Rjas

Vol 44, No 1 (2012)

EFFECTS OF AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS AT TRIAL LOCATIONS AND FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD OF TRITICALE pag. 3-8

Milan Obrad BIBERDŽIĆ, M. JELIĆ, N. DELETIĆ, S. BARAĆ, S. STOJKOVIĆ

Triticale is a plant species which is characterized by high genetic potential for grain yield, as well as good nutritive properties of its grain, while it is not so demanding as wheat in regard to agrotechnic measures and ecological conditions, so it is regarded as a very promising crop. In order to reach high and stable grain yield, few demands ought to be fulfilled, such as favorable agroclimatic conditions of the production area, growing superior cultivars, and good production technology, especially sufficient and well-balanced mineral nutrition. In Serbia, acid soils represent a serious problem for field crop production. These are soils with bad air-water and physico-mechanical properties, so plant production carried out on them is highly unstable. For that reason, correction of those soils acidity is necessary to improve their productive properties, which has a long-term effect on increasing yield of the grown crops. This paper deals with the effect of agroclimatic conditions at trial locations and fertilization on grain yield of triticale. The experiment was established at two locations (Zaječar and Kraljevo), during two years (2009 and 2010), and included control variant without fertilization and three variants fertilized by mineral fertilizers, lime and manure (1. NP 1 K, 2. NP 2 K, and 3. NP 1 K + CaCO 3 + manure). The individual trials were set in random complete block design with three replications. The subject of the study was triticale cultivar KG-20. Results were processed by analysis of variance. Results of the study showed significant effect of location and fertilization on triticale grain yield. The average grain yield, for the all fertilization variants, was high-significantly greater in Zaječar (5.65 t ha -1 ) than in Kraljevo (4.93 t ha -1 ). Fertilization showed a highly significant effect on grain yield increase in regard to the control variant. The highest grain yield (7.04 kg ha -1 at Zaječar; 6.62 kg ha -1 at Kraljevo) was observed in the variant where combination of NPK, lime and manure was applied, and it was significantly higher regarding the other fertilization variants. There were no statistically significant differences (in both locations) between the first and second fertilization variants. Adequate application of lime fertilizers, in combination with manure and mineral fertilizers is the most efficient way for correction of undesired production properties of acid soils, which can cause huge increase of triticale grain yield, with the simultaneous improvement of its quality.

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triticale, fertilization, location, agroclimatic conditions, grain yield

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING TERM ON YIELD AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RYE GROWN IN A HILL AREAS pag. 9-13

Milan Obrad BIBERDŽIĆ, S. BARAĆ, B. KNEŽEVIĆ, D. LALEVIĆ, S. STAMENKOVIĆ

The rye is significant as the bread grain, of a favourably nutritive characteristics, aldough it could be used as a cattle food, for manufacturing of alchohol, starch and vinegar, cellulose, lignine, furfural and good quality paper and germs in the Pharmaceutical industry. The goal of this research work was to examine the influence of sowing term on yield in a hilly areas of North Kosovo and some indicators of the rye production which is cultivated in the organic production system. The experiment took place during 2009 and 2010 year in a hilly area of North Kosovo, at 630 m height above sea level. It has placed by system of random disposition of parcels in three repetitions. In the experiment is used the winter sort of rye, Rasha. Three sowing terms are examined. The first term was the last week of September, the second one was the middle of October and the third one was at the beginning of November. The next parameters are followed: plants height, the spike lenght, the number of grains per spike, the absolute mass of grain and grain yield with 14% of moisture, depending of sowing term. Data are statisticly worked out, by analysis of variance. Researching results are showing that the sowing term had the significant influence to all examined parameters. Plants height, the spike lenght, the number of grains per spike had significantly less value in the third sowing term, than those ones from the first and the second sowing term. The realized yield in the first sowing term could consider it self satisfactory, regarding it has been worked without usage of mineral fertilizers and chemical means for plant protection. In order to keep the rye yield on the satisfactory level, it is needed to perform sowing by the end of September becouse delaying of sowing leads to decreasing of grains yield.

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rye, sowing term, number of grains in the spike, the absolute mass, the hectoliter mass, yield.

Presentation: oral

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THE EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION AND VARIETY ON THE ISOFLAVONES OF SOYBEANS pag. 14-19

Eva CANDRÁKOVÁ, Milan MACÁK, Eva HANÁČKOVÁ

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of year condition, variety and fertilization treatments on content of isoflavones genistein and daidzein in soy seeds. Four soybean varieties Korada, Supra, Alma Ata and OAC Vision were growing at experimental farm Oponice (south-western Slovakia) in 2007-2008. The experimental site belongs to warm and moderate arid climatic region. Soybean was growing after sugar beat forecrop each year. The conventional tillage practices were used. Fertilization treatments were as follows: I. Non-fertilized control, II. LAV 27 % (40 kg ha -1 N) in growing stage of first pair of true leaves (BBCH 101), III. Humix komplet (rate 8 L ha -1 ) applied in growing stage of first pair of true leaves (4 L ha -1 ) and before flowering (4 L ha -1 ), IV. DAM 390 (20 kg ha -1 of N) applied in growing stage before flowering (BBCH 501). Seeds were inoculated by HiStick preparation. Concentration of daidzein and genistein were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography. All nitrogen fertilization treatment significantly increases the yield of soy seeds. High significant correlation between daidzein concentration and genistein was confirmed. The positive correlation of daidzein with seed yield suggests that daidzein concentration significantly increased as seed yield went up. In contrast, application of different fertilizers at two development stage of soy plant (BBCH 101 and BBCH501) consistently decreased the daidzein content, except OAC Vision variety with very low content of daidzein, with comparison to variety Supra. Averaged over fertilization treatments content of daidzein and genistein were decrease by nitrogen input relative to zero nitrogen as follows: in LAV treatment 27% of daidzein and 21.9% of genistein; after Humix application daidzein/ genistein content decrease amount 22.3/36.8% and DAM application have decreased the content of daidzein of 8.0% and genistein content of 20.9% soy seeds. On the other hand nitrogen input increased the total production of isoflavones due to significant increasing in soy seeds yield. Appropriate nitrogen management may be among the important factors controlling isoflavones concentration and production.

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soybean, variety, fertilization, yield, daidzein, genistein, correlation

Presentation: oral

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THE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR FIELD ENERGY CROPS pag. 20-27

Eva CANDRÁKOVÁ, Milan MACÁK, Štefan ŽÁK

The aim of research was to evaluate the effect of conventional, reduced tillage and no-till technologies and two fertilisation levels on a biomass production for energy use, expressed in yield of dry biomass, energy acquired and indicative price of energy per ha. During 2007-2009, the maize for silage, winter wheat and triticale was evaluated at the experimental fields of Plant Production Research Center Piešťany. The significantly highest yield of dry biomass was reached for maize for silage – 19.41 t ha -1 with comparison to triticale – 15.39 t ha -1 . Winter wheat reached significantly the lowest yield on the average level of 14.08 t ha -1 . The highest amount of energy acquired (in GJ ha -1 ) was accumulated in maize for silage with 236.99 GJ ha -1 followed by triticale with 159.39 GJ ha -1 and winter wheat with 152.52 GJ ha -1 . Composition of energy has been as follow: winter triticale – 35% composed of ethanol and 65% of straw, maize for silage 100% of biogas, winter wheat – 40% of ethanol and 60% of straw. The conventional tillage (CT) support the significantly the highest amount of energy acquired (in GJ ha -1 ) in an average -201.15 GJ ha -1 , followed by minimum-tillage technology (MT) – 186.01 GJ ha -1 and the lowest amount of energy acquired has been identified for non-tillage technology (NT) – 161.65 GJ ha -1 . The highest indicative price of energy was reached for maize for silage (€ 509.5) followed by winter triticale (€342.7) and winter wheat (€ 327.9) and for CT - € 429.48 followed by MT – € 395.75 and for NT only € 344.25. Nitrogen-based fertilisation (N 120 ) has guaranteed increase in indicative price of energy acquired € 415.45 compared to € 362.20 of zero-nitrogen fertilisation in an average. The best result for energy production was reached by maize for silage under conventional tillage 280.77 GJ ha -1 with indicative price of 603.7 €/ha followed by triticale with 170.58 GJ ha -1 and 366.7 €/ha of indicative price. Nitrogen-based fertilisation (N 120 ) increased the indicative price of energy about 31.2 €/ha in winter wheat up to 55.3 €/ha in maize.

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maize, winter wheat, triticale, energy crops, tillage, fertilization

Presentation: oral

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INFLUENCE OF CONSERVATIVE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM ON WHEAT PRODUCTION. A STUDY CASE AT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STATION TURDA pag. 28-35

Felicia CHEŢAN, Valeria DEAC, M. IGNEA

The paper aimed to make a comparision between the influence of conservation(no tillage) system and conventional tillage system on wheat productivity.The research work was carried out at Turda Agriculture Research and Development Station, within a partenership with Agricultural University from Cluj-Napoca during the period 2008-2011. The experiments were organized according to a split-plot model, four factors are considered: A Factor: agricultural system of work with two graduation: A1-clasical or convrntional system(with ploughing, preparation of the soil, sowing ,a.s.o); A2- conservative agricultural system or “no tillage”; B Factor: years of experimentation with four graduation; C Factor: fertilization, with two graduation:N40P40, concomitant with sowing and N40P40, concomitant with aowing + N50P30, in spring when the vegetation of wheat are resumptening; D Factor: treatements in the vegetation period, with four graduation. The Conservative Agricultural system had a positive impact on wheat yeld leading to 303 kg/ha higher then the conventional system of work. Also the fertilization system applied in this experiment, revealed that the grain yeld is higher in conservative system with 338 kg/ha then the conventional system of agriculture. The C2 system of fertilization is most significant in conservative agricultural system, but in conventional system it is not. The cause of higher level of production obtained in conservative syatem, we think, is the conservation of water in soil more than in conventional system, who reveal in quality of grains( number of grain in the wheat-car, MMB, aso). The experiment reveal the most importabce assignment of the years of culture.

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conservative agricultural system,no tillage,water conservation,fertilization, trataments

Presentation: oral

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THE DIVERSITY OF SOME MAIZE INBRED LINES pag. 36-43

Ana COPÂNDEAN, Carmen ROTAR

Genotype diversity (morphological, ecological in the mechanisms of heterosis, through the action of the complementary favorable additive genes, favorable intrallelic and interallelic interactions, and even through the interactions between the nuclear genetic systems and the cytoplasmic factors. (Moll et al. 1962, Lamkey and Edwards 1999, ). The genetic and phenotypic diversity of inbred maize lines proved to be particularly necessary in the process of creating hybrids, this being the foundation of the heterosis phenomena – the main way of preventing genetic vulnerability – leading to the hybrid combinations that are preferred by cultivators and seed producers. The study presents an estimate of the diversity of some new inbred lines, the heterosis and the relationship between diversity and heterosis. We used as parental forms 5 inbred lines considered as indicators of heterotic groups and 12 lines, new creations of the maize breeding team at S.C.D.A. Turda. By cross-breeding these lines, 70 simple hybrids were obtained that were experimented on in comparative cultures for 3 years. The obtained data was processed and we established the phenotypic differentiation index (IDF), the heterosis in the simple hybrids (Hallauer and Miranda 1981), the genetic diversity both at additive and non-additive levels, as well as the correlations between the diversity indicators. The results that we obtained lead us to the conclusion that the most efficient discrimination of the diversity of the inbred lines can be realized by simultaneously taking into consideration both quantitative indicators of diversity – Hr%, IDF and IDĝ+Σš mn.

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phenotypic, genetic diversity

Presentation: oral

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CORRELATION BETWEEN THRIPS TABACI ATTACK DEGREE AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. FLOWERS pag. 44-49

Cristina ZEPA CORADINI, Valeriu TABĂRĂ, Irina PETRESCU, Renato CORADINI

The marigold is a very ornamental plant that is commonly grown in the flower garden, and occasionally as a culinary herb. Marigolds had an important economic values, its cropping knew a continual increase in the last years thanks to its usage in a more and more large area in the pharmaceutic and cosmetic domain. Thrips tabaci are feeding drains underlying cells, leaving air-filled spaces which impart a silvery sheen and cause distortion during growth and reduction in photosynthetic capacity. In the West Plain of the country relative existed a few investigations about that pest attack on the marigolds crop, an important crop both from medical point of view and culinary point of view. The purpose of that work was to determine the correlation of pests attack degree and flowers diameter to 10 local population of Calendula officinalis L. from Arad district. In the thrips experiments, the results showed that flowers with bigger attack degree were smaller compared to flowers with smaller attack degree. This difference in flower diameter was due to deformations of the flowers and was more pronounced at a bigger density of common thrips. The flowers deformation and its decrease in diameter implied also the production increase, but the obtained quantity of flowers was lower. The results obtained through correlation between Thrips tabaci attack degree and morphological features of Calendula officinalis L. flowers permitted the identification of frequency and intensity of attack, and connection between them and density of the pest. Accordingly, tobacco trips produced great damages in Calendula officinalis L. crop depreciating from a qualitative point of view, the diminution and bending flowers diameter and qualitative speaking the production decreased. The present paper belongs to a big work which had like study “Resistance testing of some species of Calendula officinalis L. to Thysanoptera pest attack through different methods/techniques of analysis concerning the improvement of raw material quality”, that represented the theme of postdoctoral-dissertation.

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marigold flowers; correlations; morphological features; tobacco thrips attack

Presentation: oral

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THE RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT LOCAL POPULATIONS OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L. TO THRIPS TABACI ATTACK pag. 50-55

Cristina ZEPA CORADINI, Valeriu TABĂRĂ, Irina PETRESCU, Lavinia MICU, Roxana ZEPA BEJAN

Marigold is one of the best known and versatile herbs in herbal medicine and is also a popular domestic remedy. The thrips can cause serious damages and they also represent the main vectors of viruses. That is why one of the objectives of this study is to analyze their response to Thrips tabaci attack. In purpose of identification attack frequency, attack intensity and attack degree it had been study 20 of local population of Calendula officinalis L. from diffrent localities of Caras-Severin district. In Romania relatively realised a few investigations concerning response of Calendula crops to Thrips tabaci attack. Being a success the ones mentioned, it was assessed to make some complex investigations for teoretical argumentation and methods advancement used in identification of common thrips attack degree, which constituted an actual matter for our country concerning the best moment of treatments applying in the crop flowers to obtain a high production and of superior quality, because that medical plant was one of those plants appreciated for its therapeutic qualities based on complex of active biologic substances . From among all local population, 20 (representing 100%) have been attacked. Even if 10 local population have provided statistical differences for the serious attack frequency and eight for intensity of the attack, only two of these have provided statistical differentiations for attack degree. The results demonstrate that thrips are pests that occur in the culture of Calendula officinalis with significant frequency, intensity and attack degree. The local population really influences the attack, some of them being registered with small attack signs, while others were obviously preferred by pests. The results obtained through the attack of frequency and intensity identification to local populations of Calendula officinalis L.it had permitted the attack degree of tobacco trips in the marigolds’ crop from the western part of the country. The present paper belongs to a big work which had like study “Resistance testing of some species of Calendula officinalis L. to Thysanoptera pest attack through different methods/techniques of analysis concerning the improvement of raw material quality”, that represented the theme of postdoctoral- dissertation.

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local population; marigold; common thrips; frequency, intensity and attack degree

Presentation: oral

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AUTUMN AND SPRING OAT UNDER THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF BANAT pag. 56-59

Gh. DAVID, Ad. BORCEAN, Simona NITĂ

Autu mn oat is a plant more and more cultivated in many regions of the world. The lands where more than 50% of the cultivation area is cultivated with autumn oat are England, Scotland, France, and in other lands, such as Germany, Sweden, or USA, the surface cultivated with autumn oat is of more than 30% of the total cultivated area. South America and Australia also report surfaces cultivated with autumn oat. The expansion of autumn varieties is justified, as they give us the following advantages: are more productive as the spring varieties, are precocious, tolerate the drought, are more resistant to diseases and pests and have god quality characteristics. The disadvantage of the autumn oat varieties is their lower resistance to low winter temperatures as compared to autumn wheat, rye, triticale and barley. The first researches on autumn oat done in Romania started in 1949 – 1950 at the research station in Cenad, but only in 1987 the autumn oat variety called Florina, created at SCA Lovrin, could be homologated and cultivated in the regions with gentle winters. In the Official Catalogue of Varieties is registered today the Lovrin 27 autumn oat variety. The yields obtained for Lovrin 27 during the experimental period were 12 % higher than the ones obtained for the variety Florina. This paper presents the crop results and the data regarding the evolution of the weight characteristics (weight of 1000 grains and the hectolitre mass) and of the quality (the content of protein and fat and the observations regarding to the pests and diseases attacks on the autumn oat varieties (Lovrin 27, Lowi and Mirabel) as well as two spring oat varieties (Jeremy and G.K. Pilago). The obtained autumn oat yields are of between 5226 kg/ha (Lovrin 27) and 5651 kg/ha (Mirabell) as compared to the reference spring variety yield, Jeremy, which was of 3960. In the researched area the content of protein varied between 13,0% (Mirabell) and 14,1% Lowi) and the content of fat varied between 2,7% (G.K. Pilago) and 3,3% Lowi.

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Key words: yields, autumn oat , quality.

Presentation: oral

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EFFECT OF SOIL CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY AND FERTILIZATION ON SPRING BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) PRODUCTION PROCESS pag. 60-66

Eva HANACKOVA, Pavol SLAMKA

The influence of conventional and minimal soil cultivation in interaction with mineral fertilization and utilization of the by-product on the spring barley yield, uptake of nutrients by yield and energetic effectiveness in experimental years 2004-2006 was investigated in the experiment. Within each cultivation method, three treatments of fertilization were applied: 0 - control without fertilizing, PH - rational fertilization with mineral fertilizers, PZ - rational fertilization with mineral fertilizers and incorporation of post harvest residues into soil. Different soil cultivation did not influence grain yield of spring barley statistically significantly. It was confirmed that barley does not react substantially onto the depth of soil cultivation. The highest average yield of grain (average of years and soil cultivation methods) was found in treatment with incorporated (ploughed-down) post-harvest residues (PZ). Higher grain yield was achieved under their shallow incorporation into soil (B 2 ). On the average of three experimental years 54.4 kg of spring barley grain were produced per one kilogramme of NPK nutrients. Higher value was achieved under conventional soil cultivation than under minimalization one. In treatment where post harvest residues were incorporated into soil (PZ) the production of grain was by 6.3 kg higher than in treatment fertilized with mineral fertilizers. The highest amount of grain per 1 kg of applied nutrients (on the average of three years) was produced in treatment B 1 - PZ (67 kg), but under minimalization it was only 48 kg of grain. The values were changing in dependence on experimental year and were decreasing with increasing rate of nutrients. TNT seems to be relatively steady value. It expresses weight of grain in kilogrammes falling on 1 kilogramme of NPK nutrients taken up by the yield. In respective experimental years it ranged from 27.1 kg of grain (year 2004) to 29.9 kg (year 2006). Percentual portion of real natural production from theoretical one SNP/TNP = 192.7 %. Higher energetic effectiveness (E = 6.35) was obtained under conventional soil cultivation. The highest energetic effectiveness (E = 9.58) was calculated at the application of 40 kg ha -1 N in all 3 experimental years in treatment B 1 -PZ. When post harvest remains of forecrop were incorporated by ploughing into soil the values of energetic effectiveness were 3-times higher than in treatment fertilized with mineral fertilizers in all three experimental yearsxt.

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spring barley, tillage of soil, mineral fertilizers, post harvest residue, nutrients uptake, energetic effectiveness

Presentation: oral

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THE STABILITY OF YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERS IN SOME SOYBEAN GLYCINE MAX (L. MERR.) GENOTYPES pag. 67-71

Simona Elena IFRIM, Ioan HAS, Eugen MURESANU

Soybean occupies, as importance, the first place in the group of grain legumes due to its use in human nutrition, as a source of very good protein and oil quality, as herb and because it is a very good prior plant to the ground, leaving a reserve of 80 to 140 kg N/ha. The performances evaluation of genotypes for the yield stability and the quality characters (protein and oil content) in various environmental conditions is important in selection processes for the identification of genotypes adapted to large areas of culture. The objective of this study was to identify the soybean genotypes with high stability of yield and quality characters using variance (s 2 ), the determination of the genotypes stability noticed by high levels of protein and oil content using the cumulative index of selection. The research was conducted between the years 2007-2010, at ARDS Turda, in seven comparative trials (three orientation trials and four competition trials) organized in randomized blocks; each trial was composed of 25 variants, sowed in three repetitions. The chemical analysis (protein and oil content) were determined with NIR analyzer, Dickey-John brand, type INSTALAB 600. Among the varieties created at ARDS Turda, it noticed the high yield stability of the Onix and Mălina TD varieties, under high yield potential and Darina TD variety, with high stability of protein and oil content, but with a reduced stability of yield potential, although this character had an average relatively high. The genotypes Asgrow (with cumulative selection index of 107.4%), Condor (105.5%) and T23-5508 (102.9%) noticed concomitant for the stability of the protein and oil content and a high cumulative selection index. It is quite difficult to incorporate in the same genotype high values for the yield potential, the oil content and protein content, given that the same genotype has stability for all three characters with quantitative genetic determinism.

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soybean genotypes; stability; yield; protein content; oil content;

Presentation: oral

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THE VARIABILITY OF PROTEIN CONTENT IN SOYBEAN GLYCINE MAX (L. MERR.) GENOTYPES IN A.R.D.S. TURDA COLLECTION pag. 72-79

Simona Elena IFRIM, Ioan HAS, Eugen MURESANU

The soybean protein is the only complete and available source of vegetable protein. The protein content of grains is a polygenic asset controlled by additive gene action; it ranges depending on the genotype, precocity and environmental conditions; thus, early varieties have higher protein content (35-45%) than the late varieties (30-40%). Early wild varieties are with 5-7% richer in proteins, serving as a source of germplasm for the improvement of protein content. The identification and selection of combinations in transgressive positive segregate generations demonstrated that it is possible to improve this objective. By the artificial induction of mutations have been identified forms high in protein. The objective of this work was the study of the soybean genotypes variability in ARDS Turda germplasm collection regarding the protein content, entirely and grouped according to some morpho-physiological characters. The research has conducted at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, in the experimental field of the Leguminous Breeding Laboratory, between the years 2007-2010. It has been studied the soybean germplasm collection from ARDS Turda, that includes 38 lines and native varieties (15.8%) and 202 lines and foreign varieties (84.2%). For the determination of protein and oil content, 50g of grains were weighed for each sample, then were crushed with laboratory mill; the flour resulted was examined using NIR analyzer, Dickey-John brand, INSTALAB 600 type. The statistics index that best characterize the variability of protein content are the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, the amplitude of variation, the coefficient of variation. The highest protein content registered to the soybean genotypes with shorter vegetation period, with violet flowers and brown pubescence. The genotypes notice for their high protein content and that can be use as sources of germplasm in the breeding processes were disposed between the average protein content and the upper limit of the string variation (42.3% and 47.2%).

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soybean genotypes;protein content;the color of flowers; the color of pubescence;the vegetation period; variability; statistical parameters

Presentation: oral

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RESPONSE OF SOME WINTER WHEAT GENOTYPES TO SOIL ACIDITY AND HIGH MOBILE ALUMINIUM CONTENT pag. 80-85

Miodrag Zivorad JELIĆ, Novica MLADENOV, M. BIBERDZIC, G. DUGALIĆ, Olivera NIKOLIC, Nadica SAVIC, S. STAMENKOVIC

Fifty different winter wheat genotypes grown in vegetation pots were tested on pseudogley soil having an extremely acid reaction (pH (KCl) ˂ 4.5) and a mobile Al content of above 10 mg 100 g -1 soil. The test soil was low in humus, phosphorus and potassium. In order to increase soil fertility and crop productivity, the experiment involved the use of different treatments with NPK, increased P amounts and lime fertilizer, and their comparison with the control (neutral reaction soil – Humogley). Results showed the highest tolerance to low soil pH and high mobile Al content in winter wheat cultivars Ornil, Roane, Rapsodija and Nevesinjka. All genotypes, most notably Ornil, Roane and NS Rana 5, exhibited a very good response to phosphorus and lime fertilizers.

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Acidity, aluminium, wheat, genotype, soil.

Presentation: oral

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DIRECT BAKING QUALITY OF SPELT WHEAT (TRITICUM SPELTA L.) pag. 86-89

Joanna KORCZYK-SZABÓ, Magdaléna LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ

Abstract: Spelt has shown good potential in variety of end-uses depending on genotype, variety and processing conditions. Consumer´s quality perception of bread is mainly determined by sensory and health attributes. Bread quality is affected by both flour properties and baking process used. The use of spelt in bread production is possible: bread with addition of spelt flour is characteristic by strong bread smell, excellent taste and it stays longer fresh and soft. Because the consumers interest in health and their knowledge of relationship between diet and well-being has raised, wheat spelt is gaining interest and popularity. In the framework of our research during the years 2008 – 2009 we analyzed selected indicators for baking quality of four cultivars of Triticum spelta L. – Altgold, Ostro, Rubiota and Franckenkorn grown in an ecological system at the locality of Dolna Malanta near Nitra. The bread loaves were prepared from fractions I and II achieved by the Brabender Quadrumat senior laboratory mill. The baked loaves were evaluated by means of following criteria: bread weight (g), bread volume (cm 3 ), specific volume (cm 3 .100g -1 of flour), cambering (height/width ratio), bulk productivity (cm 3 .100g -1 of loaf), baking extraction (%) and baking loss (%). Our research proved that all selected indicators were significantly influenced by the year of growing. The normal air temperatures and sufficient precipitation of 2008 reflected into the best dough properties of spelt wheat and baking quality when compared with 2009. Based on the direct indicators we consider the variety Rubiota as the most suitable and the best quality from the baking point of view. The baking products from Rubiota was evaluated as having an excellent volume, specific volume, bread weight with a very good cambering and bulk productivity as well. Unexpectedly bad results have been found in Altgold, which showed the lowest bread volume, specific volume and height/width ratio. The spelt grain can be a good source for making bread flour, but it closely depends on choice of spelt variety.

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spelt, direct baking quality indicators, bread

Presentation: oral

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TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SPELT – AMARANTH COMPOSITE FLOURS pag. 90-93

Magdaléna LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ, Joanna KORCZYK-SZABÓ

Abstract : Interest of consumers in natural, unconventional and nutritional foods led to the development of new specialty foods based on grain blends. Components of such foods are often so-called „ancient wheats“ which were never the subject of modern breeding programmes. Grain amaranth provides an ideal amino-acid composition for human consumption and therefore interest in fortifying wheat flour is evident. Composite fours were prepared by mixing spelt flour (Tr. spelta L.) with amaranth flour at substitution levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 % (w/w). Pure spelt flour was used for comparison. Indirect baking parameters and rheological properties of dough were investigated in four replicates. Wet gluten content was determined according to ICC Standard No 155 by the Glutomatic 2200 (Perten), sedimentation index – Zeleny Test according to ICC 116/1 and ISO 5529, extensibility of gluten was determined using STN 461011-9. To assess the rheological properties of composite flours, Brabender farinograph and standard procedures ICC No 115/1 was used. The following parameters were derived from farinographs: water absorption, stability, softening of the dough, quality number. The analyses were performed in four replicates. Wet gluten content, its extensibility and sedimentation values are indicators related to the baking quality of flour. The content of wet gluten in spelt flour was very high (42.7%) and substitution of spelt four with amaranth flour significantly and proportionally lower its content in composite flours. With increasing share of amaranth flour increased the gluten extensibility from 16.7% (pure spelt flour) to 20.7 cm (20% amaranth flour). The water absorption of composite flour increased with amaranth substitution rate also the stability time increased and was the highest for 20% amaranth rate (not significant). Significant improvement of quality number was observed with increasing rate of substitution. The amaranth addition to blends improve some indirect baking quality properties and rheological properties of flour. Amaranth can be attractive as blending source for processed food fortification for its high quality proteins, relatively high fat content, iron content, resulted in improvements of amino acid balance of baked products.

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spelt – amaranth composite flour, technological properties

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TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CULTIVATED IN SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS – INDIRECT BAKING QUALITY pag. 94-98

Magdaléna Magdaléna LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ, Nora SMATANOVÁ

Indirect baking quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated in the year 2009 and 2010. Winter wheat was cultivated in ecological (ES) and integrated (IS) farming system with two levels of fertilizing. Farming systems were established at Research Base Dolná Malanta in Western Slovakia region on brown clay-loamy soil. The experimental field altitude was 178 m, average precipitations is 561 mm and average temperature 19.7 °C in July and - 1.7 °C in January. The ecological system was composed of a six course crop rotation: beans + alfalfa – alfalfa – winter wheat – peas – maize – spring barley. The integrated system consisted of the crop rotation: winter wheat – peas – winter wheat – maize – spring barley – lucerne (3 years at the same plot). Subplots were fertilized (F) and unfertilized (N). The F variant in ES was based on 40 t of manure, the IS also recieved 40 t of manure plus synthetic fertilizers. The work presents results of evaluating the indirect baking quality parameters (wet gluten content, gluten index – ICC 155, 158; AACC 38-12; Zeleny test – ICC 116/1) and dough rheological properties (water absorption, dough stability, softening time – ICC No. 115/1). Each evaluated baking quality parameter was affected by forecrop, weather conditions and fertilizing. Winter wheat had high content of wet gluten. More than 31 % was found in fertilized variant, after forecrop alfalfa, in the year 2010. The highest gluten index over 45 % was found after forecrop spring barley. The Zeleny sedimentation which characterises the viscoelastic features and quality of proteins reached 27 – 32 ml. The farinograph determines dough and gluten properties of a flour sample by measuring the resistance of dough against the mixing action of paddles. Rheological dough properties significantly affect production operations – kneading, forming; and the quality of the finished product. Rheological properties were statistically affected by forecrop, weather conditons and fertilizing. Winter wheat dough had high water absorption (58.8 – 61 %), very good dough stability (5.2 – 7.5 min.) and medium softening of dough (67.1 – 44.3 BU). Fertilizing and weather conditions in 2010 had positive effect on rheological properties. System of farming had no effect on rheological properties. Better indirect baking quality parameters were found in integrated system and better rheological properties were found in ecological system.

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winter wheat, ecological system, baking quality

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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MULCH MATERIALS ON SOME TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) CULTIVARS UNDER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS pag. 99-103

Isuf Muharem LUSHI, Llazar HAXHINASTO, Nexhat BALAJ, Fadil HASANI

Tomato hybrids under study were Amati and Big-beef, whereas investigation was undertaken in three variants (with black plasmas, white plasmas and without plasmas). During our investigation we have monitored and analyzed the following indicators: biometric indicators of plant and fruits,indicators of earliness of variants, dynamic of production in sun greenhouses in the region of Anadrini, Kosovo. Plant height (cm) of tomato plants in different variants resulted within the range of 200.5cm (Amati), and 198.75 cm (Big-Beef). As for the earliness of production of variants in production, with regard to hybrid Amati the first variant (black plasmas) showed the highest earliness compared to other variants. The same trend was recorded to Big- beef as well. It was proved that the highest total yield, has been recorded to the first variant (black plasmas) and the value was 1998 q/ha (Amati ﴿ and 2156 q/ha Big-beef.

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Tomato, earliness indicator, dynamic of production

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THE IMPACT OF THE NUMBER OF BLOOMED FLOWERS IN EARLY MATURITY, PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION QUALITY OF THE TOMATO CULTIVAR JAGUAR F1 pag. 104-108

Isuf Muharem LUSHI, Nexhat BALAJ, Fadil HASANI

Tomato is one of the most important and most distributed vegetable crops in Kosovo that is being cultivated each year in an area over 2000ha, with little oscillation throughout years. The tomato cultivar Jaguar was used in our study while the investigation was performed in tomatoes cultivated in four variants (six, eight, ten and twelve levels of plant growth-floors). During our investigation there were monitored and analyzed phonological data, biometric indicators of plant and fruits, bloomed (opened) flowers and fruits formed, earliness indicators of the variants, yield according to the harvesting period, dynamic of the production and economic evaluation in conditions of sun greenhouses in Anadrini region, Kosovo. The experiment has been set up according to randomized block design in four replication. The investigated parameters were: plant height in cm, the height of the first level (first floor) from soil surface, stem width in cm, average fruit weight, the number of bloomed flowers and fruits formed, early maturity, indicators of the variants in production. The plant height in cm of the variants was from 155cm at first growth level (first floor) to 253 cm at fourth growth level. The number of bloomed flowers at first floor was 94.44%, to the forth variant (floor) was 92.84%, while as for other variants it was between these two values. The height of the first floor was in range from 25.50 to 27.50cm for first and fourth floor respectively, whereas for other floors it was between these values. The average weight of fruits resulted to be within ranges from 187.54 to 169.58gr for first respectively fourth floor, whereas for other floors it was between these values. Stem width resulted to be within ranges 1.53-1.35cm, values shown at first and fourth floor while other floors were within these values.

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Tomato, earliness indicators, bloomed flowers, production

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INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON TECHNOLOGY GRAIN SORGHUM (SORGHUM B.VAR. EUROSORGHUM) IN THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELD FROM RĂCĂŞDIA pag. 109-111

Liviu MUNTEANU, V. TABĂRĂ

History shows that cereals have always maintained their significance, along the development of human society and to this day. In addition, however, one can see a close link between grain production and progress of civilization. Sorghum is a very old culture, known in India for over 2000 years, cultivated for: beans, brooms, rich in sugar syrup, animal feed or fodder crop as green. Climate Change to heating and unproductive during 2001-2050 in the Balkans, which is located and Romania, requires a reconsideration of sorghum as: cereal food (beans composite flour used in the formula for baking gluten and gluten-free, fresh juice, extracted of strains used in the manufacture of syrup, vinegar and other food), fodder (as green mass, hay storage, feed pellets) and crops (sorghum and sorghum mature mellitus for the production of raw materials for energy (liquid, solid, gas, electricity, heat), chemical (stationery and textile pulp, plastics), building materials and craft industry (of household and industrial brushes, brooms, blended. Sorghum is the second cereal after maize commercially exploiting the heterosis effect in the agricultural farm, which increased the average production per hectare. is the first grain sorghum that has been fully sequenced genome (2006), which will give rhythms in November progress in improving the species in the coming years. sorghum grains used directly in the form of flour feeding people in some parts of Africa, India, China, Middle East and Egypt. In industry is used in the manufacture of starch, alcohol and beer, mixed with grains of barley. The sweet sorghum juice is extracted a sweet, rich and varied sucrose vegetable substances energy use. In many parts of the world sorghum was traditionally used in various foods such as porridge , unleavened bread, cookies, cakes, couscous and various soft drinks and alcoholic. Sorghum has unique properties that make it very suitable for food use. Some varieties of sorghum are rich in antioxidants and all varieties of sorghum are without gluten, an alternative attractive for those suffering from wheat allergy. Modern science in food and nutrition, attaches great importance to the role of nutrition in prevention of onset. Special attention is given to the development of food products for people with increased sensitivity to certain foods. The culture of sorghum, using far fewer pesticides than other crops (wheat and corn). It also should not neglect the fact that sorghum, sorghum particularly diabetes, contribute significantly to reduce air pollution ¬ bad. In different literature, shows that one hectare of sweet sorghum absorbs from the atmosphere each year between 40 and 55 tones of carbon dioxide (CO2), while other crops, eg cereals, only 3 to 10 tons per year CO2/ha . It should be noted that the sorghum plant is not lost anything after processing. Experience has been located in specific climatic conditions Răcasdia commune, Caras Severin, on a brown ground, I-mezogleizat moderate slope deposits formed from decomposition and alteration of basic metamorphic rocks. Experience is bifactorial type, so that the annual Repeat the cycle terminates the experimental field we have experience in first year, second year and third year. The biological matherial used were hybrids F32 and Arakan. F32 hybrid obtained from INCDA Fundulea, the seed being certificate, and hybrid Arakan French provenance. Mineral fertilizers applied to grain sorghum crop, increased grain production. Variation in grain production in grain sorghum grain (Sorghum b. var. Eurosorghum) varys depending on hybrid and the influence of fertilization. The results of this study are part of a doctoral program, with as theme: "Research on the potential production potential in sorghum mellitus (Sorghum b. var. Saccharatum) and grain (Sorghum b. var. Eurosorghum)" funded by the Ministry of Education Tineretului and Sports research, the IOD U.S.A.M.V.B. Timisoara under the distinguished university professor Valeriu Tabara.

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Keywords: grain sorghum, grain production, fertilization, hybrids.

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STUDY OF ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTIVITY IN SUGAR SORGHUM (SORGHUM B. VAR. SACCHARATUM) GROWN IN CARAS SEVERIN pag. 112-115

Liviu MUNTEANU, V. TABĂRĂ

History shows that cereals have always maintained their significance, along the development of human society and to this day. In addition, however, one can see a close link between grain production and progress of civilization. Sorghum is a very old culture, known in India for over 2000 years, cultivated for: beans, brooms, rich in sugar syrup, animal feed or fodder crop as green. Climate Change to heating and arid during 2001-2050 in the Balkans, which is located and Romania, requires a reconsideration of sorghum as: cereal food (beans composite flour used in the formula for baking gluten and gluten-free, fresh juice, extracted of strains used in the manufacture of syrup, vinegar and other food), fodder (as green mass, hay storage, feed pellets) and crops (sorghum and sorghum mature mellitus for the production of raw materials for energy (liquid, solid, gas, electricity, heat), chemical (stationery and textile pulp, plastics), building materials and craft industry (of household and industrial brushes, brooms, blended. Sorghum is the second cereal after maize commercially exploiting the heterosis effect in the agricultural farm, which increased the average production per hectare. is the first grain sorghum that has been fully sequenced genome (2006), which will give rhythms in November progress in improving the species in the coming years. sorghum grains used directly in the form of flour feeding people in some parts of Africa, India, China, Middle East and Egypt. In industry is used in the manufacture of starch, alcohol and beer, mixed with grains of barley. The sweet sorghum juice is extracted a sweet, rich and varied sucrose vegetable substances energy use. In many parts of the world sorghum was traditionally used in various foods such as porridge , unleavened bread, cookies, cakes, couscous and various soft drinks and alcoholic. sorghum has unique properties that make it very suitable for food use. Some varieties of sorghum are rich in antioxidants and all varieties of sorghum are without gluten, an alternative attractive for those suffering from wheat allergy. Modern science in food and nutrition, attaches great importance to the role of nutrition in prevention of onset. Special attention is given to the development of food products for people with increased sensitivity to certain foods. The culture of sorghum, using far fewer pesticides than other crops (wheat and corn). It also should not neglect the fact that sorghum, sorghum particularly diabetes, contribute significantly to reduce air pollution ¬ bad. In different literature, shows that one hectare of sweet sorghum absorbs from the atmosphere each year between 40 and 55 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2), while other crops, eg cereals, only 3 to 10 tons per year CO2/ha . It should be noted that the sorghum plant is not lost anything after processing.Experience has been located in specific climatic conditions Răcasdia commune, Caras Severin, on a brown ground, I-mezogleizat moderate slope deposits formed from decomposition and alteration of basic metamorphic rocks. Experience is bifactorial type, so that the annual Repeat the cycle terminates the experimental field we have experience in first year, second year and third year. The biological material used F135ST and Primsilo were hybrids. ST F135 hybrid obtained from INCDA Fundulea, and hybrid seed is certificate Primsilo of French origin. Mineral fertilizers applied sorghum crop mellitus, increased production of strains of which was obtained raw juice production. Change in production of sweet sorghum stalks raw juice (Sorghum b. var. Saccharatum) vary depending on hybrid and the influence of fertilization. The results of this study are part of a doctoral program, with as theme: "Research on the potential production potential in sorghum mellitus (Sorghum b. var. Saccharatum) and grain (Sorghum b. var. Eusorghum)" funded by the Ministry of Education Tineretului and Sports Research, the IOD U.S.A.M.V.B. Timisoara under the distinguished university professor Valeriu Tabara.

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sweet sorghum, raw juice, bagasse, hybrid, fertilization.

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DARINA TD, CRISTINA TD AND MĂLINA TD, THE NEW EARLY SOYBEAN VARIETIES CREATED AT A.R.D.S. TURDA pag. 116-120

Eugen MUREŞAN, Raluca MĂRGINEAN

The new soybean varieties Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD are the most recent creations of Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda in the field of soybean breeding. The new cultivars were obtained through individually repeted selection of hybrid population accomplished by crossing the cultivars T93- 8966 x Amurskaja, Zefir x Lena and Amurskaja x Simson. The new varieties are characterized by a growing season adequate to the ecological conditions of the area. Their growing season rank is appropriate with the needs of the area , with a maturity group OO, Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD growing season is 122 days, 124 days and 123 days, respectively. Darina TD has a reddish pubescence easily distinguieshed from the eather soybean varieties whose pubescence is grey. At Cristina TD soybean variety the hilum colour is an important characteristic by which, at maturity, the Cristina TD variety may be distinguished from the rest of A.R.D.S. Turda soybean varieties whose hilum are brown, black and grey. Due to the white colour of flowers, during flowering Malina TD is easily distinguished from the others soybean varietie. A high yield potential as compared to the maturity group to which they belong, very high resistance to lodging, shattering, bacterial blight and mildew. This characteristics and features corroborated with high insertion of the basal pods, ensures suitable conditions for mechanized harvesting. Besides this features, the new soybean varieties have remarkable qualitative traits, high protein and oil content. The good behavior of the new soybean varieties, in terms of yield, emphasize with the results obtained within the network of The State Institute for Cultivar Testing and Registering. Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD as compared with the Onix variety. In the period 2006 - 2011, the new soybean varieties were tested at A.R.D.S. Turda, and as a result Darina TD and Cristina TD are significantly distinct as compared to control (Onix ). Remarkable are also the yield potential obtained by the new soybean varieties. The characteristics and features of the soybean cultivars Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD created at A..R..D.S. Turda recommend them as the most adequate cultivars for the Transylvania Plain.

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soybean, early varieties, yield, qualitative traits

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RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP VARIETY FERTILIZATION ON PRODUCTION OF TRITICALE (TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK) UNDER THE RĂCĂŞDIA pag. 121-124

Pavel NEFIR, V. TABĂRĂ

Cereals (wheat, triticale, rye, barley, oats, corn, sorghum, millet, rice, etc.) represents the group of plants growing importance to human existence and activity. They are irreplaceable in human food and animal feed due to the chemical composition of grains containing: carbohydrates (60%), protein substances (10-16%), minerals, fats, vitamins. Grain foods can be consumed daily is appropriate and appreciated the human body needs both in terms of taste and nutrition of their value. Cereals are widely used in many industry goods food: bread and pasta (wheat, triticale, rye, etc..) Invented the manufacture of sugar and vegetable oil (corn) preparation of juices and sweet substances (sorghum) production meal, millet flakes and barley (millet, barley, oats, etc..) Manufacture of starches (wheat, rice, corn, etc..) canning (rice) production of glucose, dextrin (wheat, corn, etc.). cereal grains is the raw material and for other industries such as alcoholic beverages industry (manufacture of spirits and beer from maize, triticale, barley, rice, etc.), pharmaceuticals (the manufacture of scleroţii antihemoragice substances obtained from the rye fungus Cleviceps purpureea of some medicines rice, etc.). Straw (stems) are used in cereals straw pulp and paper industry, in small industry (knitting) and other manufacturing activities. Cereals are the main raw material for production of meat, milk and eggs. No concentrate feed intake can not be deprived of corn, oats, barley, etc. triticale. The most effective succulent forage is obtained from corn, even feed fibers are made up of a cereal mash straw. As occupation, cultivation of cereals (especially straw) technology is simple, requires no special systems for cars, is mechanized and efficient (lower cost cernd). Cereals are important in terms of plant growing: there are good and very good preceding crops, enrich the soil by stimulating processes of nitrification (by harvesting early grain straw) protects the land against soil erosion in hilly areas if seeding be made on contour direction, recover the land on which other cultures are not productive (triticale). As a general rule, triticale combines the high potential of wheat production and quality with disease resistance and tolerance to environmental factors stepchildren (including soil) from rye. Due to advances in genetic improvement of triticale varieties have been developed commercially viable (the production potential and high stability) competitive with other cereals and even corn, especially for hilly areas with infertile soils and low pH. New varieties of triticale are equal or superior to other cultures for grain yield, forage and biomass production for human food, animal feed or industrial applications. As important as forage crop triticale is used mainly in feed concentrate monogastricelor food (pigs and poultry) due to its higher that of other cereals in protein, lysine and tryptophan and high carbohydrate digestibility and protein substances. Recent research shows that protein energy ratio is generally higher when obtained from forage triticale forage than the traditional focus. Triticale protein has higher value as that of wheat, being rich in potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and zinc. From this conclusion it is necessary and an adaptation of the milling and bakery industry, is noted for processing triticalei that all techniques used to date have been made for wheat. Triticale grains have a composition that allows their use in the production of malt for brewing beans triticale quality.Din extract alcohol can be done in the average 400 l / t grain. Experience has been located in specific climatic conditions Răcasdia commune, Caras Severin, on a brown ground, I-mezogleizat moderate slope deposits formed from decomposition and alteration of basic metamorphic rocks. Experience is bifactorial type, so that the annual Repeat the cycle terminates the experimental field we have experience in first year, second year and third year. Biological material have been used varieties: Cascade, Haiduc, TITAN, Style, Gorun. Mineral fertilizers applied to crop triticale, increased grain production. Variation in grain production in triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) vary depending on variety and the influence of fertilization. The results of this study are part of a doctoral program, with as theme: "Research on crop production potential of triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack)" funded by the Ministry of Education Youth and Sports Research by IOD U.S.A.M.V.B. Timisoara under the distinguished university professor Valeriu Tabara.

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triticale, variety, fertilization, production.

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INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON PRODUCTION OF TRITICALE (TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK) pag. 125-129

Pavel NEFIR, V. TABĂRĂ

Cereals (wheat, triticale, rye, barley, oats, corn, sorghum, millet, rice, etc.) represents the group of plants growing importance to human existence and activity. They are irreplaceable in human food and animal feed due to the chemical composition of grains containing: carbohydrates (60%), protein substances (10-16%), minerals, fats, vitamins. Grain foods can be consumed daily is appropriate and appreciated the human body needs both in terms of taste and nutrition of their value. Cereals are widely used in many industry goods food: bread and pasta (wheat, triticale, rye, etc..) Invented the manufacture of sugar and vegetable oil (corn) preparation of juices and sweet substances (sorghum) production meal, millet flakes and barley (millet, barley, oats, etc..) Manufacture of starches (wheat, rice, corn, etc..) canning (rice) production of glucose, dextrin (wheat, corn, etc.). cereal grains is the raw material and for other industries such as alcoholic beverages industry (manufacture of spirits and beer from maize, triticale, barley, rice, etc.), pharmaceuticals (the manufacture of scleroţii antihemoragice substances obtained from the rye fungus Cleviceps purpureea of some medicines rice, etc.). Straw (stems) are used in cereals straw pulp and paper industry, in small industry (knitting) and other manufacturing activities. Cereals are the main raw material for production of meat, milk and eggs. No concentrate feed intake can not be deprived of corn, oats, barley, etc. triticale. The most effective succulent forage is obtained from corn, even feed fibers are made up of a cereal mash straw. As occupation, cultivation of cereals (especially straw) technology is simple, requires no special systems for cars, is mechanized and efficient (lower cost cernd). Cereals are important in terms of plant growing: there are good and very good preceding crops, enrich the soil by stimulating processes of nitrification (by harvesting early grain straw) protects the land against soil erosion in hilly areas if seeding be made on contour direction, recover the land on which other cultures are not productive (triticale). As a general rule, triticale combines the high potential of wheat production and quality with disease resistance and tolerance to environmental factors stepchildren (including soil) from rye. Due to advances in genetic improvement of triticale varieties have been developed commercially viable (the production potential and high stability) competitive with other cereals and even corn, especially for hilly areas with infertile soils and low pH. New varieties of triticale are equal or superior to other cultures for grain yield, forage and biomass production for human food, animal feed or industrial applications. As important as forage crop triticale is used mainly in feed concentrate monogastricelor food (pigs and poultry) due to its higher that of other cereals in protein, lysine and tryptophan and high carbohydrate digestibility and protein substances. Recent research shows that protein energy ratio is generally higher when obtained from forage triticale forage than the traditional focus. Triticale protein has higher value as that of wheat, being rich in potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and zinc. From this conclusion it is necessary and an adaptation of the milling and bakery industry, is noted for processing triticalei that all techniques used to date have been made for wheat. Triticale grains have a composition that allows their use in the production of malt for brewing beans triticale quality. Din extract alcohol can be done in the average 400 l / t grain. Experience has been located in specific climatic conditions Răcasdia commune, Caras Severin, on a brown ground, I-mezogleizat moderate slope deposits formed from decomposition and alteration of basic metamorphic rocks. Experience is bifactorial type, so that the annual Repeat the cycle terminates the experimental field we have experience in first year, second year and third year. Biological material have been used varieties: Cascade, Haiduc, TITAN, Style, Gorun. Mineral fertilizers applied to crop triticale, increased grain production. Variation in grain production in triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) vary depending on variety and the influence of fertilization. The results of this study are part of a doctoral program, with as theme: "Research on crop production potential of triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack)" funded by the Ministry of Education and Sports Research Tinertului by IOD U.S.A.M.V.B. Timisoara under the distinguished university professor Valeriu Tabara.

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triticale, variety, fertilization, production.

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RESEARCHES REGARDING THE SOWING TECHNOLOGY FOR A RANGE OF POPCORN BIOTYPES pag. 130-133

Diana POPA, Gh. DAVID

Zea mays L. popcorn, conv. Everta Sturt, sin. microsperma Körn, is one of the oldest cultivated form which, because of its reduces productivity, is cultivated on reduces surfaces being used for mixed cereals and pop corn. The varieties belonging to this convariety determined by Körn are oryzoides, xanthornis and axyornis of the group with reddish grains, and leucornis, gracillina haematornis and melanornis of the group with rounded coronary part of the grains. No zoned varieties or hybrids are mentioned in the official catalogue of the varieties (hybrids) of Romania, which is why up to this stage only varieties originating from three zones of Romania (Turda, Bărăgan and Jebel), one of Hungary (Kesclemeri) and one of the USA (Little jewels) are studied. The paper contains data referring to sowing period determination for the five biotypes and the results regarding the plant density influence upon the grain yield. The researches were conducted on a typical wet-phreatic chernozem with poor salinization under 100 cm, situated in the Timiş Plain region. The paper presents the results showing the superiority of early sowing, in the first decade of April, when the average yield for the five biotypes was 11% bigger than the yield obtained .When sowing in the last decade of April. Among the biotypes the best has proven to be the Turda biotype, with an average yield for the two sowing periods of more than 4900 kg/ha. The optimal density was of 50.000 harvestable plants/ha. The density increase to 60.000 harvestable plants/ha reduced the yield with 7%, and the density increase to 70.000 plants/ha reduced the yield with 12%. The paper presents the result of the influence the researched factors had on the number of corn cobs per plant, on the percentage of sterile plants and on the grain output.

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Zea mays everta Strt – sowing technology

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STUDY REGARDING THE OPTIMIZATION OF FERTILIZATION FOR THE POPCORN CULTIVATED ON TIMIŞ PLAIN pag. 134-137

Diana POPA, Gh. DAVID

Maize occupies the third place among the cultivated plants, which means according to the date obtained from FAO, over 159 millions of hectares cultivated land generating a production of over 1300000 thousand tons. 5% of the world’s total maize production is industrially processed, this percentage also including the popcorn. The surface cultivated with maize in Romania was of 2345.5 thousands ha in 2009 and the average yield obtained was of 3406 kg/ha, respectively a total production of 7987.7 thousand tons. Popcorn belongs to the Zea mays L. species, everta Sturt Bailey convariety (sin, microsperma Köern. The varieties of this convariety differ in grain and rachis colour and in having a jaw-like prolongation or not. The most spread variety is oryzoides, with reddisch grains, white colour and white rachis. The biologic material studied consisted in the varieties Turda, Jebel, Bărăgan, Kesckemeti and Little jeweles. The specialized literature does not present data regarding popcorn fertilization, which is what determined us to conduct the present study on a cambic chernozem, wet-phreatic, with poor salinization under 100 cm, situated in the Timiş Plain region. The paper presents the crop results for the five varieties, cultivated with four fertilization levels. In the researched region the yields varied between 1057 kg/ha for Kesckemeti variety, the variant fertilized with N 0 P 60 K 60 and 4092 kg/ha for Turda variety fertilized with N 225 P 60 K 60 . The nitrogen fertilizers applied on a base of P 60 K 60 increased the average yield of the 5 varieties with 22% (N 75 ) – 33% (N 150 ) şi 47% (N 225 ). The increase in grains for 1 kg was of .,81 kg for the variant fertilized with N 75 , of 4.9 kg for the variant fertilized with N 150 and of 4.7 kg for the variant fertilized with N 225 . The paper presents the results of the experiments conducted on the influence of fertilization on the number of plants with 1 and 2 corn cobs, on the percentage of sterile plants and on the evolution of the mass of 1000 grains and of the hectolitre mass.

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Zea mays everta Sturt, fertilization

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RESERCHS ON PRODUCT ABILITY TO THE 4 WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES BY APPLICATION OF CERTAIN CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES, IN CONDITIONS OF ARAD COUNTY pag. 138-141

Crina SARB, V. TABARA

Within the frame of the demographic blow-up in the 2nd half of the 20th century, the global deficit in human alimentation has become progressively acute, concurrently with the extension of malnutrition on continously expanding areas. Given the crucial contribution of cereals in order to provide food, mankind has largely focused upon several cultures: wheat, rice and maize ( Ahrendts J., 1995) . In this order, the importance of wheat for human food, livestock nutrition and as raw material inindustry, is undeniable.Wheat is of great importance as food product, providing a large extent of the carbohydrates and proteines necessary to humans, and more than half of the calories consumed by mankind ( Alexa Ersilia , 2004). The shapes under which wheat is used in man’s food are very diverse, bread being the most common of them. In fact, there is no other food product to meet the man’s nourishing needs as economically as wheat flour bread does.Taking into account both its economic importance and the special role in human nutrition, the main tendency nowadays and in future is to increase the world production. In addition to this direction, other tendencies become more strongly contoured, such as introducing into production varieties with a high protein content, with increased nutritional value, as well as cultivating superior quality bread grains ( Adam Al.,2000) . On the basis of the above, the present study has aimed to evaluat certain varieties of local autumn wheat in terms of yield quality and bakin characteristics, under the influence of graduate mineral fertilization.

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Wheat, varieties, cultivation, technology, production

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STUDY ABOUT DYNAMICS OF CERTAIN QUALITY INDICATORS FOR 4 WINTER LOCAL WHEAT VARITIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING DENSITY IN CURTICI (ARAD COUNTY) pag. 142-145

Crina SARB, V. TABARA

Attention given to quality improvement is evidenced by numerous researches and international meetings that have focused on wheat quality; however, the latest decades have shown that the progress made in obtaining varieties with a high protein content and superior baking characteristics are less obvious, which is due to the fact that the wheat amelioration work is directed especially towards increasing quantity and less towards improving quality ( Ahrendts J.,1995 ). To obtain the final consumption products for people, the wheat submitted to milling must meet certain standards of quality and food safety. Food safety is not negotiable and, together with quality, it is the essential condition for the acceptance and maintenance of food offer on the market. Food security means ensuring food hygiene throughout the entire production chain, from the raw materials until the final consumer, it is the responsibility of all those involved in the food chain and it can cause that the risk of contamination is minimized or eliminated ( Alexa Ersilia, 2004 ). The milling industry producers are compelled to use only wheat which corresponds to the quality parameters required by standards, technical specifications and health rules in force. Checking food quality in all phases of the technological manufacturing process, from raw materials to finished product and its storage is mandatory and it is done by specialized personnel, in charge of quality control ( Bâlteanu Gh.,1991) . On the basis of the above, the present study has aimed to evaluate certain varieties of local autumn wheat in terms of yield quality and baking characteristics, under the influence of graduate mineral fertilization.

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quality indicators, wheat, starch, protein, gluten

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BAKING QUALITY OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CULTIVATED IN SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS pag. 146-149

Nora SMATANOVÁ, Magdaléna LACKO-BARTOŠOVÁ

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) direct baking quality was evaluated in the year 2009. Winter wheat was cultivated in ecological (ES) and integrated (IS) farming system with two levels of fertilizing. Farming systems were established at Research Base Dolná Malanta in Western Slovakia region on brown clay-loamy soil. The experimental field altitude was 178 m, average precipitations is 561 mm and average temperature 19.7 °C in July and - 1.7 °C in January. The ecological system was composed of a six course crop rotation: beans + alfalfa – alfalfa – winter wheat – peas – maize – spring barley. The integrated system consisted of the crop rotation: winter wheat – peas – winter wheat – maize – spring barley – lucerne (3 years at the same plot). Subplots are fertilized (F) and unfertilized (N). The F variant in ES was based on 40 t of manure, the IS also recieved 40 t of manure plus synthetic fertilizers. The aim of this work was to evaluate parameters of baked bread loaves obtained after baking test in laboratory which gives possibility to the most comprehensive assesment of technological properties and flour quality. Baking test was realised according to ICC Standard No. 131 from white wheat flour. Qualitative parameters of baked loaves included: bread volume and height/width ratio, specific volume and bulk productivity, product yield and baking loss. Evaluated paramateres of baked loaves from one-year research were statistically significant affected by crop nutrition. Application of manure had positive effect on each evaluated paramater, except bread yield and baking loss. Fertilizing in ecological system increased bread volume and bulk productivity about 3 – 3.3 %. In ecological unfertilised variant was found improvement of height/width ratio, specific volume, bread yield and baking loss about 0.6 – 3.9 %. Manure plus synthetic fertilizers in IS caused improvement of baking parameters equal to 9.4 – 12.5 %. Ecological farming system had in the 2009 possitive effect on direct baking quality of winter wheat. Reached results from direct baking test confirmed that quality of winter wheat white flour from ecological farming system was not statistically different from integrated one.

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winter wheat, ecological system, baking quality

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IDENTIFICATION OF NEW GENETIC RESOURCES IN AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL HERBS BELONGING TO SOME SPECIES WITH POTENTIALLY EXTENDED CULTIVATION pag. 150-154

Cristina Simona TELESCU, Gh. DAVID

Romanian flora gathers a number of over 3500 different species of plants, out of which, traditional medicine uses approximately 10%, respectively 350 species (E. Paun, 1995). Out of a total no of medical species, only 160 have been used for tea production and other different medicinal products. Approximately 110 species have been taken from the spontaneous flora, while over 50 species have been introduced in culture. The introduction in culture of some species is not only the consequence of the fact that such species have been used to replace the species disappeared from our country spontaneous flora, but it has also been the consequence of the introduction of other more valuable species. At present, the situation of medicinal herbs is severely affected. More precisely, in 1989, 52 species have been cultivated in Romania on a surface of 40 thousand of hectares. In the present, the number of species has been reduced to approximately half, while the cultivated surface has been reduced to 20 thousand hectares. It is very important to identify the spontaneous flora of valuable species and their amelioration, more precisely, the creation of new productive species with high content of active principles. We shall present the actual situation, respectively, the official catalogue of all culture plants species from Romanian territory for year 2011, respectively, the chapter regarding aromatic and medicinal herbs which includes 40 species and a total of 52 genera. Important to notice is the fact that out of a number of 17 genera, there are actually only local valuable populations and that 13 biological materials have been discovered during the period 1970 – 1980. Personal research have been focused on the identification of new valuable species of aromatic and medicinal herbs representing raw material for the creation of new genera, a more productive one and with a high content of active principles. Romania disposes of pedoclimatic conditions favorable to this group of plants, ensuring thus its necessary internal production, providing also important export opportunities. This paper deals with a number of 8 species identified in this region which have been subjected determination of active principles

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genetic resource, aromatic and medicinal herbs, volatile oil,, alkaloids.

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A STUDY REGARDING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC HERBS FOUND IN BETWEEN CARAS RIVER AND DANUBE AREA pag. 155-157

Cristina Simona TELESCU, Gh. DAVID

Studies regarding the flora of the above mentioned area have been performed even from 1858 by I. Heuffel şi L. Schrott, 1968 and later on by Carmen Dăneţ, 2008 şi Mirela Enea, 2011. The result of such studies reveal that a number of 1086 superior plants species, belonging to a number of 98 botanical families, out of which various are medicinal herbs, have been used in modern phytotherapy. Currently, aromatic and medicinal herbs have not been used as raw material, such herbs have been used as medicinal herbs by 60% of the planet inhabitants. A percentage between 30 – 50% from the most current pharmaceutical products have a content of vegetal origin substances, while another category of synthesis medicine widely used nowadays have been inspired from the chemical composition of some active priniciples existing in nature. Their geographical position, the area studied presents a great variety of ecological conditions, determined in the great variability of all factors leading to the creation of the environment where plants grow. Following the study performed in this area, there have been identified a no of 63 species used in phytotherapy, out of which, 10 species have been used to treat various nervous system disorders, 13 species have been used to treat digestive diseases while 8 species have been used to treat urinary apparatus diseases. Medicinal and aromatic plants are a precious treasure to humankind and they were brought to our attention by new research. Nature has given us these plants so that we could prevent and cure diseases. Many of today's medicines contain substances extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants that can be found both in spontaneous flora and in smaller cultivated areas. Thus medicinal and aromatic plants as well as their raw extracts have manifested scientific and practical interest since ancient times up to our modern world. In Romania medicinal and aromatic plants are a rich source of natural wealth with a lot of economic potential which is not being exploited enough at the moment.

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medicinal herbs, identified, used.

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POSSIBILITIES FOR THE RATIONALIZATION AND REDUCTION OF FERTILIZING MINERAL INPUTS (DOSES) WITH REGARD TO THE EFFICIENT INPUT OF FERTILIZING ORGANIC RESOURCES FOR THE MAIZE CROP pag. 158-162

Constantin TOADER, Marilena MĂRGHITAŞ, Mihaela MIHAI

Abstract: Present-day debate worldwide, including certain nationwide approacges lead towards highly-diversified trends for the implementing of agriculture systems that involve to a higher or lesser extent the employment of feritilizers for their success. At the same time, however, they are called to provide food amounts that are both quantitative and qualitative appropriate, while increasing soil fertility and providing environmental protection. Bearing in mind the scientific basis, as well as the complex food chain effect, all agriculture systems cand be improved and cannot ultimately achieve all objectives set by human society, consumers and soil fertility requirements.In this context, the present paper aims at promoting organic fertilizing resources (stable and poultry manure) and reducing mineral fertilizers, on the grounds of the fact that organic feritlizers are easier to obtain, at lower costs, while soil fertility is manintained on a sustainable and ecologic term, compared to mineral fertilizing resources. In order to attain the previously-set objectives, field experiements were conducted at SDE Cojocna of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, in 2011. They were set on a cambic chernozem, for maize crop, involving different fertilizing resources, mineral-from NP complex fertilizers, organic- from semifermented stable and poultry manure. The present paper reveals certain experimental results obtained through the application of differentiated mineral fertilizers (from complex NP fertilizers), organo-mineral ones (semifermented stable and poultry manure and complez NP fertilizers) and organic ones from semifermented stable manure (20t/ha) and poultry manure (12t/ha). The differentiated application of fertilizers highlights the importance of such combinations as the organo-mineral ones with stable manure, as well as poultry manure, where the grain production increases significantly compared to the (unfertilized) control. With regard to exclusively mineral fertilizing variants, production increases for increased NP doses are insignificant compared to the organo-mineral variant with a minimum NP dosis (N 50 P 50 ), in the case of stable manure, as well as poultry manure. The experience of European countries and Romania alike, at least during the last 50 years, including intensive conventional agricultural practices or one-sided technological activities, have led to the spread of disturbing processes and phenomena for the environment towards de degradation of the soil's paramount quality- its fertility. The factors of physical, chemical, biologic and technologic degradation of soils have extended and increased, while areas subjected to erosion and compacon have expanded, as well as areas degraded by polluation and the destruction of fertility. The nutrient cycle is thus blocked, while more areas show the potential of desertification. The impact of these modifications is increasingly higher in the past period due to global climate change, as in such conditions, the factors involved in the degradation of fertility become more active and more unpredictable. As such, long-term and sustainable fertility of soils has become paramount in supporting ecological balance amd incresing the safety of plant and animal production. Therefore, such research as the hereby one are beneficial for agricultural practice to increase the quality and quantity of production and provide food safety and security. The paper was supported by the project – POST-DOCTORAL SCHOOL IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE Contract n.: POSDRU/89/1.5/S/62371

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productions, nutrients, stable manure, poultry manure, maize grains

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RESEARCH ON ALTERNATIVES AND STRATEGIES FOR FOLIAR FERTILIZATION WITHIN DIFFERENTIATED FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS FOR MAIZE CROP pag. 163-167

Constantin TOADER, Marilena MĂRGHITAŞ, M. RUSU, Mihaela MIHAI

Abstract: Foliar fertilizers are unanimously considered stimulating and corrective products for mineral nutrition. They exhibit a secondary fertilizing role, that determines a significant increase of the productive consumption for soil elements and soil-applied elements without substituting root fertilization methods (through the soil), where foliar fretilizers are supplementary (complemantry) in balancing and optimizing the fertilization system applied to agricultural and horticultural plants (Ryan J., 2002), (Rusu M. et al., 2008), (Dana Daniela et al., 2008), (Dorneanu A. et al., 2005). The aim of the hereby research envisions the rationalization of mineral fertilizing inputs and their reduction, by means of promoting an alternative, as well as strategies for an efficient involvemen of unconventional resources (foliar fertilizers) in the differentiated fertilization systems. Throughout the research period the effect of differentiated fertilizations were studied by pursuing the differentiation of maize grain productions according to the type of foliar fertilizer employed and the interaction of foliar fertilization within the structure of soil fertilization systems. In order to achieve the previously-stated research objectives field experiements were conducted at SDE Cojocna of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, in 2011. They were set on a cambic chernozem, for maize crop, involving different foliar fertilizer varieties, devoid of soil fertilization, as well as testing these fertilizers in interaction with the basic soil fertilization in doses of 100 kg/ha s.a. N and P. Production results obtained as a consequence of the experimentation reveal the essential character of foliar fertilization, alongside and optimum provision of nutritive elements. The application of foliar fertilizers in plants has had a complementary sole providing higher coefficients for the employment of the active substance in the soil or applied to the soil. These experiments in researching the effects of unconventional fertilization sources (foliar fertilizers) grant a special importance, originality and high degre of novelty on the field of agrochemistry, due to the fact that new foliar fertilizer varieties were employed with different combinations of nutrients in the mixture. The paper was supported by the project – POST-DOCTORAL SCHOOL IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE Contract n.: POSDRU/89/1.5/S/62371

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productions, nutrients, foliar fertilizers, fertilization

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RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE SOWING TECHNOLOGY AT LALLEMANTIA IBERICA F. ET M. pag. 168-171

Beniamin Daniel URSU, I. BORCEAN

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Lallemantia Iberica

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STUDY REGARDING THE INTRODUCTION OF LALLEMANTIA IBERICA F. ET M. INTO CULTIVATION ON THE TIMIS COUNTY PLANES pag. 172-175

Beniamin Daniel URSU, I. BORCEAN

Lalemantia iberica is a valuable specie whose seeds contain 26 - 40% oil with high iodine index 162,2 – 202,9 and very dry, in this regard surpassing the linseed oil. The specie has been introduced in Europe from Iran. From the statistical data (V.S. Venţlavovice, cited by C. Copcaru, 1965) has been cultivated in Ukraine since 1884. Lalemanţia is part of the Labiatae Family, 4 species being know, 2 of them being cultivated: L. Iberica F. et M., şi L. Peltata F. et M. Lallemantia iberica is not very sensitive to heat. The vegetation period is of 70 – 80 days, and the temperature source up to maturity is of 1700˚C. The minimum germination temperature is of 3-5˚C, and the young plants can bear temperature up to minus 7-8˚C, if such low temperatures do not last long time (C. Copcaru, 1965). The humidity requirements are moderate. Excess of humidity make the plans more sensitive to diseases. Regarding the soil, the plant has few requirements; the best results are obtained on chernozem-type soils (N. Zamfirescu şi colab., 1965). We are presenting in our work the results obtained on cambic chernozem soil in the Banat Plane. The research results are proving that it is not a plant having high needs regarding the previous culture. In culture rotation after autumn wheat and corn, there were no differences regarding the signification level. Fertilization with variable doses of nitrogen fertilizers (N 20 , N 60 , N 90 ) applied on a constant background of P 60 K 60 has positively influence the crop, differences in comparison with the witness lot being significant. Also we present the influence of fertilization on the plants height. The plants have grown proportionally with the nitrogen fertilizer dose, after both previous plants. The weight of 1000 seeds has raise following the fertilization with N 90 , applied on a constant phosphor content of 21%, for wheat – Lallemantia culture rotation and with 6% for corn– Lallemantia. The oil content, in the researched field has been situated between 36,9% and 41,5%. The nitrogen fertilizers have diminished the oil content. The oil quantity, depending on the previous culture and the nitrogen fertilizer dose applied in the context of P 40 K 40 , has been between 226 kg/ha and 688 kg/ha.

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rotation, fertilization, crop, quality

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ALLELOPHATIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR ABILITY TO INFLUENCE THE GRASSES QUALITY pag. 179-186

Cristian BOSTAN, Alexandru MOISUC, Luminita COJOCARIU, Marinel HORABLAGA, Adina HORABLAGA, Florin MARIAN

The similar chemical composition and the coexistence of different plants species can be strongly affected by the interactions between them. Due to the fact that generally the grasses present in grasslands grow as bushes separated by areas where the vegetation is missing, determined the researchers to consider that these plants have an allelophatic character. This study was realized to determine the allelophatic properties of Dactylis glomerata species and the capacity of the allelophatic substances to influence the perennial grasses quality (Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis). The plants were treated with low-alcoholic extracts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids , respectively ergot alkaloids obtained from Dactylis glomerata. The research design consisted of three repetitions. The plants were treated with low alcoholic extracts of pirolizidinici alkaloids, respectively ergot alkaloids obtained from the air part of Dactylis glomerata species, except the blank. The extracts were applied in three different doses: D1 = 10 ml, D2 = 40 ml, D3 = 80 ml. The preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of the alkaloids (NAL - N-acetyl loline and NFL- N-formyl loline ). The identification of alkaloids was confirmed by HPLC-UV analysis. The results showed that the alkaloids influence the quality index change at the treated plants. That was reflected by a decrease in crude protein content, the highest sensitivity was noticed at Poa pratensis species.

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lolinic alkaloids; chemical composition; quality; Dactylis glomerata

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE MAIN PRODUCTION CHARACTERS OF LOLIUM PERENNE IN THE CONDITIONS OF WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 187-192

Luminita COJOCARIU, Mihaela CORCHES, M. HORABLAGA, V.-D. LALESCU, Carmen DURĂU, Alina CĂLUŞERU, I. SĂNDOIU

Introduction of new varieties of forage grasses, more powerful in terms of quality and quantity, is a must, while the establishment of intensive grassland is the main measure capable of increasing the fodder production. Lolium perenne is one of the most important forage grass in temperate zones, used successfully in the Netherlands, in feeding dairy cows.( Gilliland T. J., 2002, Smit H. J, et al., 2005., Sokolović, D., 2010.). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is one of the most important perennial cool-season forage grasses. It is highly productive, with the highest nutritive value among forage grasses, adapted for frequent defoliation and grazing. Market demands focus interest of perennial ryegrass breeders to production of cultivars with high, stable yield and good dry matter quality, tolerant to drought, frost and other stressful environmental conditions, with different maturity (Sokolović D et al., 2010). Knowing the characteristics that have varieties of forage plants is of great importance for the cultivator, because only by knowing them the forage plants can be capitalized (Hartmann S., and Gerstle C., 2003., Smit H. J, et al., 2005). This paper presents the behavior of a foreign genotype of Lolium perenne, namely Calibra, in the climatic conditions of Timisoara, in order to enrich with new varieties of fodder plants. Were studied the following biometric indices: vegetative shoot height, number of shoots, shrub weight and foliar surface. The data analysis showed that the variety Calibra performed well, recording values of 37.04 cm in the height of shoots, an average of 46 shoots / plant, and the average weight was 471.25 g and the foliar surface was 33.37 cm2. Interpretation of data obtained from the measurements mentioned above was processed by conventional methods of statistical analysis (correlation and regression analysis). There were performed correlational and linear regression analyses of the main characters in order to evaluate the potential production of Lolium perenne, variety Calibra. This variety has adapted to the climate of Timisoara, has a high genetic homeostasis, and is recommended for culture in the Banat

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Lolium perenne, Calibra, production characters, linear dependences

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THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC - MINERAL FERTILISATION ON THE HAYFIELD PRODUCTION FROM BANAT (ROMANIA) HILL REGION pag. 193-196

M. COMAN, Al. MOISUC

In this study the objective was to determine the effects of mineral and organic – mineral fertilizers on the production of a hayfield from the hill area of western Romania, respectively Fibiş (Timiş County). The average of the annual air temperature in this region is 10.7 o C and the average of the annual rainfall amount is 608 mm. The climate in the studied area is temperate continental with Mediterranean influences. The experimental field was organized by setting 9 fertilisation variants (3 mineral,3 organic and 3 organic – mineral fertilisation variants) and a control non-fertilised variant.One of the most important maintenance works needed in grasslands is represented by fertilization. Every type of grasslands has different fertilisation needs, so the importance of this research is to set the optimal fertilization rate with for different types of fertilizing(mineral, organic and mixed). Every fertilisation experience is organized in ten variants and three replicates. The permanent grasslands is visibly influenced by fertilisation starting with the first year from the fertiliser application . The methodology used focuses on the principle of restitution of nutrients exported with the harvest, and based Bossingaul principle formulated by Justus von Liebig in XIX century and refers to the fact that culture plants consuming nutrients in the soil for crop depletes soil formation in those elements that are removed from the surface with crop, resulting in time reduce soil fertility. It appeared, therefore the necessity to return soil nutrients. The numerous researches show that applying fertilisers on grasslands is justified economically since, on the average, 1 kg of active element results in an increase of 80-100 kg of green matter. This economic productivity is also strengthened by the fact that from 1 ton of dried matter we can extract 20-21 kg of N, 6-8 kg of P 2 O 5 , 20-21kg of K 2 O and 10-14 kg of CaO. As a conclusion, we can say that fertilising grasslands results, on the average, in a twofold to threefold increase of the yield.

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mineral, fertilisation, organic ferilisation, production, sheep manure

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CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAIN PRODUCTION CHARACTERS IN VARIETY SPRINT OF LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM pag. 197-202

Irina JURMESCU, Luminita COJOCARIU, D. LALESCU, M. HORABLAGA, C. BOSTAN, F. MARIAN

How the existing meadows may not cover the feed necessary all year, people are obligated to cultivate fodder also. Some of these plants are grown for grain, while others are grown for hay or green mass (Margineanu T., 1980, Marian F. et all 2010). Lolium multiflorum is a culture trying to expand into production due to production capacity, but also presents the disadvantage of lack of uniformity production on scythe (Marian F. et all 2009). The adaptability of a cultivar is generally defined as the genetic feature which enables the plant to give yields that are both high and stable in different environmental conditions. The result of the interaction between the cultivar and the environment is expressed in the adaptability and yield stability of that specific cultivar. (Savatti 2004). This paper aims at finding the dependence between the main production characters in variety SPRINT of Lolium multiflorum. The research was carried out in the experimental fields belonging to the Discipline Culture of grasslands and fodder plants from the Didactical Station of USAMVB Timisoara, the experience being placed on a cambic chernosem weakly gleyed soil, with salinisation in depth. In order to reach this goal, we studied variety Sprint in 2011 trying to find the influence of tiller number, tiller height and foliar surface on the weight of the plant. The experience is placed in accordance with the randomized blocks method, in three repetitions, a parcel surface is 15 m 2 . Sowing was made on October 12th 2010, with a 12.5 cm distance between rows. The results of our research show that regarding the main production characters of variety Sprint of Lolium multiflorum, performed above, we can conclude that there is a positive linear correlation between plant weight and the number of shoots per plant. There is also positive linear correlation between plant height and the length of the main shoot. There were underlined also the linear dependence between the above main production characters.

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Sprint, Lolium multiflorum, production characteristics

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THE EVOLUTION OF CELLULOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF THE FAR RHIZOSPHERE ZONE AND OF THE NEAR-ROOT AREA OF SPECIES VICIA SATIVA pag. 203-208

Marinel PAŞCA, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, N. M. HORABLAGA, Despina-Maria BORDEAN, Mărioara- Nicoleta FILIMON, Aurica- Breica BOROZAN, F. MARIAN

Legumes, of which Vicia sativa is one, can be used successfully as green fertilizers. They can contribute to improving the characteristics of soil: density, porosity, humus accumulation in the soil, and they live in symbiosis with nodule bacteria, which can make atmospheric nitrogen fixation happen. (Clark, 2007, Jeon et al., 2009). Plants can foster their own growth, by chemical changes (the case of the available nutriments) and biological changes at soil level (Niu Et Al. 2007). Through some substances named elicitors, the plant select the microflora in the area near the root, and together with this selection, some other changes are taking place in the dynamics of vital processes in the soil. Among the sources of energy used by microorganisms, the cellulose in plant debris contains the largest quantity of organic carbon. Because of the microbial decomposition of this polysaccharide, the humus content of soil increases. Because of the contribution that cellulolysis has in increasing the fertility potential of soils, the study in this paper is focussed on this vital soil parameter. The soil, moderately glazed Eutric Cambisol, is to be found in Ciacova commune, Timis County. The soil was sown with common vetch (Vicia sativa). Soil lab analysis was performed in the autumn of 2011. In order to determine the cellulolytic potential, we took 10 soil samples from the edaphosphere and near-root area of species Vicia sativa, plus a control variant. The sapling depth was between 0 and 20 cm. The method for finding the quantity of decomposed celluloses was the one presented by Stefanic (2006). The study revealed positive development of this vital process in the area near the root, under the influence of vegetal exudates and moisture index. These chemical changes in the near-root area lead to selection of the microbial community, while at the same time inducing increased microbial activity. The decomposing process and the moisture content depend on the humus in the soil. By reference to the edaphosphere, vicinity is noticed between the control variant and the near-root area. The % variance on PC1 is 80.997 and on PC2 19.003 so we choose to represent the eigenvalues only on the most significant axis (PC1).

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cellulolytic potential, far rhizosphere zone, near-root area, Vicia sativa

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THE STUDY OF THE BACTERIAL COMMUNITY IN THE ROOT AND NEAR-ROOT ZONE OF SPECIES VICIA SATIVA pag. 209-215

Marinel PAŞCA, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, Despina-Maria BORDEAN, N. M. HORABLAGA, Roxana POPESCU, Aurica- Breica BOROZAN, Manuela PĂLCUŢ, F. MARIAN

By using crop rotation and introducing legume crops, farmers can improve the structure of the system and change soil characteristics for the better. At the same time, the bacterial community is stimulated and enzyme activity is intensified, while an optimal nutritional regimen is created. Another improvement that comes from growing legumes is that it creates conditions for the accumulation and storage of soil humidity (Insam and Domsch 1988; Wardle 1992, Kowalchuk et al, 2002, Sharma1, et al, 2005). The aim of the paper is to study the way in which species Vicia sativa, organic matter and soil humidity index can influence the structure of the bacterial community in moderately-gleyed eutric cambisol. Ten samples of soil were collected as biologic material from two experimental fields sown with Vicia sativa, which is going to be incorporated into the soil as "green fertilizer". The biologic material was processed and conditioned at the Microbiology Laboratory at Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara. The microorganisms in the root area and near-root area (experiment I and II) were isolated on YMA growth medium, using the plate culture method (Borozan, 2006). In parallel we looked for the presence of bacteria specific for legumes and root node bacteria belonging to genus Rhizobium (experiment I). We noticed changes in the microbial balance in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane. These changes were characterized by increases of UFC/g soil, the largest number being recorded on the rhizoplane (in experience II in particular). In this last variant, the microbial segment is the most reduced, which proves the fact that quantitative changes in the microbial balance in the root and near-root zone of the soil is determined by the substances eliminated by vetch into the soil. Of the two experiments, the second experience gives the highest number of UFC/g soil. The statistical data revealed a certain contribution of the humidity index and humus content in the evolution of UFC/g soil. In what the formation of root nodules on the root of Vicia sativa is concerned, when the plant grows on slightly gleyed eutric cambisol (1st experiment), we noticed numeric variation of these, for similar values of the humidity index and humus content.

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bacterial community, rhizosphere, rhizoplan, Genus Rhizobium, Vicia sativa

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TESTING FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA SEEDS DURING STORAGE pag. 216-222

Cr. RUJAN, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, Despina- Maria BORDEAN, Camelia GIUCHICI, C. BOSTAN, Aurica BOROZAN, Manuela PĂLCUŢ, Carmen DURĂU, N. M. HORABLAGA

Changes in cellular metabolism, whether caused by nutrition deficiencies or improper storage conditions, result in inefficient germination physiology (Bustamante L. et al., 1984., Mirdad Z. et al., 2006, Stanisavljevic R. et al. 2010 ). The aim of the present study was to examine the relation among the parameters that influence seed storability in the granary, for variety Palma of Festuca arundinacea. The seed for this variety was produced under the conditions characteristic for Banat area, in the west of Romania. The samples we analysed were taken from the granary where tall fescue seeds are kept. We took samples five months after harvest, during three consecutive years, namely: 2009, 2010 and 2011. For the analysis, we took several samples from the granary; these samples were combined and we extracted the lab sample for determining the purity, germination and the moisture sample . Germination testing was made in compliance with the current ISTA rules (International Seed Testing Association (ISTA)-2002) and Order SR 1634. We determined the following: germination (%/number), pure seeds (%weight) and moisture content (%). In order to determine the germination of Festuca arundinacea seeds, we used the TP-top of paper method. The following categories were highlighted on the germination layer: normal seedlings; abnormal seedlings; dead seeds. The results obtained while testing germination in the three consecutive years led us to the conclusion that improper storage conditions, i.e. increased moisture, influence germination percentage for variety Palma of Festuca arundinacea. Moisture content and dead seeds influence abnormal seedlings in a direct way. The poorest results from the point of view of the parameters we studied were recorded in 2009, while the best results were recorded in 2011. The relay index shows the similarities between years 2010 and 2011 (relay index for 2010 was 1.8183 and for 2011 it was 2), when the germination percentage was the highest. The assessment of germination, moisture and purity for variety Palma of Festuca arundinacea, grown in the conditions present in România, by the firm SC.Zanandreea Sementi, brings more information on the behaviour of this variety during storage.

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Germination, purity, moisture, storage, Festuca arundinacea.

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THE INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON THE QUALITY INDICES OF FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA SEEDS pag. 223-230

Cr. RUJAN, Luminiţa COJOCARIU, Despina-Maria BORDEAN, Camelia GIUCHICI, C. BOSTAN, Aurica-Breica BOROZAN, Carmen DURĂU, M. HORABLAGA

Species Festuca arundinacea has been studied from many points of view. The research on this species has been performed by Romanian scientists, as well as many foreign ones. Nevertheless, the studies regarding seeds and their quality are rare.The paper aims to analyse the influence of moisture on the quality of Festuca arundinacea (Palma variety) seeds during storage. The parameters used were: moisture content (%); Pure seeds (%, weight); Inert matter (% weight); Other crop seeds(% weight); Total Germination Normal seedlings(% number); Abnormal seedlings(% number); Dead seeds (% number). The biological material we used was made up of Festuca arundinacea (Palma variety) seeds obtained in specific Banat conditions. The seed samples were taken from three granaries, found in three different towns: Jimbolia, Ciacova and Gherteniş (Caraş-Severin County). Two seed quality analyses were performed during storage: the first took place six weeks after harvest and the second was performed 30 days after the first determinations. Following the first determination (December 2009), the moisture of Festuca arundinacea (Palma variety) seeds was 13% in the granary at Ciacova germination ranged from 76% (granary at Jimbolia) and 77% (in the granary at Ciacova). In the storehouse at Gherheniş, the moisture of Festuca arundinacea (Palma variety) seeds was 14%, and germination was 76%. One month after the first determination, we made a second analysis (January 2012) of the seeds and we noticed that moisture had increased by one percent in the granaries at Ciacova and Jimbolia, which led to a decrease in seed germination, in the number of normal seedlings and an increase in the number of dead seeds in both granaries. In the Gherheniş granary, the second determination found the same moisture values for Festuca arundinacea seeds, i.e. 14%. However, seed germination went down. Low germination of Festuca arundinacea (Palma variety) seeds is caused primarily by unsuitable storage conditions that led to an increase in the moisture index. In its turn, moisture influences the variation of the parameters under study. The seed moisture content controls the variation of the parameters to a greater or a smaller extent. Lower Moisture Content is direct correlated with the percentage of Total Germination.

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seed moisture, germination, purity, storage, cluster analysis, Diversity Profile Families , Festuca arundinacea.

Presentation: oral

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RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PULLED CORN PICKERS WORK EFFECTS DURING THE PICKING OF MERCANTILE CORN pag. 233-240

Sasa R. BARAĆ, A. VUKOVIĆ, M. BIBERDŽIĆ

The main characteristic of the pulled corn pickers is that they drawn in one pass separate ear of corn from the stalk and made it husking, while it achieves a different quality of work. Quality of collectors depends on a several factors: the condition of crops, defining of relevant parameters for the operation, technical accuracy and staff skills. When the relevant parameters are not well aligned, the quality of work is significantly decrease, resulting in increased losses and poor quality of the collected mass in the bunker of corn pickers. Modern solutions of the used devices should provide high-quality collection in different conditions, with realized losses and damage of grain which do not exceed the tolerance value. The aim was to determine the effects of three types of pulled corn pickers ZMAJ 222 (type A), Berko 025 (type B) and Tornado 80 (type C) in the standard and the control variant, at corn picking in the observed area. Method is the standard methodology of custom test equipment for corn picking, complemented by the necessary assessments. The study was conducted in two phases. The work conditions were determined in the first phase, while the work effects depending on the defined parameters were determined in the second phase. The quality of the picked corn ear, grain losses, the degree of damage and the coronation of grain, the amount of cut wood chips were determined. The fuel consumption was determined by volume method and the effect was determined by chronometric method. In the crowd picked by picker type B was measured the highest content of whole intact corn cobs and amounted 97.15% and the lowest content of nonhusked corn ears in the amount of 8.45% (standard version). The minimum content of whole undamaged corn ear was in the crowd picked by picker type A - 88.23% in the control variant. Also, at the same picker was measured the highest content of 17.24% nonhusked corn ears. Total losses were varied in the range of 1.42% (B picker, standard operating speed of 4.10 km h -1 ), to 5.67% control variant (A picker, 7.21 km h -1 ). The speed of movement significantly increased the amount of cut wood chips, so that it ranged from 18.68 - 31.53 cm (C picker type, standard, or control variant), and the other device 19.7-26.3 cm. Labour productivity ranged from 0.44-0.73 ha h -.

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picker, corn, work quality, productivity, losseS

Presentation: oral

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TESTING RESULTS OF MOWER WITH DIFFERENT CUTTING DEVICES IN ALFALFA MOWING pag. 241-248

Sasa R. BARAĆ, A. VUKOVIĆ, Bojana MILENKOVIĆ, M. BIBERDŽIĆ

Alfalfa is an important legume culture, which plays an important role in ruminant nutrition, as well as quality fodder. Intensive production of alfalfa involves the use of appropriate mechanization, i.e. the mower, keeping in mind that the cutting is the first operation in the preparation technology of forage. Mowing must be done in an optimal agrotechnical term, because it reduces the negative impact of external factors and can be done a variety of mowers. The quality of mower is reflected in terms of height stem cutting cutter bar, the amount of losses caused by cutting and grinding, the total losses, efficiency of work procedures in relation to the structural surface and the resulting effect. Quality of work depends on several factors: state of crops, defining of relevant operation parameters, technical accuracy and staff skills. When the relevant parameters are not well coordinated, quality can significantly decrease, resulting in increased losses and poor quality work. The aim of our study was to determine the technical and technological indicators, quality of work achieved and the effects of four types of mowers in the defined modes. Classical oscillatory mower with fingers, standard design oscillatory two rod mower, drum rotary mower and five discs rotary mower were studied. The test method is derived from test objectives. Tests were done in two phases. In the first phase, there were determined work conditions: biological yield, crop characteristics, the average height of alfalfa, the presence of weeds, the condition of the terrain, climatic conditions, while the second phase determined the effects of work depending on the conditions. It was determined a cutting height, the losses during mowing, operating speed, realised effects. Based on the results of the effects of mower different with cutter bar in mowing alfalfa, it was concluded that the changes defined parameters demonstrated a statistically significant impact on the effects of work in all the mower. The lowest cutting height was recorded at the two rod mowers and was 4.52 cm (6.17 km h -1 ) and the highest was at the five discs rotary mower with 8.15 (11.35 km h -1 ). The smallest losses due to the cut height were in conventional mowers and the highest losses were in mowing with the five discs rotary mower and were 2.99% of yield. Total losses were varied in the range of 1.05 to 3.56% of the biological yield.

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: mower,losses, cut height, achieved performance

Presentation: oral

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COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CI ENGINES FUELLED WITH BIOFUELS BY MODELLING INJECTION IRATE LAW pag. 249-257

Calin ICLODEAN, Nicolae BURNETE

This paper presents scientific studies on the development and use of analytical models of the processes occurring during operation of a single cylinder compression ignition engine with direct injection, powered by biofuels. Combustion parameters like cylinder pressure, rate of increased pressure and rate of heat released have been obtained experimentally, and they were studied by simulation, using the injection law iRate. The use of biofuels has been boosted by the severity of current rules on emissions standards and requirements for keeping satisfactory performance in compliance with these rules. The present rules promote the use of biofuels for replacing classic fuels, to help promote use of renewable energy. The AVL MCC combustion model is extended to predict the rate of injection based on the nozzle flow calculation with the injection law iRate. This model determines the injection rate of fuel flow delivered by the injectors. To validate the experimental data measured by test data obtained from simulations is necessary to change the ignition delay time of ignition defined in the optimization model for the engine. In simulations with various models of biodiesel (B10, B20, B50 and B100) showed a decrease of heat released from burning due to low calorific value that is biodiesel. The levels of emissions of nitrogen oxides NO x emissions increase as the concentration of biodiesel due to increased concentration of oxygen in biodiesel. Also due to increased concentration of oxygen in biodiesel concentration values of CO decreases with increasing participation by mixing biodiesel use. Pollutant emissions that have been studied in the simulations with biofuel are nitrogen oxides NO x and CO carbon monoxide. Reduction of NO x content of exhaust gases can be controlled by setting an optimal point of advance depending on load and engine speed and combustion gas recirculation inlet in place of oxygen for decrease the fuel combustion temperature.

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biofuels, simulation, rate of heat released, pollutant emissions, iRate, AVL Boost

Presentation: oral

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OPTIMIZATION OF COMBUSTION PARAMETERS FOR CI ENGINES BY COMPUTER MODELLING pag. 258-267

Calin ICLODEAN, Nicolae BURNETE

This paper presents scientific studies about optimization models for analysis of processes occurring during simulated operation on single cylinder compression ignition engine. The rate of heat released ROHR was obtained experimentally, and by simulation. For validation of the parameters that influence the shape of the combustion heat, released rate has been optimized by designing and running a set of experiments followed to obtain a range of information about minimum and maximum values of response parameters, where the best have been selected results to obtain the objectives. The optimization process was intended improve the results of simulations by minimizing the distances between the values obtained from model simulations and experimental measurements on the laboratory engine. Working method systematically changing the model parameter values simulated by optimization algorithm selected and the settings specified by this parameter. In our case, the optimization process intended to improve the results of simulations by minimizing the distances between the values obtained from simulations on a theoretical model and experimental measurements of the compression ignition engine laboratory. Optimization method used in our case is Genetic Algorithm and is a global search method in the model based on the analogy of natural biological evolution. A population of solutions is improved by creating the descent from these by applying the survival principle of the solution most adapted to the model. After optimizing, the coefficients of injection cycles have been repeated all the simulations, and results were analyzed using Impress Chart post processing program, which by graphical analysis tools output data obtained allows comparison of simulation results with laboratory measurements and validation results for the rate of heat released. Reduced costs and facilities optimization model offers several advantages in obtaining accurate results from simulations, which relies on accurate data and parameters originally introduced in the simulation program. Using computer simulations to validate the experimental measurements we are sure to obtain accurate results in research work.

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simulation, optimization, experiment, rate of heat released, AVL Boost, Design Explorer

Presentation: oral

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INFLUENCES OF ELECTRICALLY ASSISTED CHARGING UPON FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE S.I. ENGINES pag. 268-274

Levente Botond KOCSIS, Nicolae BURNETE

The present paper studies how an electrically assisted charging system influences the functional parameters of spark ignited engines. These influences are studied through the city cycles performed with a modern turbocharged car. The main objective that triggered researches was to improve transient response of the internal combustion engine, with focus on city driving. The issue of turbo lag is well known from decades, but sadly most of turbocharged engines are engineered for peak power output, rather than drivability. Steady–state torque became a simple number car manufacturers use to maintain competition, though the majority of daily driving schedule involves transient conditions. In fact, only a very small part of a vehicle’s operating pattern is true steady – state, e.g., when cruising on a motorway. The fundamental aspect of transient condition lies in its operating differences compared with steady–state operation. Whereas during steady-state conditions, engine speed and fueling, hence all other engine and turbocharger properties remain practically constant, during transient operation, both engine speed and the amount of injected fuel change continuously. Consequently, the available exhaust gas energy varies, affecting turbine enthalpy, air supply and boost pressure. Due to various dynamic, thermal and fluid delays in the system, air–supply is delayed compared with fueling, eventually affecting torque buildup (drivability) and exhaust emissions. Tests were done on a compact SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) which has a greater ground clearance, and it is powered by a spark ignited turbocharged engine to which an electrical charger unit was also fitted. The latter was powered by the car’s own battery. The analyses made upon test data showed a considerable advantage for the electrically assisted version with regard to transient response, generated by the increased pressure and mass flow of the air entering into the combustion chamber through the intake manifold when the electric charger was active, which allowed a greater fuel quantity to be injected, delivering torque from early idle speed.

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transient; steady state; electric charger

Presentation: oral

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THE INFLUENCES OF ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION PROCESS ON BIODIESEL BLENDSOXIDATION STABILITY pag. 275-280

Florin MARIASIU

The use of renewable fuels in fueling of IC engines grows rapidly in all over the world, as reaction to attempts to reduce the green house gas emissions. The biodiesel fuels are made from plant or animal feed-stock trough on esterification process; fatty acid methyl ester resulting as we called generic “biodiesel’. There are some major differences between the biodiesel and diesel fuel physico-chemically characteristics, with immediate influence on diesel engine’s energetic efficiency, fuel consumption, pollutant emissions, reliability etc. New researches show that it is possible to eliminate those differences (partially or totally) using an external energy conditioning process. Besides of the advantages of this process, a major concern regarding about the biodiesel oxidation stability is occurring. The biodiesel is very sensitive to oxidation and thermal degradation. Oxidation of biodiesel can lead to formation of corrosive acids and gum deposits that reduce diesel engine reliability. The paper presents the experimental results about the influences of ultrasonic irradiation on biodiesel blends oxidation stability. An experimental apparatus was developed and the ultrasonic irradiation process was realized using low-power ultrasonic emitters. To create the cavitation phenomenon in the ultrasonic irradiation of biodiesel blends for the present experiment, we used a small volume of biofuel for conditioning (V BD =300 ml) and an ultrasonic horn that produces 35 W/L,PZT type, at 35 kHz frequency emissions, which was applied continuously. The equipment was manufactured from an ultrasonic bath Sonorex Bandelin RK 11 type. Measurements of physical properties considered in the experiments were carried out after duration of 600 seconds ultrasonic irradiation. The Rancimat Oxidation Stability and the Filter Blocking Tendency methods and procedures were use. The biodiesel blends ultrasonic irradiation has as secondary effect the formation of oxidation products, whose quantity in mixtures rises with increasing volume of methyl ester in blends. If the induction period (IP) value of non-irradiated blends ranged between 25.1 and 8.8 hours (for B25 respectively B100) and for ultrasound irradiation these values are 24.8 and 7.8 hours (for B25Us_irr and B100Us_irr respectively). The biodiesel blends ultrasonic irradiation process has as effect a decrease of the induction period, indicating worsening the storage properties of biodiesel. An increasing of 13.04 % in insoluble polymers and as result, a reducing in long-term storage properties was measured for B100 RME blends. The obtained results show that the external energy conditioning process is feasible only for locally and in real time application in fueling of diesel engines.

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ultrasonic; irradiation; biodiesel; oxidation stability; storage properties.

Presentation: oral

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EFFECTS OF LUBRICATING OIL CHARACTERISTICS ON VALVE TRAIN SYSTEM FRICTION LOSSES pag. 281-288

Florin MARIASIU

Modern requirements imposed in modern and actual agriculture-related goals of improve the technologically processes efficiency. Efficiency of specific work processes to agriculture is directly related to energy sources efficiency, energy sources used agricultural machinery and equipment. Importance is given by the contemporary massive growth of the degree of mechanization and automation of agricultural equipment. Energy sources (IC engines) efficiency is defined in general by the quality of transforming the fuels energy into useful heat energy and by the value of mechanical losses due to friction between the mechanisms relative moving. Using adequate lubrication oils can reduce friction losses. Rheological characteristics of lubricating oil directly influence the friction losses due to mechanical friction of IC engines internal mechanisms (piston group, valve train, fuel pump, crankshaft, bearings and seals etc.). The paper aims to determine by computer simulation process (numerical investigation) the influence of the different classes lubricating oils characteristics on lubricating process of the friction losses in valve train system. The friction losses due to camshaft bearing hydrodynamics, between cams and cam followers, due to oscillating valve train hydrodynamics and due to oscillating mixed valve train lubrication was considered. Valve train system has a poor lubrication during cold startup process of an IC diesel engine and thus is necessary a proper lubricating oil to full fit the complex demands of all engine components and subassemblies. The results were obtained according to consideration of constructive parameters and design particularities of tractor diesel engine D-110 type, and were compared with data obtained by experimental measurements. The difference between the total friction losses in valve train system using a SAE10 class lubricating oil and a SAE40 class lubricating oil is 0.16 kW(-7.3 %). Considering these results, is worth to note that if will use a higher SAE viscosity class (e.g. SAE40), is a greatly reduce the friction of the valve train system, but this may negatively influence the engine crankshaft lubrication. High viscosity oil poses to achieve a proper lubrication system, especially at low temperatures engine start process. There are different trends of variation of mechanical losses in components of valve train system for changing the SAE viscosity class of lubricating oil, trends that must be taken into account in the redesign and optimization of the valve train system components.

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lubrication; oil; friction; losses; valve train; simulation.

Presentation: oral

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VARIATION OF TRANSVERSAL DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY FOR EEP-600ME IN CORELATION WITH BOOM STABILITY pag. 289-293

Ovidiu RANTA, Ioan DROCAŞ, Ovidiu MARIAN, Adrian MOLNAR, Sorin STANILĂ, Mircea MUNTEAN

The practice of sustainable agriculture demands the best qualitative indexes for spraying machines and, especially, better distribution uniformity on the working width of these machines. The experimental trials in labaratory conditions were made for EEP-600ME mounted spraying machine by using the HERBST TEST 1000 testing equipment for measuring the cross-cut distribution uniformity, which showed the fact that the boom inclination angle has a great influence on distribution. Rise of boom inclination angle over 2 º leads to decreasing of distribution uniformity. At boom inclination angle only by 5º, the variation coefficient of distribution uniformity is over 37%, value that exceeds the allowable limit by four times over. At boom inclination angle only by 7º, the variation coefficient of distribution uniformity to get 29%. In order to maintain the qualitative indexes in sloped areas there is a demand to use spraying machines that are equipped with devices for boom leveling .

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spraying machine, boom inclination angle, variation coefficient for distribution uniformity.

Presentation: oral

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LOSSES IN ALFALFA MOWING PROCESS PERFORMED BY TRACTOR OSCILLATORY AND ROTARY MOWER pag. 294-299

Aleksandar D VUKOVIĆ, S., BARAĆ, Bojana MILENKOVIĆ

The mowing is the first technical operation performed in the scope of quality cattle food preparation technology. It needs to be done within optimal agro-tehnical time framework in order to decrease potential negative impacts of external factors. This paper shows the losses created during alfalfa mowing process performed by oscillatory and rotary mower. The losses detected during research process have been divided into two groups: losses caused by increased incision height (over 6cm), and losses caused by crushing. The total losses made during mowing by the tested mower were calculated by adding the incusion height losses and crushing losses. The research results of oscillatory mower indicate that the minimal losses caused by the incision height are 0.57% of yields, at the aggregrate mowing speed of 3.82 km/h. Aggregate mowing speed increase tend to slightly increase the losses up to maximum values of 1.17% at the mowing speed of 8.17 km/h. The crunching losses ranged from minimal 0.31% at the maximum aggregate mowing speed, to maximum 0.43% at the minimal mowing speed. The average total losses of oscillatory mower were 1.18% of yields, at the averagge aggregate mowing speed of 5.76 km/h. The research results of rotary mower indicate that the minimal losses caused by the incision height are 0.96% of yields, at the mowing speed of 8.32 km/h.Agreggate mowing speed increase tend to slightly increase the losses up to maximum values of 1.34% at the mowing speed of 10.34 km/h. The crunching losses ranged from minimal 1.61% at the maximum aggregate mowing speed, to maximum 2.18% at the minimal mowing speed. The average total losses of rotary mower were 2.99% of yields, at the average aggregate mowing speed of 9.39 km/h.Comparing research results, it is evident that the oscillatory mower has achieved significantly lower losses in comparison to the rotary mower. The average oscillatory mower losses were 1.18% of yield, whereas the rotary mower losses were slightly higher and were 2.99% of yields. Having in mind the obtained results for tractor oscillatory and rotary mowers used for alfalfa mowing, it may be concluded thet these results range within optimal values, that there are no significant differences and they are in conformity with resultes obtained by other authors.

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:oscillatory mower, rotary mower, moving, losses, incision height

Presentation: oral

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