforestation, abandonment or "recovery" of some agricultural or non-agricultural land areas). In this context, this study was developed to capture the spatial-temporal changes produced in the case of grasslands, based on high spatial resolution images, using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) techniques and geospatial data (satellite or aerial images), the analysis being done between 2006 and 2018. At the same time, the aim is to test a research methodology that meets the main objectives of the study. Data collection was done in the GIS environment, by vectoring the differences occurring in time and space. The grassland surface was shaped in 2006 and in 2018, and subsequently, through multilayer spatial analysis, the two vector entities were "cut" to capture the differences between them. High spatial resolution aerial images (orthophotoplanes) were used, thus making it possible to perform a detailed analysis, with high precision and accuracy. One of the major advantages of this procedure is that "past" aerial images can be used so that the comparison with the present situation is possible. Following the spatial analyzes, it was found that the grassland considered a case study has “lost” within 12 years, an area of 17.55 ha as a result of the extension of the forest areas. This aspect indicates under-exploitation, lack of proper management, against the background of negative demographic indicators. Through the proposed research methodology, the main objective proposed was reached, this working procedure being applicable in any area and generates both statistical, non-graphical data and thematic maps useful for visualizing, understanding and interpreting the results.

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grasslands, change, GIS, aerial images.

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RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF AGRICULTURE IN TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 299-303

Mihaela-Loredana GHERASIMESCU1,Ana-Mariana DINCU*2, Florinel IMBREA1

Agriculture represents an activity that is very different from other economic activities, due to the fact that, on the one hand, agricultural activity is conditioned by the biological evolution of plants and animals, and on the other hand, it provides food for the population. Therefore, we can say that agriculture plays an important role for the economy of the studied area, due to the land it owns and which represents the main source of natural resources, therefore, agriculture will remain the most valuable branch of production. The research in this article provides a clear picture of the existing agricultural potential in Timiș County. Therefore, in the following, we will present the evolution of the land fund, vegetable agricultural productions and agricultural holdings by categories and size classes.Based on the statistical research undertaken by us, we can see that individual agricultural holdings predominate with a share of over 94%, those with legal personality holding a percentage between 1-6%. Viable agricultural exploitation can be characterized by the high level of income, due to the perfect regrouping of production factors and the implementation of the achievements of technical and scientific progress and creates decent living conditions for farmers and is the foundation of sustainable agriculture. A viable solution for the precarious state in which agricultural holdings are at the moment can be the establishment of certain services for agriculture, both governmental and private.

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Timiș County, agriculture, agricultural area, agricultural production, land fund

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