Rjas

Vol 55, No 4 (2023)

STUDIES REGARDING THE CAUSING OF FLOODING ON THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF PETRIȘ VALLEY pag. 3-14

Florentina AUDI 1 , Laura ȘMULEAC 2, Cristina TULBURE

Throughout history, humans have tried to change and shape their environment to meet their basic needs, such as food and shelter. Water has always had a special significance in human consciousness, and its perception since ancient times can be understood from two distinct perspectives: the continuity of life on earth and at the same time its destructive power. At the same time, water has also been perceived as an element with significant destructive potential, especially in terms of floods and the natural disasters associated with them. This perspective reflects the violent side of water, which can have devastating consequences when it gets out of control. This duality of water, as a source of life and as a destructive force, has given it a special place in myths, cultures and human thinking over the centuries. Thus, studies and research are carried out to understand and control environmental factors, which under certain conditions can be considered risk phenomena. In the present work, the conditions of flooding production in the Petriș Valley, located in the Mures river basin, a region characterized by geographical diversity and its significant impact on the environment and local communities, are investigated. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Mures river basin, highlighting the geographical features, relief, climate, and hydrological infrastructure surrounding it. It also discusses past extreme climatic events and measures taken to protect inhabited areas from flooding.

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flooding, hydrographic basin, climate change, flow, runoff

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3 MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF CORN CROPS IN WESTERN ROMANIA - IMPACT OF CHANGING CLIMATIC FACTORS ON ABUNDANCE AND POPULATION DYNAMICS pag. 15-23

Călin BUJORA, Roxana MĂRIUȚĂ, Diana ARSINE, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU, Ioana GROZEA

Insect pests are one of the main factors responsible for the decline in the production of agricultural crops, and their incidence and impact are to a large extent determined by weather and climate conditions, which are constantly changing. For example, in the corn crop in the western part of Romania, 3 pests, Ostrinia nubilalis, Helicoverpa armigera and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, play a key role in the potential long-term impacts of climate change on productivity. The ecological responses of the 3 pests to recent climate change are already visible and are mainly associated with the increase in temperature and the lack of rainfall from 2022 onwards, causing major imbalances in the corn crop and leading to extremely high populations of these pests with significant production losses. Therefore, as the conditions of their occurrence have changed at a high rate, the aim of this paper was to monitor the 3 target pests through the lens of abundance and population dynamics. The research was conducted in 2022 and the experimental plots were located in Clarii Vii (Jimbolia) (45°49′44.7″N 20°48′24.6″E), the total experimental fields being of : 64,134 m2. DEKALB DKC 4598 maize hybrid was used. Monitoring was performed between May and September 2022 by placing Csalomon pheromone traps in the experimental plot: -VARL+ - for O. nubilalis, RAG - for H. armigera and PALz - for D. virgifera virgifera. The traps were installed on 23 May 2022 at a rate of 2 traps per hectare, the readings were taken every 7 days and the change of the sexual pheromone was carried out at an interval of 4 weeks. The first individuals appeared in the week 23rd - 27th May (BBCH maize 6 - 8 leaves) with an average of 9.2 adults/trap/day for O. nubilalis, 8.6 adults/trap/day for H. armigera; and the first individuals of D. virgifera virgifera appeared on 17th June with an average of 56.3 adults/trap/day. The maximum abundance of the first generation was reached on 17 June for O. nubilalis (15.8 adults/trap/day) and on 23 June for H. armigera (11.1 adults/trap/day). With an average of 19.8 adults/trap/day for O. nubilalis and 13.8 for H. armigera, the maximum threshold for the second generation is reached on 6 August 2022. The species D. virgifera virgifera, which has only one generation/year, reaches the maximum on 8 September 2022 with an average of 359.6 adults/trap/day. The results of the present study showed that occurrence had a positive, non-significant correlation with minimum and maximum temperature. Relative humidity was the other most important factor that was closely related to the activity of the pests. In the case of precipitation, a positive, significant correlation was found.

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pests, corn, climatic factors, abundance, population dynamics

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL RESOURCES IN SELEUŞ COMMUNE, ARAD COUNTY pag. 24-32

Cristina BUPTE (RÂPĂ)*, Anca Maria PORUBSKI*,Simona NIŢĂ*, L. NIŢĂ*

The object of this study is the lands belonging to the cadastral territory of Seleuș commune, Arad county, respectively the soils identified in the mentioned perimeter. They are studied in relation to the environmental factors that condition their existence, together with them, forming homogeneous ecological territory units (UT or TEO) with specific favouritivities for different agricultural or forestry uses and with specific breeding requirements and technologies. The research is based on the establishment of a sustainable agriculture system, meeting the requirements for the establishment of the scientific database necessary for the establishment of technologies and for the development of measures for the integrated management of agroecosystems. It aims to obtain a fund of information on technical and fertility characteristics in order to determine the current general production capacity of land for different crop plants, respectively different uses, to substantiate technically and scientifically the most appropriate practical measures regarding the rational use and conservation of the land fund, in order to make them available to specialists and also to serve as elements in the composition of the data of M.A.D.R. in order to achieve and update the "National and County Soil-Land Monitoring System for Agriculture", but also to substantiate other programs in the field of activity of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: implementation of the nitrates directive, application of the provisions of the sewage sludge directive, directive on biofuels, directive on delimitation of disadvantaged areas, climate change, organic agriculture, etc.

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soil cover, agricultural, soil fertility, potential production

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INVENTORY OF GRASSLAND SURFACES IN THE CRÍSUL ALB HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN, USING GIS TECHNIQUES pag. 33-42

Copăcean Loredana1,2, Man E.T.1, Herban S.1, Popescu C.2, Ilca M.1, Cojocariu Luminiţa2

Grasslands (pastures and hayfields) can be seen as the main natural resources of rural territories, considering the predominantly agricultural profile of these areas. In this context, the present study has as its main purpose the inventory of grassland areas in the Crișul Alb river basin and their relationship with certain components of the natural environment (altitude, slope, relief unit and so on). The Corine Land Cover database, 2018 edition, was used to identify and locate the grassland areas, and the data and spatial analyzes were carried out in the GIS environment. The analyzed area has a total surface of 422798 ha, and grasslands were identified on 61250 ha, which represents 14.49% of the total. In terms of territorial distribution, the areas used as grasslands can be found in all relief forms and units, in different proportions, but a greater concentration of them was observed in the Crișurilor Plain, in the Cigherului Hills and in the Zarandului Depression. In terms of altitude, the study area falls between 82 - 1587 m, with significant grassland areas being concentrated, for the most part, in the lower altitudinal levels. In the case of areas used as grasslands, the slope of the land, one of the most important limiting factors, has different values, depending on the sub-area and the relief conditions. Overall, in the study area, grasslands are well "represented", especially in its western half, the eastern half being dominated by forest areas.

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grasslands, spatial distribution, watershed

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THE NATURAL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL FROM S.C. DM AGROLUGOJ S.R.L. BARA MUNICIPALITY, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 43-51

D. COVACIU*, Simona NIŢĂ*, L. NIŢĂ*

The aim of the work is to obtain a fund of information on the characteristics of the natural environment, of the soils in the area in particular, with zonal selling characteristics, which in fact define the structure of the land fund and the state of soil quality, in order to establish the ecological specificity of the land's productivity possible pressures on them. The theme is, because it derives from the fact that it is different soil qualities from another territory, which are specific to the factors and conditions of formation and evolution of private soils as a very complex ecological system. The research of consciousness in the application of the data area regarding the development of some agricultural components of the productive land related to the cosmic-atmospheric and telluric-edaphic supply necessary for the foundation of some current cultural technologies or to create the soil for their effective use through a complex and approach to physical conditions geographical and climate-edaphic in the contact zone between the high plain of Banat and the Lipova Hills. Considering these aspects regarding the existence due to various manifestations of natural factors or irrational human interventions, the work towards the authors to seek to transfer descriptive theoretical activities to analytical ones that offer practical solutions in the sustainable management of edaphic resources. The research is based on the establishment of a sustainable agriculture system, meeting the requirements for the establishment of the scientific database necessary for the establishment of technologies and for the development of measures for the integrated management of agroecosystems.

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soil, agricultural, economic values, potential production

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MONITORING OF GRASSLANDS IN SARAVALE COMMUNE pag. 52-60

Daniel Ciubotaru, Rodica Anișoara Crăciunescu, Ciprian Stroia, Stef Ramona

The importance of permanent pastures is highlighted by their crucial role in providing food for animals, conserving biodiversity, protecting the soil and the environment, and their contribution to the development of sustainable agricultural systems. The purpose of this study is to manage the pastures in the Saravale Commune (Timis County, Romania) to achieve optimal production and maintain biodiversity, thereby protecting the surrounding environment. To determine the floristic composition and pastoral value of grasslands, field sampling methods are used, including floristic surveys on square sample plots, and the calculation of the Pasture Value Index (PVI) for assessing the quality of the pasture. PVI ranges from 0 (degraded pasture) to 100 (ideal pasture), providing essential information for the management and conservation of plants biodiversity. The Saravale Commune hosts four distinct grasslands, each containing a diverse range of plant species. For instance, Grassland I is dominated by Agropyron repens and includes valuable legumes such as Medicago lupulina. In Body II, the predominant species are Vulpia myuros and Cynodon dactylon. Grassland III is led by Lolium perenne, while Grassland IV is characterized by Agrostis stolonifera. The removal of toxic species such as Euphorbia cyparissias and Achillea millefolium could improve the pasture's pastoral value. The aims of study were to improve the nutritional value of the grasslands in the Saravale Commune to enhance animal production and maintain a healthy ecological environment.

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grasslands, management, leguminous, grasses, plant diversity

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ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY OF ORIGANUM VULGARE pag. 61-66

Andrada Bercar Petreszelyem1, Floares Doris2, Plustea Loredana3,Diana Obistioiu2, Laura Smuleac2

Microorganism assemblage comprised of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and other biological elements represents the bacterial biofilm. Even though biofilm formations might help with some soil and wastewater treatment procedures, they might also put patients at risk for long-term infections and poor personal hygiene in both clinical and industrial settings. It has been noted that adding certain essential oils or extracts directly to various goods has an antibacterial and/or antioxidant impact. A growth in microbial biofilm resistance in recent years has presented significant issues for the food business in terms of contamination and shelf-life loss, as well as for the medical community in terms of treating diseases. This paper evaluates the antibacterial efficiency against the biofilm generated by Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), as well as the Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare. The evaluation was performed by measuring the microbial biofilm using the microdilution assay, crystal violet staining, and reading of OD by spectrophotometry per ISO 20776-1:2019. Confocal microscopy was used to capture the images of S. aureus biofilm before and after treatment with the tested essential oil. The statistically evaluated results suggest a very good efficacy against S. aureus bacteria and a more limited activity against E. coli.

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Origanum, anti-biofilm, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, MBIC.

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DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS IN THE CARIBBEAN AREA pag. 67-75

F. GUYVENCHY1, G. POPESCU1, Laura ȘMULEAC 1, R. PAȘCALĂU1

The Caribbean region, celebrated for its breathtaking natural landscapes and rich biodiversity, confronts a range of compelling challenges in its quest to preserve and regenerate its ecosystems. Historically, environmental stressors such as the far-reaching impacts of climate change, overexploitation of marine resources, pollution, and habitat degradation have imperilled the region's ecological integrity. This abstract illuminates the diverse and multifaceted strategies and initiatives that are being meticulously implemented to reinvigorate and maintain a harmonious ecological balance in the Caribbean. The paramount significance of cross-sectoral collaboration is underscored, emphasizing the necessity of cohesive efforts spanning governments, non-governmental organizations, local communities, and international partners. Science-based conservation practices are central to this endeavour, guiding decision-making processes and ensuring that actions are informed by the latest research findings. Community engagement is also highlighted as a critical component of the path towards sustainability. By involving local populations in the management and protection of their natural resources, a sense of ownership and responsibility is cultivated, contributing to the long-term success of conservation initiatives. Specific projects and innovative approaches, such as coral reef restoration programs, sustainable fisheries management, and coastal habitat preservation, are showcased as beacons of hope. These initiatives demonstrate that the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient Caribbean is not only feasible but is, in fact, already underway. In this transformed landscape, vibrant ecosystems coexist with burgeoning economic opportunities, including ecotourism and sustainable fisheries, enhancing the region's socio-economic prosperity. Moreover, the rich cultural heritage of the Caribbean remains intact, preserving the cultural identity and traditions that are intimately connected to the region's ecosystems. The journey towards sustainable ecosystems in the Caribbean is not merely an aspiration; it is a time-sensitive and essential mission that carries profound lessons and inspiration for other regions grappling with similar environmental challenges. This abstract encapsulates the ongoing transformation of the Caribbean, where a harmonious coexistence between human activity and the natural world is becoming a reality, providing a blueprint for achieving ecological sustainability on a global scale

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sustainable, biodiversity, environment, eco-systems, Caribbean

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POLLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE CARRIBEAN pag. 76-83

F. GUYVENCHY, R. PAȘCALĂU, L. ȘMULEAC, P. MERGHEȘ, A.ȘMULEAC, L.VORNICU, R. JIGĂU, Ș.ZOICAN, C. ZOICAN

The Caribbean region, renowned for its pristine beaches, azure waters, and lush landscapes, faces the growing challenge of pollution and its impact on biodiversity. This abstract delves into the intricate dynamics of pollution and its consequences on the unique ecosystems of the Caribbean. It highlights the pressing need for environmental conservation and sustainable practices in this paradisiacal but fragile part of the world. The Caribbean, a global treasure of natural beauty, grapples with the threats posed by pollution to its rich biodiversity. This abstract unravels the complex interplay between pollution and the diverse ecosystems of the Caribbean: Pollution Sources: The Caribbean region contends with pollution from multiple sources, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, marine litter, and tourism-related activities. The pervasive nature of these pollutants raises concerns about their cumulative effect on the environment. Marine Ecosystems: The Caribbean Sea is home to some of the world's most diverse and delicate marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and seagrass beds. Pollution, particularly from nutrient runoff and plastic waste, poses a substantial threat to the health and resilience of these ecosystems. Terrestrial Biodiversity: The islands of the Caribbean boast a unique range of flora and fauna. Pollution affects terrestrial ecosystems through deforestation, habitat destruction, and contamination of soil and freshwater bodies, which disrupts the balance of these fragile habitats. Coral Bleaching: Pollution-induced climate change exacerbates coral bleaching events, endangering the vibrant coral reefs that are vital to the region's biodiversity and economy. The loss of coral reefs impacts marine life, fishing, and tourism. Conservation Efforts: Conservation initiatives in the Caribbean are critical for mitigating the impact of pollution on biodiversity. These efforts encompass sustainable tourism practices, marine protected areas, waste management, and public awareness campaigns. Economic Implications: The degradation of biodiversity due to pollution affects the region's economic sustainability. The Caribbean heavily relies on tourism, and the decline in the natural beauty of the region jeopardizes its economic prosperity. Global Responsibility: The interconnectedness of the world's oceans underscores the global responsibility to address pollution in the Caribbean. International collaboration is essential for the region's environmental conservation. In summary, this abstract underscores the pressing need to address pollution and its ramifications on biodiversity in the Caribbean. The paradise of the Caribbean is at a crossroads, where environmental stewardship and sustainable practices are imperative to safeguard its unique ecosystems and ensure the well-being of its communities and the planet.

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Agriculture, Caribbean, flora, fauna, runoff, seagrass, tourism, habitats, sustainability, pollution, planet.

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PRODUCTION RESULTS OBTAINED DEPENDING ON RISK CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN CAMPIA LOCATION, CARAS SEVERIN COUNTY, IN THE PERIOD 2019-2022 pag. 84-90

IOVANOVICI VELCO SAVA, SUCIU GHEORGHE, MIRCOV DRAGOSLAV VLAD, MIHUT CASIANA

In the present work, the production results obtained in the area of Langovet were presented, over a period of four years, in the period 2019-2022, a locality located in the immediate vicinity of the border with Serbia. The data used in this work were provided by the Banat Crisana Regional Meteorological Center, data that reported the meteorological aspects of risk reported at two meteorological stations in Caras Severin county, the meteorological station from Oravita and the one from Moldova Noua, for the analyzed period. At the beginning of the work, I presented the geographical location of Campia (Langovet), a village belonging to Socol commune, and then I carried out a climatological description of certain risk factors prevalent in this area of Caras Severin county. The Danube gorge is under the influence of the air masses that circulate towards the northeast, it is distinct and contributes to the increase of the originality of the landscape. We thus emphasize the presence of more abundant precipitation if we consider the temperate continental climate of our country's territory. In addition, precipitation manifests itself with a spasmodic character, recording the highest values during autumn and spring with variables registered by the exposure of the slopes. Regarding the average annual temperature of the area, we mention that it is higher. The average annual isotherm of 110 delimits the Danube corridor. Thanks to these evaluations, we signal the presence of biocenoses specific to the area. For several decades, our family has been working in the field of agriculture in the town of Langovet, being among the first to purchase machinery in our town. In total, we cultivate 95 ha, of which 40 ha are our property, the remaining 55 ha are leased, the surfaces being cultivated with corn, sunflower and wheat. Regarding the share held by the three crops, in the last year, in 2022, we have 20 ha of sunflower, the remaining 75 ha being almost equally divided between the other two crops, corn and wheat. The paper presents the production results obtained during the four analyzed years, 2019-2022.

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weather station, risk aspects, average annual temperature, isotherm, slopes, production

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PRODUCTIONS OBTAINED FROM AGRICULTURAL CROPS AS A FUNCTION OF RISK FACTORS IN THE LOCATION OF IERMATA, ARAD COUNTY, IN THE PERIOD 2020-2023 pag. 91-97

IOVANOVICI VELCO SAVA, SUCIU GHEORGHE, SUCIU CALIN DENIS, MIRCOV DRAGOSLAV VLAD, MIHUT CASIANA

In this work, we took into account the evolution of the production of the main crops grown in the area of Iermata, Seleus commune, Arad county, over a period of four years, between 2020-2023. In order to correlate the production data with certain meteorological indicators, we took into account the meteorological data provided by the Banat Crisana Regional Meteorological Center, for Arad county, Chisineu Cris meteorological station. Seleus commune is located in the eastern part of the Crişului Alb Plain, on the course of the Cigher river. It is located 12 km from Ineu, 6 km from Pâncota and 45 km from the municipality of Arad. It is also crossed by the Cigher river, the Morilor canal, to the north is Crisul Alb and to the west the Matca Canal. The Seleus commune is composed of three localities: Seleus, Moroda and Iermata. The area is characterized by a temperate climate with moderate continental accents, with warm summers and mild winters, characteristic of the Western Plain. It can be appreciated that the influences of the Mediterranean climate are easily felt. The multiannual air temperature average is 10.6°C. The warmest month is July (20.7°C) and the coldest is January (-1.1°C). The absolute maximum and minimum temperatures (+40.4°C and -30.1°C, respectively) demonstrate the possibility of recording a very hot summer or rather cold winter and mark the climatic continentalism. In general, the winters are moderate, without strong frosts due to the western climatic influence and due to the fact that the area has a more sheltered position from the polar-continental air invasions from the east and northeast. In the spring, under the influence of the western circulation and the extension of the ridges of the Azorean anticyclone over the south of Europe, the de-spring is faster than in the eastern part of the country. In the summer months, the air temperature is not too high, due to the western influences. It is between 18.9°C in June and 20.7°C in July. In autumn, the multiannual averages of these months vary between 16.2°C in September and 6.2°C in November. This decrease in temperature is due to the advection of cold air under the action of the ridge of the Euro-Asian anticyclone. The area being frequently subject to warm air invasions from the south-western sector, means that even in this season the temperature is 1°-2° higher than in the eastern part of the country.

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climatic continentalism. polar-continental air, anticyclone, months, south-western sector

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ANALYZING, DIGITIZING AND TRANSFORMING AN ANALOG MAP INTO DIGITAL FORMAT IN ORDER TO MODERNIZE THE INFRASTRUCTURE pag. 98-106

Ivu Larisa-Nicoleta, Todor Iasmina Patricia, Nistor Denisa Andreea

The purpose of the work is to analyze, digitize and transform analog maps into digital format in order to modernize road infrastructure and land improvement networks. In this work, was pursued the analysis and digitization of analog maps at a scale of 1:25000 in digital format - L-34-78-D-b (Cărpiniş, Iecea Mică, Beregsău Mic) and L-34-79-C-a (Săcălaz, Beregsău Mare, Becicherecu Mic and Dudești Noi). The work presents the following stages in the realization of the project: the organization stage necessary for the transformation of the maps into digital format, the materials and methods used, the data processing in order to transform the analog maps into digital format necessary for the achievement of thematic maps that include the localities within the territorial administrative units Săcălaz, Cărpiniș, Becicherecu Mic, Iecea Mică, Beregsău Mic and Dudesti Noi . After analyzing the maps, it was concluded that, in order to digitize and transform the maps from analog to digital format, the following specialized programs are needed: AutoCAD 2013, Raster Design 2013 and TransDatRO 4.06. In order to digitize and transform maps from analog to digital format, the following methods are required: georeferencing, vectorization and data interpretation. After establishing the methods, this whole transformation process was carried out in the AutoCAD program through several stages, resulting maps in digital format in order to interpret the data and create the thematic maps necessary for the updating, modernization and acheievement on a modern basis of the infrastructure that connects the component localities of the 4 administrative territorial units.

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Cartography, map, georeferencing, vectorization.

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IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON THE FLOW REGIME IN THE MUREŞ HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN, SĂVÎRŞIN SECTOR pag. 107-113

Maria Roana JURCOANE1, Laura ȘMULEAC 2, Cristina TULBURE 2

In the conditions of global climate change, when the distribution of precipitation is constantly changing, and the intensity with which it occurs, increasingly affects the flow of water into rivers. Watercourses, if not arranged and left to nature, affect human settlements through the destructive effect of water. Floods can lead to human and animal losses, make people sick and leave residents homeless. They can also affect the environment, infrastructure and property. Under these conditions, it is necessary to carry out flood defence works and they will be done only after an analysis of the risk of occurrence and the importance of the defended objectives. In this paper, the Mures hydrographic basin, Săvîrșin sector is analyzed, the evolution of precipitation, flow and water level in 2021-2022 is monitored. It was noted that the highest amounts of precipitation fell in 2022, of 173 mm, and the lowest of 22.1 mm in October 2021. The maximum flow rate was in May 2021, of 576 m3/s, and the minimum of 36 m3/s in October of the same year. The maximum water level was recorded was in May (277) and the minimum was recorded in October -22, both values in 2021. However, there were no flood problems in the Săvîrșin sector during the analyzed period.

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floods, Mures river basin, water flow, water level, precipitation, dammings

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STUDIES ON THE HARVESTING OF GRASSY CEREALS WITHIN THE S.C. FARM. ANDREAS AGRO BRIKETS S.R.L. FROM THE TOWN OF BOBDA, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 114-120

Florian, MLADIN, Grațian VĂCĂRESCU, Anișoara DUMA COPCEA, Casiana MIHUȚ

The purpose of this work is to harvest grassy cereals under optimal conditions from the researched area. The harvesting of grassy cereals is a particularly important work that must be carried out on time and with minimal losses. The dynamics of equipping agriculture with mechanical means is continuously increasing, current concerns being directed towards increasing the number of agricultural machines and equipment as well as their improvement. The modern technical endowment of agriculture requires thorough training and a high professional level of all those who use this endowment. The harvesting of agricultural products constitutes the completion and conclusion of the agricultural production process, it is the point of convergence of all human actions, of all the material and spiritual efforts invested by society in the agricultural work process in order to produce material goods so necessary for its existence and development. The modern systems adapted to grain harvesters are materialized through the intensive use of calculation techniques and electro-hydraulic systems for the command and execution of various operations, resulting in optimal parameters in the work process. The sensors installed in the combine, at different working organs, transmit the signals to the on-board computer that processes these signals, displays them on the monitor advising the combine or activates the automatic system, which controls the optimal operating parameters of the work process of the combine within the limits imposed by the user. In conclusion, from what was previously reported, it can be observed that worldwide the companies producing self-propelled combines for grain harvesting have adopted new, viable and high-performance solutions in their construction, which give these combines reliability, productivity and superior quality, comfort and safety in operation their.

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harvesting, grassy cereals, agricultural products

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FARMER PERCEPTION OF THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RICE PRODUCTION AND THEIR ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN THE MAYO-DANAY, FAR-NORTH CAMEROON pag. 121-134

J. J. MOKSIA1, A. IBRAHIMA1, C. STROIA2, M. A. MAMADOU LAMINOU13 , L. DANCEA2*

A survey was carried out in the Mayo-Danay Division, Far-North Cameroon to assess rice farmer indigenous knowledge of the impact of climate change on rice production, their adaptation strategies. A sample of 140 of rice farmers was chosen at random in four rice growing municipality and was interviewed using a structured questionnaire with open and closed questions. The results showed that farmers clearly perceive climatic variations and their impact on rice production through the delay (89.00%) and decrease (87.00%) of rains, flooding (88.60%) and drought (85.00%). The impact of these climate changes on rice production was directly observed on the variation in yield according to the rice growing seasons and confirmed the perception of farmers. To cope with these climate variations, two types of adaptation strategies have been developed by farmers in area. This concerns varietal adaptation such as the use of improved varieties, and that of cultural practices such as direct seeding, transplanting, construction of protective or anti-erosion bunds and use of the fodder. It was a question of analyzing the farmer perception of the impact of climate change on rice production in Mayo-Danay Division. It appears that the farmers of Mayo-Danay perceived climatic disturbances in irrigated and rainfed rice cultivation. These preliminary results could contribute to sustainable management of rice cultivation.

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Climatic variability, farmer perception, rice production, adaptation strategy, Mayo-Danay, Cameroon.

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STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURAL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN CARAȘ-SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 135-141

Ileana MOROCILĂ, Ana-Mariana DINCU

Agriculture is very different from other economic activities, due to the fact that, on the one hand, agricultural activity is conditioned by the biological evolution of plants and animals, and on the other hand, it provides food for the population. Through this paper, the authors provide a clearer picture of the evolution of vegetable agricultural production in Caraș-Severin county. With an area of 386,778 ha, Caraș-Severin County owns 3.6% of the country's surface, ranking third among the country's counties. Although Caraş-Severin county is the third largest in the country, in terms of agricultural area (386,778 ha), it only ranks 13th, due to the predominantly mountainous terrain. Of all the existing agricultural lands in the studied area, about 82% are located on sloping lands, due to the relief which is mostly mountainous, not being suitable for large agricultural crops. Thanks to the involvement of local authorities and the data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and other bibliographic sources, we were able to observe and compare the evolution, over time, of the vegetable agricultural production in Caraș-Severin County. The centralization, processing and interpretation of the data also allowed the formulation of the main conclusions with reference to the vegetable agricultural potential of the studied area.

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vegetable agricultural production, agriculture, area, Caraș-Severin county

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MACRO AND MICRO ELEMENTS IN SPONTANEOUS FLORA MUSHROOMS FROM THE TRANSYLVANIAN REGION pag. 142-148

Alexandra MUREȘAN, Antonia ODAGIU*, Tania MIHĂIESCU, Claudia BALINT, Petru BURDUHOS

The use of edible mushrooms from the spontaneous flora can help complete food diets being considered important sources of micronutrients with positive effects on human health. The identification of the nutritional status of the mushrooms from the Transylvanian area involves identification of species, environmental factors, and qualitative and quantitative physico-chemical mushrooms’ traits. The purpose of the research is to determine the macro and micro elemental content of the mushrooms from a specific area to provide a complete picture of their interaction with the environment. The samples considered for the analysis consisted of two species of mushrooms Boletus edulis Bull. (boletus) and Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (chanterelle mushrooms) and determinations of mineral elements were performed using an ElvaX Mobile - a portable Energy Dispersive - X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) analyzer. The results of the study revealed that potassium was the most abundant macro element (in average concentration of 23.300 ppm) in Boletus edulis Bull. followed by calcium. The same trend was recorded in the case of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. samples. Among the microelements, Fe tended to be most abundant in both mushrooms’ species. The main idea derived from the research carried out is that wild-grown mushrooms are natural food resources, which must be valued due to their flavor and taste on one hand and to their high mineral content on the other hand.

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wild mushrooms, nutritional status, mineral element, Boletus edulis Bull., Cantharellus cibarius Fr.

Presentation: oral presentation

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AGRIPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE YOUTH IN KENYA: A CASE OF KIAMBU COUNTY pag. 149-157

Dancea Lucretiu, ULST Mr. Elly Ndiao, Africa International University Ms. Phelyster Nafula Kisambu, Africa International University Ms. Hadija Idrisa Mtunguja, University of Dar Es Salaam

The purpose of this research was to explore the agripreneurship opportunities for the youth in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was motivated by the Kenya government’s push to have the youth who are more than 60% of Kenya population to be involved in meaningful economic agricultural activities. The study was situated in Kiambu County which has a very high rate of youth unemployment, and it is meant to explore opportunities for youth to engage in viable economic agricultural activities and which in this study will be referred to as Agripreneurship. The concept of agripreneurship has the potential to bring about agricultural innovation and sustainable economic growth in the county. In the context of Kiambu County, which functions as one of the most agriculturally productive regions in Kenya, this study aimed at illustrating the importance of youth engagement in agriculture and agripreneurship to illustrate how the youth in Kenya can influence economic growth, enable food security, and promote sustainable farming practices. The research employed a desktop review, a qualitative approach, to explore recent studies on agripreneurship opportunities available to Kenyan youth in the agricultural sector. As per the research findings, there are several instances of successful agripreneurs in Kiambu County who have transformed and impacted the overall agricultural industry. The findings also showed that some of the agripreneurship opportunities that could be explored by the youth in the county include, technology-driven innovations, sustainable farming practices, and agribusiness ventures. The research managed to illustrate that agripreneurship in not only empowering to the youth but also in enhancing the overall agricultural productivity of Kiambu County. Nonetheless, further research is necessary in examining how the youth could make use of technology to create agripreneurship opportunities in the county.

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Agripreneurship, Agripreneurs, Agribusiness, Unemployment, Innovation

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EXAMINING THE LINK BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN KENYA pag. 158-165

Phelyster K. NAFULA1 , T. O. OPIYO2 , Elly NDIAO3, Janette CHIBURRE4, Lucretiu DANCEA 5

Biodiversity generally entails the flora and fauna present in the natural world. It includes diverse forms of life that are present in each locality (plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms present in the ecosystem). The essence of biodiversity is that the species and microorganisms present in an ecosystem function together to support life and establish a balance. Biodiversity sustains life and allows human beings to access resources necessary for survival, resources such as shelter, clean water, food and so forth. In relation to agriculture, biodiversity entails various factors that support the agricultural system in terms of soil fertility, pollination, pest control and crop quality and yield. It also enhances and supports quality landscape. Nonetheless, the amplification of agricultural practices poses a threat to biodiversity in significant ways due to the intensive use of synthetic pesticides, mineral fertilizers including the division of farming lands, leading to the loss of biodiversity. The research is guided by the view that even though the growth in agricultural practices has enabled continuous feeding of the increasing world population, the growth is approached as one of the major factors that have led to the loss of biodiversity in Kenya. The study employed a desk review of scholarly articles published between 2019 and 2023 to analyze the connection between agricultural practices and biodiversity conservation in Kenya. As per the research findings, various factors that include poor land management practices, and unsustainable agricultural techniques threaten biodiversity conservation in Kenya. Nonetheless there are practical options that can be applied in Kenya’s agricultural practices that can both enhance biodiversity conservation as well as facilitate sufficient food production.

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Climate Change, Pastoral Communities, Adaptation strategies, Mitigation strategies

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EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY ON PASTORAL COMMUNITIES IN KENYA pag. 166-175

Phelyster K. NAFULA1 , T. O. OPIYO2 , Elly NDIAO3, Lucretiu DANCEA

Climate change and variability have significant impacts on pastoral communities in Kenya. The effects include reduced livestock productivity, food insecurity, and increased conflicts over resources amongst other adverse effects. Examining such effects makes it possible to suggest adaptive and sustainable practices that can be used to improve the conditions of Arid and semi-arid areas in Kenya where majority of the pastoral communities live. The goal of this paper is to review the effects of climate change and variability on pastoral communities in Kenya. The study employs a desk review of recent journal articles that have comprehensively documented the research topic. As per the research findings, pastoral communities in Kenya face significant challenges due to climate change and variability. They have, however, used a variety of adaptation strategies, such as diversifying their sources of income, managing resources as a group, and using new technologies. The use of secondary sources of information and the potential biases in the selection of journal articles are the study's shortcomings. The study has generated relevant knowledge that policymakers and development agencies can use in designing climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions that are responsive to the specific needs and circumstances of pastoral communities in Kenya, Africa.

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Climate Change, Pastoral Communities, Adaptation strategies, Mitigation strategies

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HOW DIGITIZATION HAS REVOLUTIONIZED TEA FARMING IN KENYA: A CASE OF KERICHO COUNTY pag. 176-184

Dancea Lucretiu, ULST Mr. Elly Ndiao, Africa International University Ms. Phelyster Nafula Kisambu, Africa International University

The study sought to examine how digitization has revolutionized tea farming in Kenya with a specific focus on Kericho County in Kenya. A key aspect to consider is that the post-modern world which is largely characterized by digital technology, has brought about the transformation of traditional farming practices such that they are highly digitalized, efficient, and sustainable. The tea industry in Kenya plays a critical role in the nation’s agricultural sector since the colonial era. It has significantly contributed to the national economy and provided livelihoods for thousands of small-scale farmers. Also, Kericho county is considered as the heart of tea farming in Kenya, and thus, the region of interest for the study. By focusing on Kericho county, the idea is that the region will function as a model for other regions that produce tea in Kenya and across its borders, with the focus on valuable lessons for leveraging technology to enhance agricultural practices. The study employed a desktop review and in particular used the online libraries of Africa International University and University of Timisoara. This methodology enabled the researchers to examine the impact of digital technology on tea farming in Kenya, with a specific focus on Kericho County. By reviewing a wide range of scholarly articles, the research assessed the extent of the integration of digital technology in tea farming in the county in terms of its influence on productivity, and the challenges experienced by farmers. Key findings of the review included the prevalent use of technologies associated with mechanical harvesting, planting and cutting strategies including mobile applications and weather sensors resulting in improved yield production, access to markets, and decreased post-harvest losses. The findings also addressed the challenges faced by farmers such as access to technology, digital literacy, data security concerns including unemployment among the youth. The conclusion is that there is need for government policies that ensure that the welfare of farmers in the region is protected despite the mechanization of various processes and that farmers are informed on how they can take advantage of digital technology in their daily farming practices.

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Digitization, Digital Technology, Tea Industry, Mechanization, Productivity

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PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY IN FISH-FARMING ARRANGEMENTS pag. 185-190

A. OACHIȘ1, Laura VORNICU1, C. ZOICAN1, R. PAȘCALĂU1

Fish farming, or aquaculture, is pivotal in meeting the global demand for seafood and alleviating strain on wild fisheries. However, its expansion poses environmental challenges, especially in terms of biodiversity preservation. The scientific article stresses the importance of balancing aquaculture growth with biodiversity conservation. It explores strategies to mitigate negative impacts, emphasizing sustainable and responsible aquaculture. Collaborative efforts among governments, industries, and environmental groups are crucial for harmonizing fish farming and biodiversity preservation. The abstract delves into the intricate interplay between aquaculture and biodiversity, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions for a sustainable and resilient future. The article delves into the intricate interplay between aquaculture and biodiversity, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions for a sustainable and resilient future. As fish farming expands to meet global seafood demand, potential environmental challenges emerge, particularly concerning biodiversity preservation. The document underscores the significance of finding a delicate balance between the growth of fish-farming arrangements and conservation efforts. Various strategies and practices are discussed to mitigate negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems, highlighting the necessity of sustainable and responsible aquaculture development. Collaborative efforts among governments, industry players, and environmental organizations are crucial for fostering harmonious coexistence between fish farming and biodiversity preservation. Ultimately, the abstract provides insights into the complex relationship between aquaculture and biodiversity conservation, urging the exploration of innovative solutions for a more sustainable future.

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biodiversity, fish- farming arrangements, environment, preservation, importance

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FISHERIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES BALANCING RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION pag. 191-197

A. OACHIȘ 1, Ș. ZOICAN1, L. VORNICU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, R. PAȘCALĂU1

The intersection of fisheries and environmental issues presents a delicate challenge in today's world. This article highlights the complex and multifaceted relationship between fisheries and environmental concerns. As fisheries play a critical role in global food security and economic sustenance, their activities have significant environmental implications, affecting marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and the sustainability of aquatic resources. Sustainable fisheries management practices, including the establishment of marine protected areas, eco-friendly fishing techniques, and the reduction of bycatch, are essential to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. Striking a balance between meeting the growing demand for seafood and safeguarding our oceans and aquatic ecosystems is of paramount importance for the future of our planet. The dynamic nature of both aquaculture and ecosystems underscores the ongoing need for research and monitoring. Adapting practices and regulations in alignment with emerging scientific insights is essential. The challenge of preserving biodiversity in fish-farming arrangements is not insurmountable. By implementing the outlined methods and recognizing the inherent value of aquatic ecosystems, a transition to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible aquaculture sector becomes feasible. This article sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between fisheries and the environment, shedding light on the key challenges, solutions, and their implications for our shared ecological future.

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fisheries, issues, conservation, environment, preservation, importance

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THE INFLUENCE OF BIOPREPARATIONS ON THE CONTROL OF THE MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) SPECIES IN THE POTATO AGROECOSYSTEM pag. 198-204

Maria Georgiana OPRIȘIU, Flori-Alina BUZDUGEANU, Anamaria Roberta IABLONCIK, Ramona ȘTEF, Alin CĂRĂBEȚ

Pests represent a major pressure on the quantity and quality of potato plants. In potato cultivation, in addition to the most damaging disease, late blight, the most important pests are aphids due to the large number of viruses they transmit. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) poses a threat to potatoes because it is capable of causing serious damage (directly by depriving the plant of essential nutrients), transmitting viruses (potato Y virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and PVY), and easily developing resistance to insecticides. To achieve optimal potato yields, it is necessary to control the Myzus persicae species. The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of bioinsecticides in controlling the green peach aphid. The experiment was conducted in the Belinț locality (Timiș County). Bioinsecticides used to combat the green peach aphid included Kabon, Bitoxybacilin, and Konia K Plus. The evaluation of product effectiveness was determined at 24 hours, 5 days, and 10 days. At the time of applying the biological treatments, the population density of Myzus persicae was 52-86 individuals per 10 potato plants. Konia K Plus bioinsecticide showed the highest effectiveness in reducing the Myzus persicae population (resulting in positive differences from the average in all three assessments). The lowest mortality of the green peach aphid in the potato crop was recorded in the variant treated with Kabon.

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control, Myzus persicae, potato, biopreparations

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THE WATER REQUIREMENT OF THE SUNFLOWER CROP IN ARAD COUNTY pag. 205-212

D. POJAR, Denisa AIOANEI, Anișoara IENCIU, D. MANEA

The sunflower (Helianthus annus) is a plant native to North America spread all over the globe especially for obtaining oil. The oil extracted from the seeds is significant and is characterized by a pleasant color, taste and smell, they have a high content of vitamins (A, D, E, K) and the oil preserves very well for a long period. The sunflower is a plant with high water requirements during certain periods of vegetation with a transpiration coefficient of 480-580. At the same time, it is also a plant with a high resistance to drought. As for the plant's high water requirements, that starts from the second half of June to the first part of August. During these two months the requirements are very high, water consumption represents approximately 65% of the total. During this period the sunflower goes through three critical stages for moisture. In the analyzed period 2019-2021, we can see that the warmest year of the three years was 2019, with an annual average of 12°C. All three years under study exceeded the multiannual average of the normal temperature, they were warmer years. The driest year was the year 2021. It is recommended to use irrigation systems to obtain a fairly balanced and high-quality harvest for years with a deficit in precipitation during the growing season, for example 2021, when the amount of precipitation during the growing season it was very small.

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sunflower, oil, water consumption, drought, irrigation

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QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOILS FROM BOZOVICI AREA, CARAS SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 213-220

Andrada RANCU, Daniel Dorin DICU, Radu BERTICI

The work provides information and elements related to the classification and evaluation of soil resources, thus integrating into the field of complex studies of natural resource identification from the perspective of the land's vocation for the most suitable utility and the establishment of protection and conservation measures for the lands in the area. The objectives of the work are represented by the collection, processing and accumulation of scientific data related to environmental factors, the geographical characteristics of the area, soil resources, data related to the nature and intensity of the limiting factors, the qualitative evaluation of the lands. The territory of the commune has an area of 19579 ha, of which 7314 ha (37.36%) is agricultural land, and 11484 ha (58.65%) is occupied by forests. In order to establish the quality of the land, both the characteristics of the soil and the other factors of vegetation, relief, climate, hydrology, which determine the capacity for agricultural or forestry production, as well as the vocation of the land to be used for various activities, must be precisely determined. Soil properties can exert a decisive influence on the development of the root system, mineral nutrition, providing air, weather and climate for the main physiological processes from plants, acting on fertility (quality) status of soil. Systematic mapping and agrochemical studies of soil provide valuable data on the state of soil quality, establish and implement differentiated culture technologies and determining the suitability of land for various crops, substantiation of land improvement works and improvement technology, organization and systematization of land.

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land, quality, favorability, limiting factor

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PEDOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PASTURES FROM ILIA AREA, HUNEDOARA COUNTY pag. 221-228

Alexandra Maria ROVINAR, Daniel Dorin DICU, Cosmin Alin POPESCU

The purpose of the work is the accumulation of knowledge regarding the characteristics of the natural environment and its zonal peculiarities, as elements that define the structure of the land fund and the state of soil quality, in order to establish the ecological specificity of land productivity and the possible pressures on them. The importance of the research theme derives from the fact that the properties of the land are extremely differentiated in the territory, due to the variation of environmental factors and conditions. Meadows are an essential element of sustainable agriculture systems represented by: providing fodder, animal welfare, soil quality and optimal use of poorly productive land, especially for the production of biomass, a renewable energy source. Due to the fact that meadows are located in very varied seasonal conditions occupying, as a rule, surfaces unsuitable for other crops, either due to the deficient physico-chemical properties of the soil, or due to the orography of the land or other causes, their productivity is closely related to both environmental conditions in which they are found, as well as human and animal activities. The knowledge of the natural conditions and especially of the ecological potential of the land for the main categories of use and crops is of particular importance in carrying out the qualitative evaluation of the land, based on the assessment notes and the analysis of the limiting factors, being able to constitute an effective tool for the choice the set of ameliorative measures that favor an efficient use of land resources within the researched space.

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soil. pasture, favorability, limiting factor

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THE USE OF LIDAR TECHNOLOGY - MOBILE MAPPING IN URBAN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE pag. 229-239

Mihai SIMON2, Ovidiu NEO1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, Adrian ȘMULEAC1

The technical and technological progress achieved in the field of photogrammetry and teledection has resulted in remarkable advancements in various areas of activity, including topographic measurements. In what concerns detailed topographic measurements, typically performed with GNSS equipment and electronic total stations, the use of Mobile Mapping technology - LiDAR proves to be a significant advantage due to the reduction of working hours, the surveillance area coverage, and the complexity of acquired data. These measurements are performed with similar accuracy as any conventional equipment. To provide proof and test the proposed model, a section of the town of Lipova in Arad County was selected for investigation using mobile scanning equipment, specifically the Leica Pegasus: Backpack, in conjunction with a Leica Viva GS14 GNSS device. The Leica Pegasus: Backpack, a Mobile Mapping system, is a sensor platform designed for extreme ergonomic convenience. It combines five cameras providing a fully calibrated 360-degree view and two LiDAR sensors on an ultra-lightweight carbon fiber chassis. This system allows for extensive and efficient data collection both indoors and outdoors with a high level of accuracy and professionalism. Today, mobile mapping technology has become an indispensable part of our digital society. Using mobile devices and specialized applications, mobile scanning provides a fast, precise, and accessible method of recording and analyzing geographical information in real-time.

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LiDAR, GNSS, INS, mobile mapping, Lipova

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HIGH-RESOLUTION TECHNOLOGIES AND IMAGES FOR TOPO-CADASTRAL ACTIVITIES pag. 240-253

SIMON MIHAI2, STATE ALEXANDRA3, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, ȘMULEAC ADRIAN1

The purpose of this paper is to present the modern topographic measurement technologies and the evolution towards a new method, that of measurements made with the help of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - UAV). Photogrammetric measurements were carried out using the DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone, which made it possible to learn a new way of working, much faster and more efficient, compared to traditional topographic measurements. The research presented in this paper was carried out in the western part of Romania, on the administrative territory of Timiș County, on the campus of the "King Mihai I" University of Life Sciences in Timisoara. The use of drones in the field of geodesy is currently in high demand due to its relatively easy operation and relatively affordable cost compared to satellite systems, especially high-resolution images. Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as remote sensing platforms has become increasingly popular for a wide range of scientific disciplines and applications. Currently, many photogrammetric mapping methods use this technology to retrieve and record data about objects on the ground. This is due to the fact that using a drone equipped with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technology for aerial measurements is very efficient and cheap and allows flying over hard-to-reach areas, significantly reducing the execution time of the work.

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UAV, DJI Phantom 4 Pro, GNSS, AgiSoft, Pix4D

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SUSTAINABLE THORN FREE PLANTATIONS pag. 254-259

C. TIMIȘ1, Ș. ZOICAN1, D. LEAH1, D. DICU1, R. PAȘCALĂU 1

Sustainable thorn-free plantations represent an innovative and environmentally conscious approach to agriculture that holds great promise for both growers and the ecosystem. This abstract delves into the key aspects of sustainable thorn-free plantations, emphasizing their significance in enhancing agricultural practices and minimizing environmental impact. It provides an overview of the principles, benefits, and challenges associated with sustainable thorn-free cultivation. Sustainable thorn-free plantations are a progressive paradigm in agriculture that combines modern techniques with ecological sensitivity. This abstract encapsulates the core features of sustainable thorn-free cultivation: Sustainable thorn-free plantations prioritize eco-friendly practices, reducing the reliance on chemical inputs and minimizing environmental harm. This approach aligns with the principles of organic and sustainable agriculture. Sustainable plantations often incorporate innovative techniques such as integrated pest management, precision agriculture, and responsible irrigation methods. These approaches optimize resource use and minimize environmental impact. The adoption of sustainable thorn-free cultivation not only supports the environment but also offers economic advantages. Reduced chemical costs and higher-quality yields contribute to the long-term profitability of growers. thorn-free produce is increasingly favoured by consumers due to its convenience and safety. Sustainable thorn-free plantations meet consumer demand for safe, high-quality agricultural products. These plantations symbolize a harmonious coexistence between agriculture and nature, offering an innovative model for the future of responsible farming.

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importance, thorn free plantation, sustainability, environment

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS USED TO CREATE ORTHOPHOTO PLANS IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRITORY ORGANIZATION pag. 260-272

Iolanda Alexandra TURLEA, Emil Marius DANCEA, Lucian Octavian DRAGOMIR, George POPESCU

A drone was used to map an area of 18.99 hectares with millimeter accuracy. The mapping process involved creating eight targets on the ground that were visible to the drone at a height of 60 meters. The coordinates of the targets were determined using GPS methods. Classical topographic methods have also been used to calibrate the drone's GPS for further correction and accuracy. A flight plan was created using DJI software, which determined the flight area, height, time, frame rate, camera tilt, battery level, direction of flight, wind speed, latitude, longitude, and flight speed. The flight plan was uploaded to the drone's memory, and the drone was flown according to the established parameters.. This technology allows the creation of high-resolution digital maps. With the help of UAV technology it is possible to provide topographic support for the revision of General Urban Plans (GUP), elaboration of Zonal Urban Plans (PUZ), feasibility studies for investment works, such as road infrastructure, railways, electrical networks. Also, this technology allows to make high-resolution digital maps (orthophotoplans), as well as 3D models of some objectives - historical monuments, buildings, land. A drone can be defined as an unmanned aircraft capable of autonomous navigation without external control using autopilot or that can be controlled by a remote control device. This technology allows the creation of high-resolution digital maps.

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uav, rtk,gps,drones,coordinates,gnss

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INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN TIMIS COUNTY THROUGH THE NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE TERRITORY OF GHIZELA COMMUNE pag. 273-282

Ursu Romeo Petru, Țărău Dorin

The current paper focuses on the main geomorphological and geological, hydrographic and hydrological characteristics, as well as the main indicators of echopedological characterization and how they are manifested in the area under study, as well as a series of elements relating to the current situation of waste management in Timis County, or the composition and protection of basic and auxiliary components of the landfill, as well as a series of technical solutions for control and prevention of risk situations, the fruit of a laborious activity of observation, studies and research in interdisciplinary fields. In order to manage waste (estimated at 9.58 million tons of which 7.66 million tons of household waste) as correctly and efficiently as possible, in compliance with the European Union standards, an integrated waste management system co-financed by European funds was implemented in the Timis County, covering the entire area of the Timis County, respecting the 99 administrative units, representing 100% coverage of the county with sanitation services, divided into 5 collection areas:0 Ghizela (area related to the non-hazardous waste landfill), 1 Timisoara, 2 Jimbolia, 3 Deta, 4 Faget, superimposed on the three geomorphological sectors specific to Timis County. The importance of the subject matter derives from the fact that in addition to the requirements for food, clothing and wood, the natural environment (soil, water, biodiversity...) is required by man for more and more different requirements, being used to a large extent as a place for multiple and diverse social-economic activities for various constructions (buildings, roads, water reservoirs, dams, etc.), recreational spaces, platforms and places for the storage of many wastes and residues. The quantities of residues that can enter the economic circuit in the form of useful extracted substances represent relatively small volumes in relation to the total volume of residues, with a share of less than 2%. The aim of the research undertaken originates from scientific and practical research on the accumulation of knowledge in which, through various technological and organizational measures, it is possible to reduce the area to be treated with residues by 30%, thus reducing possible pressures on the quality of the environment. Starting from the fundamental idea that man must cooperate with the environment, to consciously become a protector of it, the issue of waste management appears as a priority need when choosing optimal solutions for environmentally sound and rational waste management and to save precious natural resources both now and especially for future generations. In view of these considerations, the paper presents, based on the pedological and agrochemical information available in the OSPA archive in Timisoara, and on the research on "Research on the problems and management of biodegradable wastes - their implications on soil quality in Timis County", carried out during the doctoral school, from 18.11.2015 until now, a number of aspects related to geomorphological and geological characteristics, as well as those of the soil cover (chemical, physical, hydrophysical).

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natural, functional, management, scientific, practical, waste, compost, space

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METHODS OF PROCESSING RESIDUAL AND BIODEGRADABLE WASTE IN TIMIS COUNTY THROUGH THE GHIZELA LANDFILL AND BIOCOMPOSTERS IN THE TERRITORY pag. 283-292

Ursu Romeo Petru, Țărău Dorin

The aim of the research undertaken is rooted in scientific and practical research on the acquisition of knowledge on how to process residual and biodegradable waste in waste management and possible pressures on the quality of the environment. The importance of the topic is derived from the fact that the soil is required by man for more and more different uses and the quantities of residues that can be introduced into the economic circuit in the form of useful substances extracted, represent relatively small volumes in relation to the total volume of residues, having a share of less than 2%, but through various technological and organizational measures it is possible to reduce the area to be occupied with residues by 30%. The issue addressed refers to the ways of processing residual and biodegradable waste through the Ghizela landfill and the 35468 bio-composters purchased and distributed to the rural population through the SIMD programme. Around 77,000 tonnes of residual waste enter the Ghizela landfill every year. This waste is composed of several types of waste such as: fruit and vegetable scraps, meat, bakery products, eggs, prepared food, coffee grounds, coffee filters, tea bags, toilet paper, wet tissues, paper and cardboard packaging impregnated with oil or other liquids, etc., but also plastic, glass, foil, metal packaging, etc. are accidentally found. Because this category of waste includes waste other than biodegradable waste, it requires mechanical treatment (sorting) prior to undergoing the biocontainer bio treatment process. Mechanical treatment removes all types of waste that cannot be processed biologically. Once they are sorted, the process of biocomposition in biocontainers begins, a process that is carefully supervised by the system computer and the computer program related to the process. The best way to recover organic waste of all kinds is composting, with the possibility that the material obtained can be used in agriculture. In view of these considerations, the paper presents the data accumulated through the topic "Research on the problems and management of biodegradable waste - their implications on soil quality in Timis County", carried out during the doctoral school, respectively 18.11.2015 and until the present, a series of elements related to the current situation of waste management in Timis County and to the ways of processing residual and biodegradable waste through the Ghizela landfill and through the 35468 bio-composters distributed to the rural population through the SIMD program.

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biodegradable, characteristics, compost, waste, space, values

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DIGITIZATION OF ANALOG TOPGRAPHIC AND CADASTRAL MAPS FOR THE CREATION OF THEMATIC PLANS FOR THE COMMUNE OF EFTIMIE MURGU, CARAȘ-SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 293-300

Student Petru VASILE Student Larisa-Nicoleta IVU

This scientific work aims to highlight the use of analog topographic and cadastral maps in digital format, in order to have a better perception of the entire territory, but also to have an overview of all the geographical elements existing on it. This work contains the stages of its realization in which we have, the digitization of maps and topographic plans from analog format to digital format, in order to create a thematic map of the entire territory of the Eftimie Murgu Commune in Caraș-Severin County but also to observe its geographical elements plus territorial limits. Autocad 2013 and Raster Design 2013 were used to create this map for the entire territory. Mainly to introduce the maps and plans in these programs, we established the limits of the commune. With its help, it was possible to arrange the 1:5.000 cadastral plan of the entire County. Then, following also with the help of the territorial limit, the grid of the entire territory is made, discovering the nomenclature of each map belonging to the Eftimie Murgu Commune in Caraș-Severin County. For this, 1:5.000 military maps were used, which were attached according to the grid that was made. The entire work was done in Autocad 2013 and in Raster Design 2013 resulting in a digitized map and plan of the entire territory of the Eftimie Murgu Commune in Caraș-Severin County. Thus, we ended up having a well-established cadastral plan in which we can observe all its geographical and cadastral elements.

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cartography, maps, border of territorial administrative unit, cadastral plans

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PRECISION MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT IN MODERN AGRICULTURE pag. 301-307

A. VASILONI1, F. GUYVENCHY1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, A. ȘMULEAC1

The landscape of agriculture has undergone a profound transformation with the integration of advanced technology and precision measurement equipment. This abstract delves deeper into the pivotal role of precision measurement equipment in modern agriculture, shedding light on its far-reaching impact on the agricultural sector's efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. Precision measurement equipment encompasses a diverse array of tools and technologies that have revolutionized the way farmers manage their operations. These tools include cutting-edge sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones), global positioning systems (GPS), and sophisticated data analytics platforms. Through these innovations, precision agriculture has become a powerful force in optimizing various aspects of farming. One of the fundamental applications of precision measurement equipment is in soil analysis. Sensors and probes can provide real-time data on soil moisture levels, nutrient content, and pH, allowing farmers to fine-tune their irrigation and fertilization strategies. This not only improves crop yields but also minimizes resource wastage, reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. Precision measurement equipment is also instrumental in crop management. Drones equipped with multispectral cameras can capture high-resolution images of fields, enabling farmers to monitor crop health, detect diseases, and assess the impact of various treatments. This data-driven approach empowers farmers to make informed decisions about pest control, irrigation scheduling, and crop rotation, resulting in more sustainable and profitable farming practices.

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equipment, environment, agriculture, precision, measurements

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USE OF UAV TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION pag. 308-314

A. VASILONI1, F. GUYVENCHY1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, A. ȘMULEAC1

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have revolutionized the landscape of environmental conservation and preservation. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted and indispensable roles that UAV technology plays in safeguarding our natural ecosystems. UAVs have become instrumental in environmental research, monitoring, and protection, offering an unparalleled capacity to enhance data collection, reduce costs, and minimize human impact on delicate environments. These versatile devices are equipped with high-resolution cameras, sensors, and cutting-edge technologies, allowing scientists and conservationists to gain unprecedented insights into the Earth's biodiversity, ecological systems, and changing landscapes. As the challenges of environmental conservation grow more complex and urgent, UAVs stand at the forefront of innovation and change. They enable researchers, conservationists, and policymakers to gather accurate, up-to-date information, which is paramount for informed decision-making and timely interventions. This abstract underscores the pivotal role of UAVs in addressing the ecological challenges of our time and shaping a more sustainable and informed approach to environmental stewardship. By offering a panoramic view of our world, UAVs are helping to protect and preserve it for future generations. Looking ahead, the potential for UAVs in environmental conservation appears boundless. These unmanned aerial systems open up new horizons in our commitment to preserving and protecting Earth's precious ecosystems for future generations.

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UAV, technology, equipment, environment, conservation

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THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGES IN THE ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACES pag. 315-323

I. VETO, C. M. PELIICI, C. POPESCU, M. V. HERBEI

Remote sensing is the technology by which the characteristics of the analyzed objects can be identified, measured and analyzed without direct contact, but from a distance. Remote sensing technology to identify objects and understand environmental conditions is the uniqueness of reflection and emission. Landsat 8 is an American Earth observation satellite launched on February 11, 2013. It is the eighth satellite in the Landsat program and the seventh to successfully reach orbit. This satellite system provides medium resolution images from 15 meters to 100 meters of the land surface and polar regions. It works in the visible spectrum, near infrared, short wave infrared and thermal infrared. In the present study, the Landsat 8 method was used to collect spectral data. These data help us understand the evolution of many natural processes, the monitoring of agricultural and forest land, can allow the longest continuous data recording of the Earth's surface seen from space. Landsat data allow the monitoring of climate change, which leads to the improvement of human health and biodiversity. Satellite images have a very important role in the analysis of the earth's surface and important sources of extraction of stored geographical information. The study area is located in the west of Romania and is made up of the following administrative-territorial units: Ohaba Lungă, Mănăștiur, Dumbrava, Făget, Margina, Curtea, Fîrdea and Tomești. Based on the spectral information, four normalized differentiation indices for land surface analysis, namely NDMI, NDBR, NDWI and SAVI, were calculated for each study area.

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satellite images, land surface, remote sensing, normalized indices of differentiation

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EVOLUTION OF WALNUT PRODUCTION WORLDWIDE pag. 324-331

Ștefana BAICU (ZOICAN), C. BIHUNETI, Olimpia Alina IORDĂNESCU

The evolution of walnut production worldwide is a fascinating story marked by resilience, adaptability, and an unwavering commitment to sustainability. From its historical roots deeply embedded in specific regions to its current prominence on the global agricultural stage, the walnut industry has faced challenges with proactive resilience. Technological innovations, seamlessly integrated with traditional cultivation practices, are indicative of the industry's ability to adapt to changing dynamics in consumer preferences and market trends. The industry is committed to sustainability, as demonstrated by the adoption of organic farming, eco-friendly processing, and responsible sourcing practices. The coexistence of tradition and technology places the industry in a favourable position for sustained growth and relevance, as it anticipates emerging market trends and sustains global demand. The global walnut industry is poised at the threshold of the future, promising not only continued delectable harvests but also emerging as a beacon for responsible agriculture. Beyond the orchards, it serves as an exemplar, inspiring a transformative shift towards sustainable and ethical practices in global agriculture. The future of global walnut production extends beyond the orchards and into the wider landscape of responsible agriculture. This abstract encapsulates the essence of an industry that values its heritage, while also embracing progress, and aims to establish a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between agriculture and the planet.

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Sustainable Manufacturing Practices, Traditional cultivation practices, Consumer preferences, Eco-friendly processing, Walnut Production Worldwide

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EVOLUTION OF CHERRY PRODUCTION WORLDWIDE pag. 332-339

Ștefana BAICU (ZOICAN), B.-F. GROZAVU, Olimpia Alina IORDĂNESCU

It is important to acknowledge the challenges that the global cherry industry has faced and the efforts made to overcome them. The evolution of cherry production worldwide is a complex and fascinating story influenced by various factors, including historical practices, cutting-edge technological innovations, environmental considerations, and the ever-shifting landscape of consumer preferences. Cherry production has historically relied on agricultural practices that have been passed down through generations. However, recent technological advancements have transformed the industry. Precision farming, advanced irrigation systems, and genetic improvements in cherry varieties have significantly enhanced production efficiency, yield, and overall crop quality. Environmental considerations have become increasingly important in the evolution of cherry production. The industry is recognizing the significance of sustainable practices to minimize its ecological footprint. Efforts are being made to adopt eco-friendly cultivation methods, reduce water and resource usage, and implement agroecological approaches, which are becoming central to the global cherry farming landscape. It is widely acknowledged that producers around the world are facing the challenge of balancing productivity with environmental stewardship. Furthermore, the cherry industry is closely tied to the changing preferences of consumers. As dietary habits and lifestyles evolve, there is an increasing demand for fresh, high-quality, and sustainably produced cherries. Consumers not only desire delicious and visually appealing cherries but are also becoming more aware of the environmental and ethical implications of their food choices. The strategies adopted by cherry producers are being influenced by a shift in consumer awareness, which is pushing the industry towards more sustainable and responsible practices. The evolution of worldwide cherry production is a captivating narrative that unfolds against the backdrop of tradition, technology, sustainability, and consumer dynamics. To navigate this dynamic landscape, the industry must take a proactive approach and embrace sustainability as a cornerstone for future success and resilience in the global cherry market.

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Sustainable Manufacturing Practices, Environmental Impact Reduction, Energy Efficiency, Packaging Innovations, Global landscape, Market Trends

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