Vol 57, No 4 (2025)
EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF WEED FLORA ON RAPESEED CROPS pag. 3-12
Denisa Maria AIOANEI1, Anișoara Aurelia IENCIU1, D. N. MANEA1Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plays a key role in the global economy as a major source of vegetable oil used for food, feed, and biofuel production. Beyond its industrial importance, rapeseed remains a highly profitable crop. However, achieving optimal yields requires careful crop management, as rapeseed is highly sensitive to weed competition. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of weed control in rapeseed cultivation using the pre-emergent herbicide Successor Pro (petoxamide 600 g/L) and the post-emergent herbicides Effigo S (240 g/L clopyralid + 80 g/L picloram + 40 g/L aminopyralid), Korvetto (5 g/L halauxifen-methyl + 120 g/L clopyralid), and Panarex 40 EC (40 g/L quizalofop-p-tefuril + 75% ethametsulfuron-methyl), applied individually or in combination across nine experimental variants. The influence of weed control on yield performance was also assessed. The experiments were conducted during the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 agricultural seasons at the M.S.I. Agricultural Holding, located in Diosig, Bihor County. The initial weed infestation level in the rapeseed plots was substantial—163 weed plants/m², representing 11 different species. In all four single-treatment variants, weed control efficiency was relatively modest: V1 – Successor Pro (62.8%), V2 – Effigo S (45.3%), V3 – Korvetto (50.8%), and V4 – Panarex 40 EC (32.7%). The most effective combinations were: V7 – Successor Pro + Panarex 40 EC (93.5%), V8 – Effigo S + Panarex 40 EC (90.4%), and V9 – Korvetto + Panarex 40 EC (98.2%). All active substances contained in the tested herbicides were selective for the rapeseed crop (hybrid LID Invicto). Herbicide efficacy significantly influenced yield outcomes, with the highest seed yields recorded in variants V8 (3527 kg/ha), V7 (3618 kg/ha), and V9 (3845 kg/ha).
more abstractRapeseed (Brassica napus L.), weeds control, herbicides
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DownloadPRESERVATION OF HERITAGE MONUMENT ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH FROM BRASOV USING GEOMATICS TECHNOLOGY pag. 13-22
M. AVĂDANEI1, Anda VUȘCAN1, I. VETO1, Florina ȚÂRLE BURESCU1, F. SALA2,3, M.V. HERBEI1,2This paper presents a comprehensive workflow for data acquisition using the Leica BLK360 3D laser scanning technology, with a particular focus on the advantages of performing real-time registration directly in the field through the Cyclone Field 360 application. The primary objective of this study is the documentation and long-term preservation of the St. Nicholas Church in Brașov, Romania, an important heritage monument with significant cultural and historical value. The methodology involved capturing high-resolution 3D scans of the building, which were subsequently processed in the Leica Cyclone Register 360 Plus software. Georeferencing was carried out by integrating three black-and-white targets, whose precise coordinates were determined with the Leica GS07 GNSS RTK solution. This integration of laser scanning and GNSS technologies ensured both high spatial accuracy and global positioning reliability. The main outcome of the project is a georeferenced point cloud that provides a robust basis for generating accurate 2D architectural drawings as well as for constructing a detailed 3D digital model of the monument. Such deliverables are essential for heritage conservation efforts, enabling accurate documentation, condition assessment, restoration planning, and future monitoring of structural changes. By combining advanced 3D laser scanning with GNSS georeferencing, this workflow demonstrates a highly efficient and precise approach to cultural heritage documentation. Beyond its application to the St. Nicholas Church, the methodology can serve as a reference model for similar projects aiming to safeguard and digitally preserve architectural monuments.
more abstractTerestrial laser scanning, 3D, GNSS, Georeferencing, Cyclone Register 360
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DownloadFROM FARM TO FORK: MANAGING THE THREAT OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN AGRICULTURE pag. 23-30
E. BĂDESCU1, V. DOMȘA1, A. MINEA1, I. BUCUR1, R. PAȘCALĂU1The current research provides a critical framework for addressing the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a multifaceted crisis jeopardizing global food safety, public health, and sustainable agriculture. This paper examines AMR not as an isolated issue but as a systemic contaminant traversing the entire food chain, from primary production to consumption. We analyse the primary risk points: the selective pressure exerted by prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in intensive livestock and aquaculture systems; the environmental dissemination of resistant bacteria and genes through manure, wastewater, and soil; and the subsequent cross-contamination of food during processing and distribution. In response, we propose an integrated, four-pillar management strategy. First, reducing the need for antimicrobials by fundamentally improving animal health through enhanced welfare, robust biosecurity, vaccination, and precision nutrition. Second, optimizing use through strict veterinary stewardship, diagnostic-guided therapy, and adherence to withdrawal periods. Third, breaking environmental pathways via advanced manure treatment technologies, such as thermophilic composting and anaerobic digestion, to degrade resistance determinants before they enter ecosystems. Fourth, preventing food chain transmission through improved hygiene protocols at slaughter and processing, along with targeted consumer education on safe food handling. The successful implementation of this holistic approach is challenged by significant barriers, including economic disincentives for farmers, regulatory fragmentation across sectors, gaps in integrated surveillance, and low consumer awareness. We conclude that mitigating AMR requires unprecedented collaboration and aligned incentives across all stakeholders, producers, veterinarians, processors, retailers, regulators, and consumers. A coordinated “Farm to Fork” strategy, supported by coherent policies, transparent data sharing, and economic mechanisms that reward stewardship, is indispensable for preserving the efficacy of antimicrobials, protecting public health, and ensuring the resilience and sustainability of our global food systems for future generations.
more abstractfarm to fork, agriculture, antimicrobial, threats, resistance
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DownloadONE HEALTH APPROACH TO COMBATING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN AGRICULTURE pag. 31-38
E. BĂDESCU1, V. DOMȘA1, A. MINEA1, I. BUCUR1, R. PAȘCALĂU1The global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis is a quintessential One Health challenge, intrinsically linking human, animal, and environmental health, with agriculture serving as a critical nexus. This research articulates a comprehensive, integrated One Health framework for mitigating AMR emergence and transmission within agricultural systems, focusing on livestock, aquaculture, and crop production. The research synthesizes evidence on the drivers of AMR in agriculture, including the prophylactic and metaphylactic use of antibiotics in animal production, the application of manure-based fertilizers containing resistant bacteria and genes, and the use of antimicrobials in plant pathology. We review a suite of synergistic interventions across the One Health spectrum: in animal health, promoting antibiotic stewardship through precision veterinary medicine, enhancing animal welfare and resilience via improved housing and nutrition, and deploying vaccines and probiotics as alternatives; in environmental health, implementing advanced manure and wastewater treatment technologies (e.g., anaerobic digestion, composting protocols) to degrade resistance genes, and managing agricultural runoff; and in human health, strengthening surveillance of resistant pathogens across the food chain and educating stakeholders on risk perception. The discussion critically evaluates the socio-economic, political, and behavioural barriers to implementing this holistic approach, including economic incentives for antibiotic use, regulatory fragmentation, and lack of cross-sectoral data sharing. We conclude that a systemic, preventive strategy, moving from a reactive, pathogen-centric model to a proactive, system-health model, is not only scientifically warranted but economically imperative. Effective AMR containment in agriculture requires breaking down disciplinary and institutional silos through integrated policy, transdisciplinary research, and aligned economic instruments that make responsible antimicrobial use the most viable choice for all stakeholders in the One Health continuum
more abstractagriculture, one health, antimicrobial, approach, combatting
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DownloadMODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE THREE - DIMENSIONAL DOCUMENTATION OF THE HISTORICAL MONUMENT BRÜCK CASTLE pag. 39-45
Dan-Radu BÂRDAN1 , Maria – Roberta JIANU2In the context of increasing demand for advanced digital heritage preservation methods, the current state of the art is dominated by terrestrial laser scanning, mobile mapping systems, and photogrammetric techniques, which have proven highly efficient in generating precise 3D datasets for complex structures. This paper aims to explore and evaluate modern technologies used for the three-dimensional documentation of the historical monument Brück Castle, a monument of significant cultural and architectural value for Timişoara municipality. For this study, data acquisition was performed using a terrestrial laser scanner and a mobile mapping system. Georeferencing was ensured through the integration of a total station and a GNSS receiver. The acquired data were processed and analyzed using two different software, which allowed a precise point cloud registration, filtering, and visualization. The novelty of this research lies in the combined use of both terrestrial and mobile laser scanning for documenting the same historic building, enabling the evaluation of accuracy, efficiency, and complementarity between the two approaches. The results demonstrated a high level of geometric fidelity in the final 3D model, with deviations within acceptable tolerances for heritage documentation. However, some limitations were identified, such as restricted accessibility to certain building areas and the influence of environmental conditions on data acquisition. Despite these constraints, the study highlights the relevance of integrating multiple surveying technologies for heritage preservation. The originality and significance of this work stem from its contribution to the methodological framework for documenting historic architecture, providing a replicable workflow for future research and conservation projects.
more abstract3D modelling, mobile laser scanning, mobile mapping, cultural heritage preservation
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DownloadINFLUENCE OF CLIMATE, SOIL CONDITIONS, AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY ON MAIZE CULTIVATION: A COMPARATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHIC STUDY BETWEEN THE PERUVIAN COAST AND EASTERN ROMANIA pag. 46-53
Angela BECERRA BERNAL1, Fernanda HERNANDEZ1, Johanna POGGI1, Laura SMULEAC2, Raul PASCALAU2Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop whose productivity is strongly influenced by climatic factors, soil characteristics, and water availability. This study presents a comparative bibliographic analysis of maize cultivation under low-precipitation conditions on the Peruvian coast and in Eastern Romania. Both regions experience water scarcity, but their climatic and edaphic conditions differ significantly: the Peruvian coast exhibits an arid climate with minimal rainfall (generally below 100 mm per year) and high evapotranspiration, while Eastern Romania has a continental climate with seasonal droughts, irregular precipitation distribution (400 600 mm/year), and significant temperature variations during the growing season. This review analyzes the impact of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, soil texture and water-holding capacity, water resource distribution, as well as germination time, duration of the phenological cycle, and potential maize yield in both contexts. Additionally, economic and cultural factors are considered, including water availability for irrigation, associated costs, and the influence of traditional agricultural practices on crop efficiency. The findings highlight the critical role of water management strategies, selection of drought-tolerant varieties, crop rotation, and soil conservation techniques as key elements to ensure maize resilience under changing climatic conditions. Recommendations for sustainable adaptation are provided, including optimized irrigation, improved soil fertility, efficient water distribution, and adoption of agroecological technologies, applicable to both regions, with the aim of sustaining productivity and reducing vulnerability to drought and climate change.
more abstractMaize cultivation, climate variability, soil conditions, water use efficiency, drought adaptation, comparative study, sustainable agriculture, agroclimatic analysis
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DownloadTHE LUNGS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA UNDER THREAT: IMPACTS OF DEFORESTATION AND ILLEGAL LOGGING ON ECOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE CARPATHIANS AND THE AMAZON-PERU pag. 54-64
Angela, BECERRA BERNAL1, Johanna, POGGI2, Laura, SMULEAC3, Raul, PASCALAU4The forests of the Carpathians (Romania) and the Peruvian Amazon (Madre de Dios) are critical ecosystems for climate change mitigation, water regulation, and biodiversity, and are fundamental for rural livelihoods. Deforestation and illegal logging have intensified forest degradation, affecting both wildlife and local communities, as highlighted by UNODC (2023), which emphasizes the direct connection between forest loss, food security, and the sustainability of natural resources. Additionally, provide information on deforestation rates, percentage of forest cover loss, and affected area. This study conducts a comparative assessment of both regions through analysis of recent scientific literature (FAO, 2022; Global Forest Watch, 2024; etc.) and satellite data from 2001 to 2024. The results reveal similar patterns of habitat fragmentation, reduction in carbon stocks, and loss of forest cover, driven by agricultural expansion, illegal timber exploitation, and weaknesses in environmental governance. It is crucial to recognize and protect the last remaining "lungs" of Europe and the Americas. Deforestation not only affects local climate, agriculture, and biodiversity, but also intensifies climate change and alters rainfall patterns, impacting other regions of the worldIt is concluded that forest degradation not only threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services but also undermines agricultural productivity, soil fertility, and water availability for local communities. This analysis underscores the need for integrated strategies that combine conservation, community-based management, and international cooperation to ensure the ecological and social resilience of these regions.
more abstractDeforestation, illegal logging, biodiversity, ecological sustainability, agricultural sustainability, Carpathians, Amazon
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DownloadRTK POSITIONING ACCURACY IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT GNSS RECEIVER GENERATIONS pag. 65-74
Rahela-Maria BILAN1 , Alina Corina BĂLĂ2, Floarea-Maria BREBU3Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning is one of the most widely used GNSS techniques for high-precision surveying and cadastral applications, providing centimeter-level accuracy in real time. Its performance, however, can be affected by urban environments, where signal obstruction, multipath effects, dense vegetation, and electromagnetic interference degrade positioning quality. This study evaluates RTK accuracy and reliability in urban conditions through a comparative analysis of two GNSS receivers from different technological generations: Trimble R10 and Hi-Target V200. Field experiments were conducted in Timisoara, Romania, during two independent observation sessions in March and April 2025. Four control points with varying environmental conditions, from open areas to locations affected by buildings and vegetation, were measured simultaneously using both receivers. RTK corrections were obtained via the Romanian permanent GNSS network, ROMPOS, using the NTRIP protocol. The analysis focused on X, Y, and Z coordinates, absolute coordinate differences, dispersion patterns, and satellite-related quality indicators, including satellite availability and PDOP values. The results show that both receivers achieved positioning accuracy better than 3.5 cm under all tested conditions. Trimble R10 demonstrated stability of the FIX solution, particularly in the vertical component, while Hi-Target V200 benefited from multi-constellation tracking. The findings highlight the importance of receiver hardware and processing strategies.
more abstractGNSS, RTK positioning, urban environment, positioning accuracy, multi-constellation GNSS, PDOP
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DownloadCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NOX EMISSIONS OF TWO VEHICLES pag. 75-83
R. BOIBOREAN1, Ana (CARCUȘ) LAUKO1, Casiana MIHUȚ1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA1, M. STROIA1The purpose of this work is to evaluate and compare the emissions of two vehicles, to determine the differences in environmental performance and identify the possible causes of the variations. The current state of the art in the field of reducing vehicle emissions is marked by rapid evolution, mainly imposed by increasingly strict regulations, such as the Euro 6 and the upcoming Euro 7 standards. These regulations specifically aim to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and fine particles (PM). The materials used in the comparative study on the emissions of two vehicles are: the vehicles studied, the emission measurement equipment. The methods used are: vehicle preparation, test procedure, data collection and analysis. The Volkswagen Passat E6 is superior in terms of emissions compared to the Volkswagen Golf E4. The Golf E4, on the other hand, could be a more economical option, but with a greater impact on the environment. Automakers use a range of advanced technologies to meet pollution standards: -Exhaust gas after-treatment systems; -Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR): a system that recirculates part of the exhaust gases to reduce the combustion temperature in the engine, which reduces the formation of NOx; -Electronic control systems (ECU): these are the "brains" of the engine. The ECU constantly monitors and optimizes operating parameters, such as fuel injection and ignition timing, to ensure the most efficient combustion and minimize emissions.; -Hybridization and electrification: The shift to hybrid vehicles and, in particular, fully electric vehicles (EVs) is a major direction, as EVs have no direct tailpipe emissions. For any driver, the operating condition of the car is important, and of all the testing and checking actions of a vehicle, the most important is the Periodic Technical Inspection, which we all know by the abbreviated name ITP.
more abstractcomparative analysis, vehicles, emissions
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DownloadSTUDIES ON MECHANIZATION OF MINIMUM WORK IN CORN CULTIVATION pag. 84-91
R. BOIBOREAN1, M.A. DRĂGAN, Casiana MIHUȚ1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA1, V. MAZĂRE1The purpose of this work is the detailed technical and economic analysis of the sowing operation using the aggregate formed by the John Deere 6190R tractor and the Gaspardo MT 12 seed drill, on an area of 100 ha. The conventional system is characterized by annual energetic loosening of the soil carried out by ploughing with furrow turning, which is then followed by other secondary works. In relation to the intensity and frequency of soil work, three major categories of methods are distinguished within this system, namely: loosening by ploughing with furrow turning, loosening by discing and reduced loosening. This soil loosening system is the one that also defines the type of conventional agriculture. The primary soil loosening work aims mainly to combat weeds by deeply incorporating seeds and roots, as well as to create a soil surface free of plant debris to facilitate the preparation of the seedbed for sowing. The absence of plant debris on the surface leaves the soil completely uncovered for a long period of time, thus being exposed to the aggressive action of degradation factors, becoming susceptible to destructuring, crusting, erosion, etc., as well as to water loss through direct evaporation from the soil. Technological tillage systems have evolved a lot, both in Romania and worldwide, an evolution both conceptually and in terms of the practical extension of conservative tillage methods. The practical extension of unconventional tillage methods differs from one country to another depending on the possibilities of mechanization and increases with the increase in the capacity of tractors and agricultural machinery and the diversification of loosening, soil processing and sowing equipment.
more abstractminimal work, technological systems, corn cultivation
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DownloadINFLUENCE OF NPK MINERAL FERTILIZATION AND RIES TREATMENT ON RHIZOSPHERIC MICROBIOTA AND STOMATAL TRAITS IN SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) pag. 92-98
Alexandru BUNEA1 , Ioana-Alina HÎNDA*Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) performance is strongly shaped by fertilization-driven interactions between rhizospheric microbiota and leaf anatomical traits. This study investigated the effects of NPK mineral fertilization and RIES treatment on microbial community structure and stomatal characteristics under field conditions. The experiment followed a randomized block design, including an unfertilized control and five NPK variants differing in nutrient ratios, applied as seed treatment, foliar treatment, or their combination. Microbiological analyses quantified total microorganisms, ammonifiers, Azotobacter, oligotrophic bacteria, and fungi, while anatomical assessments targeted stomatal density and size on both leaf epidermises. NPK fertilization substantially increased microbial biomass, particularly stimulating ammonifiers and fungi, while sharply reducing oligotrophic bacteria. Azotobacter populations were enhanced under moderate fertilization but declined at high nitrogen levels. High P and K supply decreased stomatal density relative to the control, whereas elevated nitrogen exerted a compensatory effect. Stomatal length remained largely unchanged across treatments, while stomatal width increased under balanced nutrient input. Overall, the results indicate that optimizing NPK ratios supports both microbial functionality and leaf-level anatomical traits associated with physiological efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of integrating nutrient management with biological processes to promote sustainable intensification, enhancing both crop productivity and agroecosystem resilience under changing environmental conditions.
more abstractNPK fertilization, RIES treatment, sugar beet, rhizospheric microbiota, stomatal characteristics
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DownloadCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE pag. 99-104
M. COSTEA1, C. WANJIKU1, A. Z. E. GANA1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, L. ȘMULEAC1The digital transformation of agriculture, often termed “Agriculture 4.0,” promises to revolutionize food production through technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics. This paradigm shift holds the potential to address pressing global challenges, including the need to increase food production by 60% by 2050, optimize resource use under climate change, and enhance supply chain resilience. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities inherent in this transformation by synthesizing data from a systematic review of 150 peer-reviewed articles, 30 industry reports, and five in-depth case studies of digital adoption across different farm scales and geographies. Our findings reveal significant opportunities: precision agriculture technologies can boost yields by 10-20% and reduce water and fertilizer use by 15-30%; AI-driven predictive analytics can mitigate crop loss from pests and diseases; and blockchain can enhance food traceability and farmer incomes. However, formidable challenges impede widespread adoption. The high capital investment required creates a substantial “digital divide,” disproportionately excluding smallholder farmers who produce a third of the world's food. Issues of data ownership, privacy, and interoperability between platforms remain largely unresolved. Furthermore, a significant skills gap and inadequate rural digital infrastructure act as critical barriers. We conclude that while the digital transformation presents a monumental opportunity for creating a more efficient, sustainable, and resilient agricultural sector, its benefits are not automatic. Realizing its full potential requires a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach involving targeted policy interventions, public-private partnerships, investments in digital literacy and infrastructure, and the development of inclusive, affordable technologies. Without these, the agricultural digital revolution risks exacerbating existing inequalities and leaving behind the very producers who are most in need of innovation.
more abstractdigital agriculture, digitized agricultural machinery (DAM), central processing systems (CPS), agricultural models, digital earth
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DownloadCLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE: ADAPTING FARMING PRACTICES TO CLIMATE CHANGE pag. 105-110
M. COSTEA1, F. H. VARGAS1, A. B. BERNAL1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, L. ȘMULEAC1Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a pivotal approach to addressing the interlinked challenges of climate change, food security, and agricultural sustainability. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of CSA practices, evaluating their efficacy in enhancing adaptive capacity, mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving productivity. Through a systematic review of 120 peer-reviewed studies, meta-analysis of field trial data, and case studies from diverse agro-ecological zones, we analysed three core CSA pillars: sustainable land and water management, climate-resilient cropping systems, and integrated soil fertility management. Our findings demonstrate that CSA practices can significantly improve system resilience, with conservation agriculture increasing water use efficiency by 15-30% and drought-resistant varieties sustaining yields under moderate heat stress. Regarding mitigation, practices like improved rice management and agroforestry showed potential to reduce GHG emissions by 20-50% compared to conventional methods. However, trade-offs were identified; for instance, while no-till farming enhances soil carbon sequestration, it may initially increase herbicide use. The adoption of CSA is heavily influenced by socio-economic factors, with smallholder farmers facing significant barriers including high initial investment costs, limited access to credit and information, and insecure land tenure. Successful implementation requires context-specific solutions, strong policy support, and effective knowledge dissemination systems. We conclude that CSA represents a viable pathway for transforming agricultural systems toward greater climate resilience and sustainability, but its potential can only be realized through integrated approaches that address both biophysical and socio-economic dimensions of agricultural adaptation.
more abstracttraditional practices, adaptation, climate-smart agriculture, resilience, mitigation
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DownloadCLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 111-121
Maroua DAHBI, Laura VORNICU, Briana DAVID, Raul PAȘCALĂU, Florin PRUNARClimate change poses significant challenges to agriculture worldwide, and the Timiş region in western Romania is no exception. Rising temperatures, irregular precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of droughts have already begun to affect crop growth, yields, and overall agricultural productivity in the area. Maize, wheat, sunflower, and other key crops are particularly vulnerable to heat stress and water scarcity, leading to potential reductions in harvests if adaptation measures are not implemented. This study reviews the observed and projected impacts of climate change on agriculture in Timiş County, analyzes future climate trends and highlights strategies for adaptation, including sustainable farming practices, crop diversification, and improved irrigation management. The findings underscore the urgent need for both local and regional policies to strengthen agricultural resilience and ensure food security in the face of ongoing climatic shifts. The analysis of ERA5-Land climatic parameters and agricultural yield data for 1990–2024 revealed moderate to strong correlations between temperature and crop productivity, confirming the regional warming trend’s dual impact on yield stability and crop adaptation. Despite rising annual mean temperatures and lower annual precipitation totals, yields increased over the last two decades, reflecting technology-driven adaptation—improved genetics, fertilization, mechanization, and better timing of field operations—which mitigated climatic constraints and raised productivity.
more abstractclimate change, agriculture, crop yield, Timiş County, adaptation strategies
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DownloadTHE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CEREAL QUALITY pag. 122-130
Briana DAVID², Darian SAVU¹, Georgeta POP¹, Nicoleta MATEOC SÎRB²The study analyzes the influence of climate change on the quality of cereal production and crop structure in the Western Plain area. It provides a practical perspective on the adaptability of varieties to pedoclimatic conditions under changing climatic scenarios. The experimental field was established in the Timișoara South microzone, where five key quality parameters were monitored, determining the malting quality of barley and spring barley. The biological material tested included the barley varieties Planet, Daciana, and the barley cultivar Orbiter. The analysis focused on the main quality parameters relevant to industrial processing: average yield, moisture content, protein concentration, and screening fractions. Regarding the quality indices, the protein content ranged from 11.2% to 13.6%, values close to the required standard (9.5–12.5%). The screening fraction < 2.8 mm exceeded 70.0% in most variants analyzed, while the screening fraction < 2.5 mm surpassed 11.0%, showing highly significant results. The sum of the two fractions should represent at least 75–80% of the total sample weight. All varieties showed appropriate indices for the malting industry in terms of production potential and screening percentage an essential indicator of malt quality. The protein content of barley and spring barley grains ranged between 11.5% and 13.6%, indicating the need for further testing to determine the optimal fertilization rate according to the cultivated variety. The cultivated varieties demonstrated significant progress in production potential, stability of quality indices, and good adaptability to climatic stress conditions. In the context of intensified climate change, both barley and spring barley have become increasingly vulnerable to the growing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which induce severe forms of abiotic stress throughout the vegetation period.
more abstractbarley, malt, climatic conditions, protein, screening
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DownloadANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, ONE HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH pag. 131-137
V. DOMȘA1., E. BĂDESCU1., A. MINEA1., I. BUCUR1, R. PAȘCALĂU1Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a quintessential One Health challenge, transcending the boundaries between human medicine, animal health, and the environment. The agricultural and livestock sectors are pivotal arenas in this global crisis, acting as significant reservoirs and amplifiers of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. This research examines the intricate pathways through which antibiotic use in food-producing animals contributes to the emergence, selection, and dissemination of resistant pathogens. The review synthesizes current evidence on the practice of antibiotic administration for prophylaxis, meta phylaxis, and growth promotion in intensive farming systems, highlighting how these subtherapeutic and therapeutic applications exert selective pressure, driving microbial evolution. Critical transmission routes are analysed, including the direct transfer through the food chain via contaminated meat products, indirect environmental spread through manure and wastewater, and occupational exposure for farm workers. The consequences for public health are severe, manifesting as increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs associated with infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms like extended-spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL)- producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and resistant Campylobacter. The discussion underscores the imperative for integrated, multisectoral interventions under the One Health framework. These include the stringent implementation of stewardship programs to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in agriculture, the adoption of alternative animal health management practices, enhanced surveillance of AMR across all sectors, and the development of coherent policies that align agricultural productivity with long-term public health security. Mitigating AMR demands a collaborative, systemic approach that acknowledges the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health.
more abstractagriculture, livestock, one health, public health, antibiotic resistance
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DownloadINTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTO CATTLE FARMING AND AGRICULTURE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES pag. 138-144
V. DOMȘA1., E. BĂDESCU1., A. MINEA1., I. BUCUR1, R. PAȘCALĂU1The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into cattle farming heralds a transformative shift toward precision livestock farming (PLF), promising unprecedented gains in productivity, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges inherent in deploying AI technologies across dairy, beef, and integrated agricultural systems. We review and synthesize data from current applications, including computer vision for behaviour and health monitoring, acoustic sensors for respiratory and feeding analysis, predictive analytics for disease outbreak forecasting, and optimization models for feed efficiency and methane emission reduction. The findings indicate that AI-driven systems can improve milk yield by 10-15%, reduce antibiotic usage through early disease intervention by up to 30%, enhance reproductive efficiency, and decrease feed costs by optimizing rations dynamically. However, significant challenges impede widespread adoption. These include high initial capital investment, data scarcity and the need for robust, farm-specific datasets, algorithmic transparency (“black box” issues), cybersecurity risks, and a pronounced digital skills gap among farmers. Furthermore, ethical considerations regarding data ownership, animal autonomy, and potential job displacement require scrutiny. The discussion concludes that while AI integration is not a panacea, its strategic implementation, supported by improved digital infrastructure, farmer-centric training, and responsive policy frameworks, can drive a more resilient, efficient, and sustainable cattle industry. Success depends on collaborative efforts among technologists, agronomists, veterinarians, and policymakers to ensure these technologies are accessible, understandable, and economically viable for farmers of all scales.
more abstractagriculture, artificial intelligence, cattle farming, opportunities, challenges
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DownloadCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS: ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES pag. 145-154
Mihnea DRĂGAN1, Razvan GUI BACHNER1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, Daniel DICU1Climate change poses a profound threat to global agricultural ecosystems, manifesting through rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. These changes directly impact crop yields, livestock health, water availability, and soil integrity, thereby challenging global food security. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of climate change on agricultural systems and evaluates the efficacy of adaptive management strategies designed to enhance resilience. Through a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, meta-analysis of crop modelling studies, and case study examination from diverse agro-ecological zones, we synthesized data on both observed and projected impacts. Our findings indicate that without adaptation, staple crop yields (e.g., wheat, maize, rice) are projected to decline by 3-10% per degree Celsius of warming in many regions, with tropical areas facing the most severe losses. Concurrently, climate change exacerbates water scarcity, pest and disease pressure, and soil degradation. In response, we assessed a suite of adaptive strategies categorized into technological (e.g., drought-resistant varieties, precision agriculture), managerial (e.g., altered planting dates, integrated crop-livestock systems), and institutional (e.g., crop insurance, knowledge networks) approaches. The analysis reveals that integrated adaptive management - combining multiple strategies - can significantly offset negative impacts, potentially maintaining or even improving yields under moderate climate change scenarios. For instance, the combination of improved cultivars, conservation agriculture, and enhanced irrigation efficiency was shown to reduce climate vulnerability by up to 50% in certain systems. However, the adoption of these strategies is hindered by economic, institutional, and knowledge barriers, particularly for smallholder farmers. We conclude that while climate change presents a formidable challenge, a proactive and systemic shift toward adaptive management can build robust agricultural ecosystems. Success depends on context-specific solutions, supportive policies, and investments in research and extension to facilitate widespread implementation, thereby safeguarding food production for future generations.
more abstractclimate change, adaptive management, agricultural resilience, ecosystems, strategies
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DownloadMONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS pag. 155-165
Mihnea DRĂGAN1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Francois GUYVENCHY1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, Adrian ȘMULEAC1Agricultural expansion is a primary driver of global environmental change, contributing to deforestation, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and altered water cycles. Effective monitoring is crucial for sustainable land-use planning and policy formulation. This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrating Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for comprehensive, spatial-temporal assessment of the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion. We focused on a rapidly transforming frontier in the Cerrado biome of Brazil, utilizing a time-series of multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel-2 MSI) from 2013 to 2023. Supervised classification algorithms, specifically Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest, were employed to map land use/land cover (LULC) changes. The derived LULC maps, with an overall accuracy exceeding 90%, were then integrated within a GIS environment with ancillary datasets, including soil maps, precipitation data, and protected area boundaries. Our analysis quantified a 45% increase in agricultural land, predominantly at the expense of native Cerrado vegetation. This conversion was strongly associated with a 30% increase in soil erosion risk (modelled using RUSLE), a significant fragmentation of wildlife habitats (measured by a 25% decrease in Mean Patch Size), and altered surface water dynamics evidenced by a 15% reduction in dry season normalized difference water index (NDWI) in adjacent watersheds. Spatial analysis further revealed that 18% of the expansion occurred on legally protected lands and steep slopes, highlighting governance challenges. The study concludes that the RS-GIS framework provides a powerful, cost-effective, and transparent tool for near-real-time environmental monitoring. It enables policymakers and land managers to pinpoint critical areas of impact, enforce environmental regulations, and design targeted conservation strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of agricultural frontier advancement, thereby promoting a more sustainable and accountable agricultural sector.
more abstractGIS, remote sensing, environment, impact, agriculture
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DownloadSOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING pag. 166-171
Carmen-Simona, DUMITRESCU1, Liliana, MIRIANICI1, , Anka, PASCARIU1, Diana, MARIN1, Iasmina, IOSIM1In this paper, the authors conduct a comprehensive investigation into the evolving field of marketing conducted in and through social media platforms. The study explores how social media has transformed traditional marketing practices and created new opportunities for businesses to engage with consumers in dynamic and interactive ways. The authors begin by defining key concepts such as social media platforms, marketing, and the specific applications, networks, and services that constitute the social media ecosystem. They emphasize that platforms like Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), LinkedIn, and TikTok have become crucial tools for marketing communication, brand building, and customer relationship management. A significant part of the paper focuses on the importance of social media in services marketing, highlighting how it enables firms to reach target audiences more effectively, personalize customer experiences, and foster long-term loyalty. The authors argue that social media serves as both a communication channel and a marketplace, allowing for two-way interactions between brands and consumers that were not possible through traditional marketing mediums. Furthermore, the paper introduces a taxonomy of social media marketing that categorizes the main dimensions, components, and activities involved in developing an effective social media marketing strategy. These include content creation and curation, audience analysis, engagement measurement, influencer collaboration, and data-driven decision-making. By analyzing these dimensions, the authors provide a structured framework that helps marketers understand how to integrate social media tools into their broader marketing strategies. Overall, the paper underscores the strategic significance of social media as a powerful driver of modern marketing practices and customer engagement.
more abstractsocial media, marketing, advertising, public relations, strategies
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DownloadCONSTRUCTION AND TYPES OF DRONES USED IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT pag. 172-181
Daniela-Maria HANTIG , Cristina DOBROSEVSCAIA , G. POPESCU, L. DRAGOMIRThis paper analyzes the construction and performance of two representative types of drones used in modern photogrammetric measurements: DJI Mavic 3 RTK and senseFly eBee X. These aerial platforms integrate advanced positioning and image capture technologies, allowing the acquisition of high-precision geospatial data, with applicability in topography, cadastre, precision agriculture and environmental monitoring. DJI Mavic 3 RTK, a multirotor drone, stands out for its maneuverability and high precision at a local scale, being equipped with a 20 MP Hasselblad L2D-20c camera and integrated RTK system, which ensures a positional error of less than 3 cm. In contrast, senseFly eBee X, a fixed-wing drone, uses 24 MP cameras and RTK/PPK technology, offering an autonomy of up to 90 minutes and the possibility of mapping areas of over 500 ha in a single flight. The research results show that the choice of photogrammetric platform depends on the purpose of the project: Mavic 3 RTK is ideal for detailed work and small areas, and eBee X for large-scale mapping. Both drones contribute to streamlining measurement processes and increasing the accuracy of modern geospatial products. In addition, the integration of these systems into geospatial workflows helps optimize data processing time, reduce operational costs, and improve accuracy in applied mapping projects
more abstractPhotogrammetry,Drone,Geospatial precision,DJI Mavic 3 RTK,SenseFly eBee X,Aerial mapping
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DownloadIMPLEMENTATION OF DRONE-ASSISTED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AS A TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TO OPTIMIZE AGRICULTURE IN EASTERN ROMANIA pag. 182-190
Fernanda HERNÁNDEZ1, Angela BECERRA1, Johanna POGGI1, Laura SMULEAC2, Raul PASCALAU2The implementation of drone-assisted irrigation systems represents a cutting-edge innovation with significant potential to optimize agricultural management in eastern Romania, a region characterized by diverse climatic and agronomic conditions. Advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology enable precise water distribution and real-time monitoring using multispectral sensors and aerial imagery, improving water use efficiency, and increasing crop resilience to environmental variability. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the most effective innovative drone-assisted irrigation model for agricultural development in this region. For this reason, a qualitative methodology was followed to compare the DJI Agras T30, DJI Agras T40, and XAG P100 models in terms of operational performance, technical specifications, and relative costs compared to the size of farms that represent part of the country's emerging commercial agriculture (5-10 ha) in Romania so that accurate agricultural data can be determined in a timely manner for informed decision-making and sustainable planning. The results reveal that all drone models in the study fulfill the optimal irrigation purpose for 5-10 hectares of farms. Although the DJI Agras T40 and XAP P100 models have more advanced technology, the DJI Agras T30 model demonstrates ideal performance with an operational capacity of 16 hectares per hour, advanced altitude control systems, wide spray coverage, among other features that make it a very efficient and adaptable option for local agricultural conditions. Its integration with smart mapping systems supports data-driven decision-making, promoting productivity and water conservation. Although its implementation is limited by the permits that must be legally obtained, high initial costs, reduced battery life, maintenance, and specialized training, drone-assisted irrigation systems are a viable and strategic approach to improving water efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness in the agricultural sector of eastern Romania.
more abstractagriculture, water deficit, drones, UAV, assisted irrigation, eastern Romania
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DownloadDEVELOPEMENT OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE USING OPEN-SOURCE RESOURCES pag. 191-206
Vladimir IORDACHE1 , Andrei ILIE1This paper showcases the development and use of a multifunctional topographic software, which is entirely written and implemented in Python, using only open-source libraries and resources. The main objective of this paper is to create a reliable, flexible and fast tool that is able to transform the coordinates of a set of points into a new CRS (Coordinate Reference System) based on a set of control points (often called GCP), using various methods and algorithms, like the Gauss–Markov stochastic functional model for indirect observations. Beyond the aforementioned transformations, the present program is able to calculate and generate the 3D digital terrain model (DTM) from the elevation data of the provided set of points and then produce contour lines at a given interval by means of Delaunay triangulation, which can then be exported to DXF format.Currently, the market of such applications may appear oversaturated, but in reality, the most popular solutions require a substantial investment and often rely on proprietary solutions and algorithms, which may or may not be well documented. In contrast, the solution presented in this paper enhances reproducibility and transparency of the results by using open-source solutions and a versatile programming language, Python.The methodology involves the use of various numerical transformation techniques for coordinate compensation, geometric algorithms for coordinate transformation, interpolation methods for generating the DTM and others.The results obtained using the software demonstrate that the program can be, in various aspects, comparable to those obtained with commercial tools, and in some even better, the reason for this being the fact that the software was specifically designed with topographic situations in mind. The implications of this work are relevant, because it provides a transparent, well-documented and extensible alternative to popular commercial applications. This software may be unique, as it implements many different concepts from various fields that are close to topography, like GIS, photogrammetry, statistics, machine learning etc., within a full Python framework.
more abstractPython, CRS, DTM, Gauss-Markov, Delaunay, DXF, GIS, contour
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DownloadMOBILE - BASED CLOSE - RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR 3D MODELING pag. 207-213
Flavius IOVAN1, Andrei BARBAROŞ1, Andreea ARDELEAN1, Cristian BOGDAN1, Maria – Roberta JIANU1, Viorica DAVID1Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques have revolutionized many different fields, from architecture or archaeology to environmental studies, engineering, or others. Among the techniques that have materialized with the closest relation to current needs is close-range photogrammetry, offering the potential to reconstruct the geometric shape or texture of small to medium-sized objects with the help of overlapped photos or structure from motion algorithms. This paper describes the creation and analysis of a three-dimensional (3D) model created with the aid of close-range photogrammetry techniques utilizing an open-source mobile application. The main focus is to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy, and productivity of mobile-supported photogrammetry techniques, which can be an efficient and affordable substitute for the currently existing 3D reconstruction techniques. A detailed image capturing procedure was also carried out with the help of the standard smartphone camera, taking overlapped photos from different angles to cover the area sufficiently with the help of parallax. The generated data was then processed with the help of an open-source mobile application for photogrammetry, allowing the process of feature points identification, image matching, dense cloud creation, and surface recreation. The reconstructed 3D model was then compared on the basis of geometric precision, resolution, and texture. The result shows that close-range photogrammetry, conducted with the help of open-source mobile software, is able to provide acceptable levels of accuracy for non-meter purposes, especially for the application areas of cultural heritage, environmental scanning, and educational visualizations. The current study also brings attention to the promising mobile technology of photogrammetry, with the possible future application of democratizing 3D technology availability.
more abstract3D modelling, Close Range Photogrammetry, open source mobile app, image – based modelling
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DownloadLAVENDER CULTIVATION AS A TOOL FOR SOIL REMEDIATION AND BIODIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT pag. 214-219
R. A. JIGĂU1, L. VORNICU1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, D. OBIȘTOIU1, F. IMBREA1Soil degradation and biodiversity loss are interconnected environmental crises demanding innovative and sustainable solutions. This research investigates the potential of lavender (Lavandula spp.) cultivation as a multifunctional tool for phytoremediation and biodiversity enhancement in degraded agricultural landscapes. Lavender, a perennial, drought-resistant aromatic plant, is known for its hardiness and low-input requirements. We hypothesized that its deep root system, specific biochemical exudates, and floral characteristics could concurrently improve soil health and support diverse pollinator populations. A two-year field experiment was conducted on a marginally productive, slightly contaminated site, comparing lavender plots with control plots of spontaneous vegetation. Soil samples were analysed pre- and post-cultivation for key parameters, including heavy metal content (Pb, Zn), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability, and microbial biomass. Above-ground invertebrate biodiversity was assessed using pitfall traps and pan traps to monitor pollinator and beneficial insect activity. Results demonstrated that lavender cultivation significantly increased SOC by 18% and improved water-stable aggregates by 25% compared to controls. Notably, the lavender plots showed a 30% reduction in bioavailable fractions of lead and a 15% reduction in certain light PAHs, indicating a phyto-stabilization and microbial degradation enhancement capacity. Furthermore, the lavender fields supported a 50% greater abundance and a 40% higher species richness of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hoverflies, compared to control areas. The study concludes that lavender cultivation presents a viable, economically attractive strategy for the ecological restoration of marginal lands. It offers a simultaneous win-win outcome: remediating soil contaminants through phyto management while creating high-value agricultural products and critical habitats for biodiversity, thereby contributing to both ecological and economic resilience.
more abstractlavender, biodiversity, soil, standards, pollinator
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DownloadLAVENDER-BASED LAND USE SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT pag. 220-225
R. A. JIGĂU1, L. VORNICU1, Ș. ZOICAN (BAICU)1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, L. ȘMULEAC1The global agricultural sector faces the dual challenge of ensuring food security and environmental sustainability, necessitating a shift towards multifunctional land use systems. This study investigates the potential of lavender-based land use systems (LBLUS) as a model for sustainable agriculture and rural development. Lavender (Lavandula spp.), a perennial, drought-resistant aromatic plant, offers a low-input, high-value alternative to conventional crops, particularly on marginal lands. We employed a mixed-methods approach, combining agronomic field experiments, life cycle assessment (LCA), and socio-economic surveys across three case study regions in the Mediterranean basin. Agronomic results demonstrated that lavender cultivation significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (by 22%), improved water retention, and supported 45% higher pollinator biodiversity compared to adjacent annual crop systems. The LCA revealed a 60% lower carbon footprint per unit of revenue generated from lavender essential oil versus conventional wheat cultivation. Socio-economic surveys of 150 small-scale farmers and 30 processing enterprises indicated that lavender integration diversified income streams, with value-added products (essential oils, hydrosols, dried bouquets) increasing farm profitability by up to 35%. Furthermore, the development of lavender-based agritourism created new local employment opportunities, particularly for women and youth. However, barriers to adoption were identified, including high initial investment costs, lack of technical knowledge, and underdeveloped market linkages. The study concludes that LBLUS represents a viable and synergistic strategy for achieving environmental sustainability and economic resilience in rural areas. By providing ecosystem services, generating high-value products, and fostering tourism, lavender systems can catalyse a circular bioeconomy, contributing to the revitalization of rural communities while promoting ecological stewardship. Policy support for knowledge transfer, market access, and initial investment is crucial for scaling this model.
more abstractlavender, plantation, importance, particularities, environment
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DownloadGIS APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING: ASSESSING BUILDING FUNCTION AND PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN CERNETEAZ LOCALITY, WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 226-233
I.M. JURESCU1, R.G. PEPTAN2, C.-B. VÎLCEANU3, S. HERBAN4The present work aims to create a thematic map highlighting the function of buildings in the locality of Cerneteaz, Timiș County, western part of Romania. The locality of Cerneteaz, through its construction characteristics and data availability, provides a good example of how such a small-scale, but high-impact, initiative can be started. The analysis was performed using QGIS, a powerful open-source software used in processing and visualizing geospatial data. Data regarding the buildings were obtained through the systematic cadastral process conducted at the local level. This data provides an accurate vector representation of the building contours and allow the association of relevant attributes for functional analysis. In this study, buildings were classified based on their primary use (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial) with the goal of highlighting how they are spatially distributed in the area. Understanding the functional structure of a locality provides valuable information for authorities, urban planners, and communities, allowing for the identification of deficient areas, dysfunctions, or investment opportunities. The use of GIS technology allows not only the visualization of this information as a thematic map but also the generation of statistics and interpretations useful for understanding the functional structure of the locality. Thus, the work fits into a practical context, with relevance in the fields of spatial planning and urban management.
more abstractGIS, QGIS, green energy, thematic map, building function
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DownloadECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION MEASURES OF SOME LENDS AFFECTED BY ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE pag. 234-239
Ecaterina KOVACS1, Ioan GAICA1 ,Madalina BORCA1Restoring degraded land following road construction is essential both for protecting the environment and for ensuring the sustainability of infrastructure projects. Road construction activities can significantly affect soil, vegetation, water resources and biodiversity, and the restoration of these lands is a crucial step in reducing the negative impact and reintegrating affected ecosystems. The studied area includes a variety of natural habitats, which harbor a significant diversity of flora and fauna, some of which are sensitive to environmental changes caused by construction activities. In the framework of ecological restoration measures in the case of road construction, it involves the choice of ecological solutions depending on the terrain, biodiversity and estimated impact, and the development of ecological compensation plans and post-construction monitoring. Following the mapping, the maps were prepared that provide the scientific basis for correct decisions regarding the route, technical solutions and ecological restoration measures. The identification of ecological corridors guides the optimal route of the highway to avoid sensitive areas and informs decisions regarding the placement of ecological tunnels, Eco ducts and wildlife crossings. The practical implementation of ecological recovery measures materialized by introducing green works in technical plans and supervising the execution of protection and restoration measures. Monitoring and maintenance include monitoring biodiversity in the years following construction and adjusting measures based on the results.
more abstractbiodiversity, ecological reconstruction, degraded lands
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DownloadVEGETAL SYMBOLS AND THE SEMIOTICS OF NATURE IN ELIADE’S THOUGHT pag. 240-249
Marius Robert LUNGU1, Andreea DRAGOESCU-PETRICA1, Alexandra IBRIC1, Patrick LAVRITS2The paper examines conceptualization of plants, trees, and the natural world as fundamental mediators between the sacred and the profane in Eliade’s work, which are integral to the construction of cultural semiotics and mythic imagination. Mircea Eliade’s extensive contributions to the phenomenology of religion and cultural semiotics encompass a sustained inquiry into the symbolic dimensions of nature, particularly vegetal imagery. Segal (2001) outlines theoretical approaches to myth, positioning Eliade’s phenomenological approach within a broader comparative discourse. It is highly agreed upon that Eliade’s view remains central to myth theory (Segal, 2001). By situating Eliade’s thought within broader mythological and philosophical traditions, the paper elucidates how vegetal symbolism articulates the cyclical logic of life, death, and rebirth central to religious cosmologies. The paper further interrogates the epistemological and metaphysical implications of Eliade’s approach, arguing that his treatment of natural symbolism constitutes not merely an interpretive motif but a profound theory of meaning-making rooted in sacred ontology. Through a close reading of his discussions of the cosmic tree, the symbolism of regeneration, and hierophanies within the natural environment, the study explores how Eliade positions vegetal life as a site of revelation and renewal. Nature, in Eliade’s framework, emerges as a cosmic manuscript, a living, symbolic text authored by divine agency, wherein plants and trees function as semiotic nodes that render metaphysical realities perceptible to human consciousness. Methodologically, the analysis employs conceptual metaphor theory to uncover the cognitive and semiotic mechanisms through which Eliade transforms natural forms into vehicles of transcendence, thereby bridging phenomenological philosophy, conceptual metaphor analysis, and mythopoetic approaches.
more abstractConceptual analysis of Nature, vegetal symbolism, cultural semiotics, ecolinguistics, life sciences.
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DownloadSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AND PRESERVATION OF SOIL FERTILITY IN PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN GĂTAIA, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 250-258
Casiana MIHUȚ, Ion HARCĂU, Aurelia MIHUȚ, Daniel POPA, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEAThe study carried out in the locality of Gătaia, Timiş County" highlights the differences between traditional and sustainable agricultural systems applied in western Romania. The research was conducted using field observations and data collected from a local farm in Gătaia, emphasizing the relationships between natural conditions, soil types, and agricultural management practices. Conventional systems rely on intensive soil disturbance, frequent ploughing, and synthetic inputs, while conservation technologies focus on minimal tillage, surface residue preservation, and balanced fertilization. Results show that conservation practices improve soil structure, reduce compaction, and increase water retention capacity. The main soil types identified within the area were Chernozems, Eutric Cambisols, and Vertisols, all influenced by specific geomorphological and climatic conditions. The climatic regime is temperate continental, with mean annual temperatures of 10.9°C and precipitation between 600–700 mm, ensuring favorable conditions for cereals, sunflower, and maize. The research confirms that adopting conservation tillage in the Gătaia area contributes to sustainable land use, better soil fertility, and environmental protection. Furthermore, this system supports long-term productivity and resilience to climate variability. The obtained results can serve as a reference for the implementation of sustainable agricultural technologies in similar agroecosystems in the western part of Romania. In the context of climate change, the application of conservative technologies becomes a viable solution for the sustainability of agroecosystems in the south of Timiș County.
more abstractConservation tillage; Conventional agriculture; Soil fertility; Sustainable management; Gătaia; Timiș County; Agricultural systems
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DownloadSOIL CONSERVATION SYSTEMS. COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND CONSERVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES pag. 259-268
Casiana MIHUȚ1, Ion HARCĂU1, Laurențiu CAUC1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA41 Daniel POPA1The present work proposes the comparative analysis of the two major agricultural systems currently used in Romania - the conventional and the conservative technology - on the territory of Gătaia, Timiș County. The study was carried out on the farm Trovatore (Don Carlos), which exploits a total area of 4726.69 ha, of which approximately 50% is worked in a conventional system, and the rest in a conservative system. Data obtained from the field and from the agricultural activity of the farm were supplemented with climatic, pedological and economic information in order to assess the impact of different technologies on soil fertility and the sustainability of agricultural land use. The results show that the application of conservative systems causes a significant improvement in the structure and porosity of the soil, the reduction of settlement and compaction processes, the increase in the content of organic matter and a better water retention capacity. In comparison, the conventional system, although it ensures high yields and high competitiveness in the short term, leads to a gradual depletion of nutrients, degradation of soil structure and high consumption of fuels. The application of minimum tillage systems (minimum tillage, no-till, strip-till) contributes to the reduction of production costs, CO₂ emissions and a more efficient adaptation to the variable climatic conditions of the Timiș Plain. The general conclusion of the study indicates that conservative agriculture is the most effective solution for maintaining soil fertility, conserving natural resources and increasing the sustainability of agro-ecosystems in Banat.
more abstractsoil conservation; sustainable agriculture; conventional system; conservative system; soil fertility; minimal technologies; Timiș county
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DownloadDEVELOPING ECO-FRIENDLY FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE pag. 269-274
Alin MINEA1, Vlad DOMȘA1, Edmond BĂDESCU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1The intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in conventional agriculture has led to significant environmental challenges, including water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil degradation, while contributing to diminishing returns in crop productivity. This research investigates the development and efficacy of integrated eco-friendly fertilization systems as a sustainable alternative. We evaluated a combination of organic amendments (compost, vermicompost), biofertilizers (nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria), and precision application technologies over a three-year period in diverse cropping systems. Our results demonstrated that integrated eco-friendly systems could maintain crop yields within 5-10% of conventional levels while significantly enhancing soil health. Specifically, soil organic carbon increased by 18-25%, microbial biomass by 30-45%, and water-holding capacity by 15-20% compared to synthetic fertilizer treatments. Nutrient use efficiency improved by 25-40%, with corresponding reductions in nitrogen leaching (30-50%) and nitrous oxide emissions (20-35%). Economic analysis revealed that although initial establishment costs were 15-20% higher, the systems became cost-competitive within 2-3 years due to reduced input costs and premium market opportunities for sustainably produced crops. The successful implementation was influenced by crop type, soil characteristics, and farmer knowledge, with legumes and horticultural crops showing particularly positive responses. We conclude that eco-friendly fertilization systems represent a viable, multifunctional approach to sustainable agriculture, simultaneously addressing productivity, environmental, and economic objectives. Their widespread adoption requires supportive policies, knowledge dissemination, and the development of integrated nutrient management plans tailored to local conditions.
more abstractsustainable agriculture, soil, fertilization, eco, systems
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DownloadGEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF LAND DEGRADATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION PRIORITIES pag. 275-281
Alin MINEA1, Răzvan Bachner GUI1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, Adrian ȘMULEAC1Land degradation poses a critical threat to global ecosystems, food security, and sustainable development. Identifying priority areas for environmental restoration is essential for optimizing limited conservation resources. This study presents a comprehensive geospatial framework for assessing land degradation and delineating restoration priorities by integrating multi-source remote sensing data, GIS analytics, and machine learning algorithms. We analysed key indicators of degradation, including vegetation cover (NDVI), soil erosion risk (RUSLE model), land surface temperature (LST), and land use/land cover change, across a degraded watershed over a 20-year period (2003-2023). The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to weight these indicators based on their relative importance in driving degradation processes. Our results revealed that 35% of the study area experiences severe to very severe degradation, primarily in agricultural marginal lands and deforested slopes. The implementation of a random forest classifier achieved 88% accuracy in mapping degradation hotspots. By overlaying degradation severity with conservation feasibility factors (slope, proximity to settlements, land tenure), we identified three priority tiers for restoration intervention. High-priority zones (18% of the degraded area) represent critical locations where restoration would yield maximum ecological and socio-economic benefits. Medium and low-priority zones were also delineated to guide phased implementation strategies. Validation using field data and historical restoration outcomes confirmed the robustness of our priority mapping approach. This study demonstrates that geospatial analysis provides a scientifically rigorous, cost-effective, and scalable methodology for targeting restoration efforts. The developed framework offers land managers and policymakers a practical decision-support tool for optimizing environmental restoration investments and combating land degradation effectively.
more abstractland degradation, geospatial, environment, analysis, importance, restauration
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DownloadROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE pag. 282-288
James NDIRANGU1, Alin MINEA1, Razvan Gui BACHNER1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1The integration of robotics and automation represents a paradigm shift in sustainable agriculture, offering innovative solutions to address labour shortages, optimize resource use, and minimize environmental impacts. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state and potential of agricultural robotics, focusing on their role in advancing sustainability goals. Through a systematic review of 120 peer-reviewed studies, patent analyses, and case studies of commercial implementations, we evaluated robotic systems for precision weeding, targeted spraying, autonomous harvesting, and soil monitoring. Our findings indicate that robotic weed control can reduce herbicide use by 70-90% through machine vision and mechanical removal, while automated precision sprayers achieve 30-50% reductions in pesticide and fertilizer application. Robotic harvesters address critical labour bottlenecks in high-value crops, though technical challenges remain in handling delicate produce. The environmental benefits are substantial, with life cycle assessments showing a 15-25% reduction in carbon footprint per unit of output compared to conventional mechanized systems. However, significant barriers persist, including high initial costs (typically $50,000-$500,000 per unit), technical limitations in complex field environments, and the need for specialized operator skills. The analysis reveals that successful implementation requires crop-specific adaptations and integration with farm management information systems. We conclude that robotics and automation are not merely labour-saving technologies but fundamental enablers of ecological intensification. Their strategic deployment can significantly advance the triple bottom line of sustainable agriculture, environmental health, economic profitability, and social equity, though realizing this potential requires supportive policies, technological standardization, and targeted research to enhance affordability and reliability in diverse agricultural contexts.
more abstractdigitalization, agriculture, innovation, hub, importance
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DownloadTHE ROLE OF DIGITAL INNOVATION HUBS IN SUPPORTING AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ROMANIA AND KENYA pag. 289-294
James NDIRANGU1, Cynthia WANJIKU1, Razvan Gui BACHNER1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) have emerged as critical intermediaries in fostering the digital transformation of agriculture, particularly in bridging the gap between technological potential and on-the-ground application. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the role of DIHs in supporting agricultural development in Romania and Kenya, two nations with distinct agrarian structures and digital ecosystems. Through a mixed-methods approach involving case studies of 12 DIHs, surveys of 150 smallholder farmers and agribusinesses, and stakeholder interviews, we assessed the services, impacts, and challenges faced by these hubs. In Romania, DIHs are predominantly structured around EU funding and academic institutions, focusing on precision agriculture technologies, IoT solutions for large farms, and connecting farmers to CAP digital requirements. In Kenya, DIHs are often venture-backed or NGO-driven, prioritizing mobile-based services, pay-as-you-go models, and solutions tailored to smallholder challenges like market access and climate resilience. Our findings indicate that DIHs in both countries significantly improve technology adoption rates; farmers engaged with DIHs were 3.5 times more likely to use a digital advisory service. However, key challenges persist, including sustainable business models, the digital literacy gap among end-users, and the “pilot paradox” where solutions fail to scale. In Romania, DIHs struggle with reaching small-scale, elderly farmers, while in Kenya, issues of infrastructure and affordability are paramount. We conclude that DIHs are pivotal in contextualizing global AgriTech innovations to local realities. Their success hinges on developing multi-stakeholder partnerships, fostering user-centric design, and implementing hybrid business models that blend commercial and developmental objectives. Tailored support policies are needed to enhance their role as catalysts for an inclusive and sustainable digital agricultural revolution.
more abstractdigitalization, agriculture, innovation, hub, importance
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DownloadTHE SKILLS OF THE FUTURE IN CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURE pag. 295-304
Manuela – Dora ORBOI 1,2, Monica Valentina GAVRILĂ (KILLIAN)1, Anja BABEU (DULGHERU)1, Andreea Adriana PETCOV2, Ana Maria VÎRTEIU2The paper entitled “Future skills of the future in contemporary agriculture” addresses a major topical issue, located at the intersection of technological innovation, environmental sustainability and socio-economic transformations in the agricultural sector. In a global context marked by accelerated digitalization, climate change and increasingly stringent requirements for sustainable food production, modern agriculture is being redefined, requiring a new generation of professional skills. The main aim of the study is to identify and analyze the key skills that will shape the profile of the agricultural specialist of the future, able to manage resources efficiently, use advanced digital technologies and integrate the principles of the circular economy in practice. The analysis is based on an interdisciplinary approach, bringing together economic, technical and social perspectives, to outline a complex picture of the transformations in agriculture. Emerging trends such as precision agriculture, the use of artificial intelligence and IoT sensors, agricultural data management, as well as the transition to sustainable ecological practices are investigated. The study also highlights the need for continuous training and retraining, especially among young farmers and rural workers, who need to develop digital, entrepreneurial and collaborative skills. The research results underline the importance of adapting educational curricula and strengthening partnerships between academia, the private sector and public authorities. Promoting a culture of lifelong learning is essential to support the transition towards a smart, resilient and competitive agriculture at European and global level.
more abstractskills, opportunities, trends, modern agriculture
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DownloadCAREER DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS pag. 305-313
Manuela – Dora ORBOI 1,2, Rahela CONDEA1, Andreea Adriana PETCOV2, Claudia Elena SÎRBULESCU*2, Simona Cristina CONSTANTINESCU*2The paper entitled ”Career development pathways for environmental engineering students” investigates the ways in which young specialists can be supported to build relevant and sustainable careers in a global context dominated by the green transition and the new demands of the circular economy. At a time when European and international policies emphasize reducing environmental impact, efficient use of resources and the implementation of green technologies, the field of environmental engineering becomes essential for achieving sustainable development goals. The main purpose of the research is to identify the directions of professional evolution for graduates of university programs in the field, in correlation with the increasingly complex demands of the labor market and the dynamics of technological innovation. The proposed analysis is based on an integrated approach, which combines the educational perspective with the economic and technological one. Career opportunities are highlighted in areas such as waste management, pollution control, renewable energy, resource efficiency and ecological systems design. The research results show that, in addition to technical and scientific skills, future environmental engineers need to develop transversal skills – critical thinking, digital skills, entrepreneurship, interdisciplinary communication and innovation capacity. The conclusions of the paper emphasize the need to strengthen partnerships between universities, the economic environment and public institutions to create flexible professional paths, relevant internship programs and lifelong learning mechanisms. These elements are fundamental for preparing young engineers to face the new challenges of the green economy and for their active integration into a sustainable and innovation-oriented society.
more abstractskills, challenges, opportunities, evolution, professional training
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DownloadCHANGES IN PIGMENTS OF THE LEAVES’ DIFFERENT STAGES IN AUTUMN pag. 314-324
Minn Mann PYAE, Iuliana POPESCU, Codruta CHISThe goal of this paper is to research the change in pigments that exist in different species of leaves that were collected before, during and after senescence. The species of leaves that were tested were Cornus Mas, Juglans Regia, Tilia Cordata, Prunus Serrulata and Fraxinus Excelsior with four different samples of each leaf from greenest to brownest. The pigments were extracted by baking the leaves in the oven to prevent bacterial growth and to dry the samples. Next, the leaves were grinded with a mortar and pestle which is then weighed to 60 mg. A solution is made by mixing the leaves with 5 mL of 80% alcohol to extract the pigments more effectively. A spectrophotometer was used to record the wavelength absorbance, then the data was graphed to visualise the absorbance changes throughout the wavelengths. The amount of chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B was calculated using absorbance at 663 and 640 nm, and the data showed that the amount of chlorophyll A in each sample decreases as the ‘brownness’ of the leaves increases, from 796 to 41,33 microgram/gram. However, this was not the case for chlorophyll B. While most results had shown a decrease of chlorophyll B from 416 to 62.5 microgram/gram dm, some had varied results which did not indicate an increase or decrease. The results have concluded that the content of chlorophyll is inversely proportional to the content of anthocyanins in the leaves as senescence occurs. There were research limitations, for instance each sample of the leaves were not weighed exactly to 60 mg and were off by a few milligrams. This investigation took a few weeks to complete which may also continue the leaves’ senescence causing a decrease in chlorophyll. The identification of pigments in autumn leaves is a well established area of study that has yet to be applied in the local conditions of Timisoara because environmental factors also affect leaf colour by influencing anthocyanin and chlorophyll metabolism. It is important to have more local data about plant physiology to assist those in other fields of science for research in this topic.
more abstractChlorophyll, Spectrophotometer, Pigments, Anthocyanins
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DownloadPEDOLOGICAL AND AGROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LANDS WITH PASTURES FROM CARANSEBES pag. 325-332
Elena Iulia RĂDUESCU, Daniel Dorin DICU, Cosmin Alin POPESCUThis study presents a comprehensive soil characterization and analysis of the main limiting factors affecting pasture lands in the Caransebeș area. The research aims to evaluate the physical, chemical, and agrochemical properties of soils in order to identify constraints that influence pasture productivity and sustainable land use. Soil samples were collected from representative pasture sites and analyzed for texture, pH, organic matter content, nutrient availability and soil compaction. In addition, environmental and management-related factors such as slope, drainage conditions, erosion risk, and grazing intensity were assessed. The results indicate that the dominant soils are moderately to poorly fertile, with limitations related to soil acidity, low organic matter content, nutrient deficiencies, and uneven water availability. In some areas, soil compaction and erosion caused by improper grazing practices further reduce pasture quality and biomass production. These limiting factors negatively affect plant diversity, forage yield, and long-term soil health. The study highlights the importance of implementing appropriate soil management measures, including liming, organic amendments, controlled grazing, and erosion control practices, to improve pasture productivity. The findings provide valuable information for land managers and local authorities, supporting sustainable pasture management and contributing to the preservation of soil resources in the Caransebeș region. This research emphasizes the role of soil assessment as a fundamental tool for optimizing pasture use and enhancing agricultural sustainability.
more abstractsoil, pastures, Caransebes, agrochemical, pedological
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DownloadUSING GPS TECHNOLOGY ON A GLOBAL LEVEL pag. 333-340
Daria-Maria RUSU, Daria-Maria SAMFIRESCU, L.O. DRAGOMIR, G. POPESCUGPS (Global Positioning System) is a technology that represents one of the most important applications of GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite Systems), providing essential positioning, navigation, and timing services worldwide.It has informations about the main GNSS systems: GPS (United States of America), Galileo (European Union), GLONASS (Russia), and BeiDou (China) presenting their characteristics, evolution, and accuracy. It also shows the practical applications of GNSS receivers in many fields: automotive transport, aviation, maritime navigation, and industrial activities:transportation,logistics,drones and robotics,precision agriculture, construction, and mining. The study emphasizes the role of GNSS technology in optimizing routes, increasing safety and efficiency, and supporting autonomous driving. ,it examines the concept of the GNSS SSV (Space Service Volume) , which extends GNSS services to altitudes between 3,000 and 36,000 km, ensuring the operation of space navigation systems. It provides detailed information about location helping you to find the place or finish the job faster. There are six GEO satellites and are part of the equatorial orbital plane,60 degrees in longitude or four hours in time. GEO and MEO orbits are almost in phase with each other. The conclusions that the global use of GPS technology contributes to the development of smart infrastructures, transportation safety, and scientific progress, demonstrating the essential role of GNSS in the modern society,helping you saving time.
more abstractGNSS , GPS , satellite , transportation , navigation , altitude
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DownloadNATURAL RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL FROM LUNCAVITA, CARAS-SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 341-351
Salomea Larisa CIORTAN, Daniel Dorin DICU, Adina HORABLAGAThe present study analyzes in detail the geographical characteristics, natural resources and agricultural potential of Luncavița commune, located in Caraș-Severin county, at the contact between the Băile Herculane Depression and the Cerna Mountains. The varied relief, composed of hilly areas, mountain meadows and forested slopes, determines a significant pedological, geological and ecological diversity, which directly influences land use and traditional agricultural practices. The research was based on the documentary analysis of pedological, geological maps and agricultural statistics, complemented by direct field observations and by correlating the data with recent climate information. Modern interdisciplinary methods were applied to evaluate soils, climatic factors and the current use of agricultural land. The predominant soils are eutricambosols, cambic chernozems and acid brown soils, developed on deluvial deposits and loessoid materials. The analysis of the land quality reveals fertile surfaces, favorable for agricultural crops, orchards and pastures, but also significant limitations, such as high acidity, excess humidity, low carrying capacity and steep slopes, which increase the risk of erosion. The temperate-continental climate with sub-Mediterranean influences, forest biodiversity, abundant water resources and local agricultural tradition support the development of mixed and sustainable agriculture. The conclusions highlight the agricultural and economic potential of the commune, offering real prospects for sustainable development, agritourism and the valorization of traditional agri-food products, while also contributing to increasing local economic competitiveness.
more abstractresources, soil, agriculture, Luncavita,, factors
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DownloadSTUDY ON MEETING THE WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) IN SOCOL, CARAȘ-SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 352-357
Dragana Milesa SERDANOVICI1, Denisa Maria AIOANEI2, Anișoara Aurelia IENCIU2, P. B. BALS2, D. N. MANEA2The present paper aims to analyze the climatic factors influencing the water requirements of maize (Zea mays L.) in the locality of Socol, Caraș-Severin County, during the years 2022–2024. The study builds on previous research concerning the impact of climatic variability on crop water balance, contributing new data for the western region of Romania. Climatic parameters, including monthly and annual temperature and precipitation regimes, were analyzed based on records from the Moldova Veche Meteorological Station. The Thornthwaite and Lawry–Johnson indirect methods were used to estimate maize water consumption, complemented by hydroclimatic balance calculations for the three study years. The results showed that 2024 was the driest and hottest year, with a total maize water consumption of 5685 m³/ha, while 2023 was the warmest and rainiest year, with the lowest consumption (4991 m³/ha). Rainfall covered 68% of maize water demand in 2022, 100% in 2023, and only 52% in 2024. These findings confirm the strong dependence of maize water balance on climatic variability and highlight the need for supplementary irrigation in years with reduced rainfall. It is recommended that irrigation compensate approximately 25–30% of the crop’s water needs, using either sprinkler or drip systems. The originality of the study lies in its three-year comparative approach under local climatic conditions, offering practical implications for optimizing irrigation strategies and ensuring sustainable maize production in increasingly dry regions of Romania.
more abstractmaize, water consumption, Thornthwaite method, Lawry–Johnson method, hydroclimatic balance, irrigation management, Caraș-Severin
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DownloadGREEN INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: REDUCING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT THROUGH ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES pag. 358-364
C. M. TIMIȘ1, C. E. ZOICAN1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, L. ȘMULEAC1, D. DICU1The agricultural sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 10-12% of the anthropogenic total, primarily through methane from livestock, nitrous oxide from soils, and carbon dioxide from energy use and land-use change. Mitigating this impact is critical for achieving climate targets, necessitating a rapid transition to low-carbon farming systems. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and scalability of green innovations and eco-friendly technologies in reducing agriculture’s carbon footprint. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 150 peer-reviewed studies and life-cycle assessment (LCA) reports, we evaluated a suite of technologies, including precision agriculture, renewable energy integration, biochar application, alternative protein sources, and enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Our findings indicate that integrated technological packages can reduce the carbon footprint of crop and livestock systems by 30-60% compared to conventional practices. Precision agriculture technologies, such as variable rate application and GPS-guided machinery, demonstrated emission reductions of 15-25% through optimized input use. The adoption of solar and wind power for on-farm operations showed the potential to decarbonize energy-intensive processes like irrigation. Biochar application emerged as a highly promising carbon-negative technology, sequestering up to 2-3 tons of CO2-equivalent per hectare annually while improving soil health. However, significant barriers to widespread adoption persist, including high initial capital costs, a lack of technical knowledge among farmers, and underdeveloped policy and market incentives. We conclude that while a portfolio of powerful green innovations exists, a synergistic approach combining technological deployment, supportive policy frameworks, and consumer-driven market shifts is essential to catalyse their widespread adoption and realize the profound mitigation potential of a decarbonized agricultural sector.
more abstractgreen innovation, environmental performance, agriculture, carbon footprint, water, sustainable
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DownloadINTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE- RESILIENT AGRICULTURE pag. 365-371
C. M. TIMIȘ1, L. VORNICU1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, L. ȘMULEAC1, F. PRUNAR1Climate change poses a critical threat to global agricultural systems, primarily through its disruption of hydrological cycles, leading to increased water scarcity, erratic rainfall, and more frequent and severe droughts and floods. These challenges undermine agricultural productivity and food security, necessitating a shift from traditional, fragmented water management approaches towards a holistic and adaptive paradigm. This research assesses the efficacy of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) as a foundational strategy for building climate-resilient agriculture. IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising ecosystem sustainability. Through a systematic review of case studies and meta-analysis of project outcomes from diverse agro-climatic zones, this research evaluates the impact of key IWRM components, including participatory governance, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, rainwater harvesting, soil moisture conservation, and the use of efficient irrigation technologies. Our findings demonstrate that agricultural systems implementing IWRM principles exhibit significantly enhanced resilience to climate variability. Specifically, IWRM adoption led to a 20-35% improvement in water productivity, a 15-30% reduction in crop failure risk during drought periods, and a more equitable distribution of water resources among stakeholders. This research identifies participatory water user associations and adaptive management frameworks as critical success factors, enabling local communities to collectively manage resources and respond to changing climatic conditions. Conversely, top-down implementation, lack of financing, and weak institutional capacity were the primary barriers to effective IWRM. We conclude that IWRM is not merely a technical toolkit but a vital governance and planning framework that can synchronize agricultural water use with ecological limits and climatic realities. Its widespread adoption is essential for transforming agriculture into a buffer against, rather than a victim of, climate change, thereby securing sustainable food production in an increasingly water-insecure world.
more abstractdrip irrigation; central pivot irrigation; sustainable; hydrogel; SWAT model
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DownloadDEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF RISK AND HAZARD MAPS FOR THE DANUBE RIVER IN ROMANIA pag. 372-382
Denisa -Viorela TODEA, Iulia-Victoria STĂNESCU, L. DRAGOMIR, G. POPESCUThe development and use of hazard and risk maps for the Danube River within the territory of Romania represent an essential component of the integrated management of water resources and the prevention of extreme natural phenomena. The Danube, the most important river in Central and Eastern Europe, crosses Romania for more than 1,000 km, exhibiting significant hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological diversity. This natural complexity, combined with increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate-induced variability, leads to a heightened vulnerability to flooding, bank erosion, accidental pollution, and other water-related risks. The creation of accurate hazard and risk maps relies on modern geospatial technologies such as remote sensing, aerial photogrammetry, LiDAR scanning, and advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enabling the integration and analysis of topographic, hydrological, and climatic datasets. These technologies support the generation of high-resolution digital terrain models, flow simulations, and spatial analyses that are essential for delineating exposed or sensitive areas. Furthermore, the use of UAVs and dedicated processing software—such as Agisoft Metashape, Pix4D, and other photogrammetric platforms—makes it possible to produce detailed orthophotos and 3D reconstructions with centimeter-level accuracy. Such products are invaluable for monitoring geomorphological evolution, evaluating protective infrastructure, and offering decision-makers reliable, up-to-date information. Ultimately, the systematic development of hazard and risk maps contributes to more efficient territorial planning, environmental protection, and the implementation of proactive measures for reducing natural risks along the Romanian stretch of the Danube.
more abstracthazard, risk, Danube, GIS, remote sensing, floods, digital terrain model
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DownloadECOPEDOCLIMATIC ASSESSMENT AND AMELIORATION MEASURES FOR THE SOILS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 383-390
M., ȚOFEI1, Ana (CARCUȘ) LAUKO1, Casiana MIHUȚ1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA1, A. OKROS1The purpose of this work is the ecopedoclimatic assessment of the Sânpetru Mare area (NV Timiș) in order to develop improvement measures (agrotechnical, agrochemical, hydrotechnical) and improve soil productivity. The sustainable development of agriculture is a strategic priority, being directly conditioned by the quality and health of soil resources. In this context, the efficient management of agricultural land requires a deep understanding of the factors that influence soil productivity. The northwestern area of Timiș County, including the Sânpetru Mare locality, is part of an area with high agricultural potential, but which, in places, faces pedological and climatic limitations. The main limiting factors of the productions obtained on these soils are soil acidity and generally poor supply of humus and mineral nutritional elements. The practice of sustainable agriculture here requires a balance between soil degradation and regeneration processes, of great importance for these pedo-agrochemical conditions, and solutions for protecting and restoring fertility must lead to efficiency, quality and conservation of soil resources. The practice of restoring the fertility of acidic soils has proven that the two specific measures – amendment and rational fertilization – are effective actions for the reconstruction of acidic soils and these two measures mutually enhance their effects. Obviously, amendment by correcting the reaction creates a physico-chemical environment favorable to plant growth, but fertilization uses the newly created favorable environment for restoring fertility, increasing productivity and protecting soils, so fertilization determines a harmonization of the requirements of plant crops with a newly created and improved environment, in terms of nutritional conditions.
more abstractecopedoclimatic assessment, improvement measures, soil productivity
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DownloadTHE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL IN CHOOSING THE USE OF TRACTORS FOR CARRYING OUT AGRICULTURAL WORKS THAT CONSUME HIGH ENERGY pag. 391-398
M., ȚOFEI1, Ana (CARCUȘ) LAUKO1, Casiana MIHUȚ1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA1, D.POPA1The purpose of this work (analysis of the importance of soil in the choice of tractors for energy-intensive agricultural work) is to highlight the crucial relationship between the physical properties of the soil and the energy efficiency of agricultural mechanization. Close knowledge of soils involves researching unitary complexes of morphological characters - aspects of color, constitution and structure of the soil profile. The importance of soil in the choice and use of tractors for energy-intensive agricultural work is fundamental and translates directly into energy efficiency, equipment performance, and environmental protection. To link soil to crop production, it is necessary to know the ecological characteristics of the soil type, its natural fertility and recommendations for its use, i.e.: the assortment of crops; soil work; fertilizers; improvement works. These are the minimum data necessary to be known for the judicious use of soil. All agricultural work that is performed mechanized is carried out depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The characteristics of the work are also determined depending on the genetic horizons of the soil profiles. The resistance of the soil to work is the greatest factor influencing fuel consumption. On heavy (clayey) or compacted soils, the tractor has to exert a much greater tractive effort to pull the implement (e.g. plough), resulting in a considerably higher specific fuel consumption per hectare. Wet or poorly structured soils increase the wheel slip coefficient. Excessive slip means energy (fuel) is wasted instead of being transferred as traction force. Choosing the correct tyre pressure and running system for the type of soil is crucial to keeping slip at an optimal level (usually between 8% and 15%).
more abstractsoil, tractor, agricultural work, soil strength
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DownloadASSESSING THE IMPACT OF IRRIGATION PRACTICES ON SOIL MOISTURE AND CROP HEALTH USING REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING pag. 399-406
Angel VASILONI1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Răzvan GUI BACHNER1, Laura ȘMULEAC1, Adrian ȘMULEAC1Efficient irrigation management is critical for sustainable agriculture, particularly in water-scarce regions. Traditional methods for assessing irrigation impacts are often point-based and fail to capture spatial and temporal variability across large agricultural landscapes. This research presents an integrated framework combining remote sensing and hydrological modelling to comprehensively assess the impact of different irrigation practices on soil moisture dynamics and crop health. We utilized a time series of Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to monitor surface soil moisture and vegetation indices (NDVI, NDWI) over an agricultural district employing diverse irrigation methods (drip, sprinkler, and flood irrigation). These remote sensing observations were integrated with the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model, which was calibrated and validated using ground measurements. Our results demonstrated significant differences in soil moisture retention and distribution patterns among irrigation practices. Drip irrigation maintained more stable soil moisture levels with 25% less water consumption compared to flood irrigation, while sprinkler systems showed intermediate efficiency. Crop health indicators derived from Sentinel-2 revealed that fields under drip irrigation exhibited 15-20% higher NDVI values during critical growth stages and more uniform crop vigour. The coupled remote sensing-hydrological modelling approach successfully identified areas of water stress and waterlogging, with model validation showing strong agreement between simulated and observed soil moisture (R² = 0.89) and crop health parameters. Spatial analysis revealed that 35% of the flood-irrigated areas experienced either moisture stress or waterlogging, highlighting significant optimization potential. This research concludes that the integration of multi-sensor remote sensing with hydrological modelling provides a powerful, scalable approach for evaluating irrigation performance, identifying inefficiencies, and supporting precision water management decisions to enhance agricultural productivity and water sustainability.
more abstractirrigation, soil moisture, remote sensing, crop, hydrological modelling
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DownloadMODERN GEODETIC TECHNIQUES FOR UPDATING CADASTRAL MAPS IN RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL ZONES pag. 407-415
Angel VASILONI1, Alin MINEA1, Alexia HAJDUK1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Adrian ȘMULEAC1Accurate and up-to-date cadastral maps are fundamental for effective land administration, sustainable agricultural development, and secure land tenure, particularly in rural and agricultural zones where land is a primary economic asset. Traditional ground-based surveying methods for updating these maps are often time-consuming, labour-intensive, and costly, leading to significant backlogs and outdated land records in many regions. This research evaluates the efficacy of modern geodetic techniques - specifically, high-resolution satellite imagery, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones), and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) - for the rapid and precise updating of cadastral maps. Through a comparative analysis of case studies and technical literature, we assessed these technologies in terms of positional accuracy, operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for capturing the complex boundaries typical of agricultural landscapes. Our findings indicate that UAV photogrammetry, with its ability to generate ultra-high-resolution orthophotos and 3D models, achieves centimetre-level accuracy and is exceptionally effective for delineating irregular boundaries, terraces, and smallholder plots. High-resolution satellite imagery (e.g., from WorldView or Pleiades) offers a viable solution for large-area coverage and periodic updates, with submeter accuracy suitable for most rural cadastral purposes. GNSS, particularly Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems, remains the gold standard for precise point positioning and ground truthing. The integration of these technologies in a hybrid approach - using satellites for initial reconnaissance, UAVs for detailed mapping of complex areas, and GNSS for ground control and verification - presents the most robust and efficient workflow. However, challenges such as regulatory frameworks for UAVs, technical capacity requirements, and initial investment costs must be addressed. We conclude that modern geodetic techniques offer a paradigm shift in cadastral updating, enabling faster, more accurate, and more affordable land administration. Their adoption is crucial for securing land rights, facilitating land consolidation, and supporting the sustainable management of agricultural lands in the 21st century.
more abstractGNSS, UAV, RTK, HRSI, GCP, photogrammetry, land measurements, agriculture
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DownloadTHE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION ON WHEAT QUALITY PARAMETERS UNDER THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 416-421
Rebeca VARGA1 , D. BORTCSHER1, Alina LATO1 , Laura CRISTA1 , F, CRISTA1This paper aims to analyze the influence of chemical fertilization on the quality indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the specific pedoclimatic conditions of Timiș County, an important agricultural region in western Romania. The study was conducted over two agricultural years, using the autumn wheat variety, cultivated on chernozem soil, under the influence of a moderately continental climate with Mediterranean influences. Differentiated doses of mineral fertilizers based on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were applied in various combinations and at different growth stages. The analyzed parameters included protein content, test weight (hectoliter mass), gluten content, amino acid profile, and protein quality—key indicators of wheat quality for baking purposes. The results showed a significant positive correlation between nitrogen fertilization and the increase in protein and gluten content; however, they also revealed potential reductions in test weight in cases of excessive nitrogen application. Furthermore, it was found that a balanced application of NPK led to superior production quality, with visible effects on the technological value of the wheat. The conclusions of the study emphasize the importance of adjusting fertilizer doses according to soil characteristics and local climatic conditions, in order to achieve an optimal balance between yield quantity and quality. The results may serve as a practical guide for farmers and agronomy specialists in the western region of the country.
more abstractwheat quality, chemical fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Timiș County, protein content, gluten
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DownloadCHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON SUNFLOWER GROWTH, YIELD AND OIL QUALITY pag. 422-427
Rebeca VARGA1, Alina LATO1, Laura CRISTA1, Isidora RADULOV1, Adina BERBECEA1, F, CRISTA1Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a major global oilseed crop, valued for its high-quality edible oil and adaptability to diverse pedoclimatic conditions. Among agronomic inputs, chemical fertilization remains a key driver of biomass accumulation, yield formation, and oil composition, yet its benefits depend strongly on balanced nutrient supply and site-specific management. This review synthesizes current evidence on how mineral fertilizers—primarily nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and selected micronutrients (especially boron)—influence sunflower growth, yield components, and oil quality traits. The literature indicates that N is closely linked to vegetative growth and protein synthesis and can modify oil concentration and fatty acid composition; however, excessive N may shift assimilate allocation and influence the oil–protein trade-off. Phosphorus supports early root development and reproductive performance, while responses to P are strongly conditioned by soil P availability and crop demand. Potassium contributes to osmotic regulation and stress tolerance, particularly under drought, and has been associated with improvements in seed quality traits and fatty acid profiles. Boron is frequently identified as critical for reproductive development and seed set in B-deficient environments. Overall, integrated NPK management—guided by soil testing, nutrient interactions, and crop phenology—offers the best pathway to improve yield and maintain desirable oil quality while reducing environmental losses. Future research should emphasize nutrient use efficiency, fertilizer placement strategies, and the alignment of fertilization regimes with genotypic differences and climate-driven stress patterns.
more abstractsunflower; chemical fertilization; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; micronutrients; boron; oil quality; fatty acids; nutrient use efficiency
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DownloadTHE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE CO₂ EMISSIONS FROM CARANI AND JAMU MARE pag. 428-436
Andrada VIGH, Diana ȚEȚ, Robert ȘERB, Daniel Dorin DICU, Ioan GAICAThis paper analyzes the impact of sustainable agricultural technologies on CO₂ emissions in the rural areas of Carani and Jamu Mare. The study focuses on the adoption of environmentally friendly practices such as precision agriculture, reduced tillage systems, efficient irrigation technologies, and the use of renewable energy sources in agricultural operations. By comparing emission levels before and after the implementation of these technologies, the research highlights their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving resource efficiency. The research analyzed the main components of the natural environment – relief, lithology, hydrography, climate and vegetation – in correlation with the physicochemical properties of the soils and the applied technological practices. Soil samples were taken from representative soil profiles and analyzed in the laboratory to determine the soil reaction (pH), humus, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen content, as well as to estimate the carbon sequestration capacity. Data were collected through field measurements, farmer surveys, and analysis of agricultural inputs and outputs. The results indicate a significant decrease in CO₂ emissions, primarily due to reduced fuel consumption, optimized fertilizer use, and enhanced soil carbon sequestration. The results obtained highlight that the adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies, such as crop rotation, organic fertilization and reduction of mechanical works, contributes significantly to reducing the carbon footprint and increasing the soil's capacity to store organic carbon. By integrating these practices, agriculture can become a key factor in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable management of natural resources. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of local conditions and policy support in accelerating the transition toward sustainable agriculture.
more abstractecopedological, sustainable, CO₂, soils, technologies
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DownloadLIMITING FACTORS OF THE SOILS FROM DUMBRAVA, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 437-444
Andrada VIGH, Andrada Rancu, Diana ȚEȚ, Daniel Dorin DICU, Radu BERTICIThe paper presents the detailed analysis of the main components of the natural environment – soil, water and land – as well as the proposed measures for their conservation and sustainable use, in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The study is based on data extracted from the geotechnical and hydrogeological study of Dumbrava commune (2020), integrating information on the geological structure, soil conditions and local hydrogeological regime. The predominant soils are luvosols (47%), gleiosols (24%), planosols (15%) and eutricbosols (9%), characterized by average fertility and susceptibility to erosion, water stagnation and acidification. For their conservation, it is recommended to apply organic fertilizers, drainage, anti-erosion works and afforestation of the slopes. Water resources include groundwater with a variable level between 0.5–10 m and deep waters, fed by rainfall and high areas. Their sustainable management involves protecting infiltration areas, monitoring water quality and rational use of resources for irrigation. The lands and ecosystems of the commune offer a diverse potential: the Bega meadow is favorable for agricultural crops, and the hilly area for fruit plantations, vineyards and forests. The chapter emphasizes the need for an integrated management of natural resources, based on the balance between economic activity, environmental protection and community needs, as a prerequisite for the sustainable rural development of Dumbrava commune.
more abstractsustainable, management, limiting factors, soil
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DownloadCOMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE IN KENYA AND ROMANIA pag. 445-451
Cynthia WANJIKU1, Francois GUYVENCHY1, Abdelhakim Zine Eddine GANA1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Laura ȘMULEAC1This study provides a comparative assessment of climate change impacts on the agricultural sectors of Kenya and Romania, two nations with distinct agro-ecological, economic, and socio-political contexts. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, we analysed historical climate data (1990-2020), projected future climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5 for 2050), and agricultural productivity statistics for key staple and cash crops. In Kenya, a predominantly arid and semi-arid country reliant on rainfed smallholder farming, climate change manifests through increased temperature extremes, prolonged droughts, and erratic rainfall. Our analysis projects potential yield reductions for maize, a primary staple, of 10-20% by 2050, exacerbating food insecurity. Conversely, Romania, a temperate European nation with a mix of subsistence and large-scale commercial farming, faces challenges from heatwaves, shifting precipitation patterns, and increased flood frequency. While some northern regions may experience a lengthened growing season, our models indicate significant yield volatility for wheat and maize, with potential short-term increases but long-term declines of 5-15% under high-emission scenarios. The comparative analysis reveals that Kenya’s vulnerability is primarily driven by high exposure and sensitivity, coupled with low adaptive capacity due to economic constraints. Romania’s vulnerability, while lower, is characterized by a higher sensitivity of its extensive monoculture systems and institutional challenges in adapting its post-communist agricultural sector. This study concludes that effective adaptation strategies must be context-specific: Kenya requires investments in drought-resistant crops, water harvesting, and climate-smart pastoralism, while Romania needs to focus on crop diversification, improved irrigation infrastructure, and knowledge transfer. The findings underscore that climate impacts are not uniform and that national adaptation policies must be tailored to address unique biophysical and socio-economic vulnerabilities.
more abstractclimate changes, agricultural productivity, adaptation strategies, climate-crop modelling, vulnerability
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DownloadTOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: COMPARATIVE PRACTICES IN KENYA AND ROMANIA pag. 452-458
Cynthia WANJIKU1, Francois GUYVENCHY1, Razvan Bachner GUI1, Raul PAȘCALĂU1, Laura ȘMULEACThe global imperative to transition towards sustainable agriculture is critical for ensuring food security, environmental health, and socio-economic resilience. This study conducts a comparative analysis of sustainable agricultural practices in Kenya and Romania, two nations with distinct agro-ecological, historical, and socio-economic contexts. Through a systematic review of policy documents, scientific literature, and field-based case studies, we assessed the adoption, drivers, and impacts of key sustainable practices, including organic farming, agroecology, conservation agriculture, and integrated pest management. In Kenya, sustainability is largely driven by necessity and grassroots movements, with smallholder farmers employing practices such as crop diversification, push-pull technology, and manure composting to enhance soil fertility and resilience against climate variability. Conversely, in Romania, the adoption is more influenced by European Union policies and market incentives, with a growing focus on organic farming, precision agriculture, and the maintenance of High Nature Value farmlands. Our analysis reveals that while both countries face challenges related to economic viability and knowledge dissemination, the barriers differ significantly. Kenyan farmers grapple with limited access to resources, land tenure issues, and inadequate extension services, whereas Romanian farmers contend with bureaucratic hurdles, high certification costs, and the legacy of post-communist land fragmentation. Despite these challenges, successful models exist in both contexts, demonstrating improved soil health, biodiversity conservation, and enhanced livelihoods. The study concludes that a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective. Promoting sustainable agriculture requires context-specific strategies that leverage local knowledge in Kenya and policy-market synergies in Romania, while fostering cross-learning on participatory research and value chain development to build resilient and equitable food systems.
more abstractsustainable agriculture, adapting strategies, food security, climate changes, resilient agricultural systems
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DownloadDIGITAL AGRICULTURE: ENHANCING CHERRY YIELD AND QUALITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY pag. 459-464
Ș. ZOICAN (BAICU)1., R. A. JIGĂU1, L. VORNICU1, C. ZOICAN1, R. PAȘCALĂU1The cultivation of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) faces significant challenges, including climatic volatility, water scarcity, labour shortages, and the imperative for consistent premium fruit quality. This research demonstrates the transformative potential of an integrated digital agriculture system to enhance cherry yield, quality, and resource-use efficiency in a commercial orchard. Over three growing seasons, some several hectare cherry block were instrumented with a suite of technologies: a dense network of soil moisture and microclimatic sensors, multispectral and thermal drones, a motorized cable-driven phenotyping platform for high-resolution canopy imaging, and a cloud-based data integration platform. Precision irrigation was managed via a decision-support system (DSS) using real-time soil-plant-atmosphere continuum data, while variable-rate nutrient application was guided by canopy vigour maps derived from drone imagery. Results indicated a 22% increase in marketable yield and a 18% improvement in water-use efficiency compared to a control block managed with conventional practices. Fruit quality parameters, including average fruit size (increased by 12%), soluble solids content, and fruit firmness, were significantly enhanced. Canopy-level thermal data correlated strongly with plant water status, enabling pre-visual stress detection and mitigating sunburn incidence by 40%. The discussion contextualizes these findings within the paradigm of precision horticulture, analysing the economic viability of the technological investment through a partial budget analysis, which showed a return on investment within four years. We critically examine data integration challenges and the scalability of such systems. The research concludes that a sensor-driven, data-informed management approach is not merely a technological upgrade but a necessary evolution for sustainable, high-intensity cherry production, offering a resilient pathway to optimize both physiological outcomes and economic returns in the face of global agricultural pressures.
more abstractdigital agriculture, cherry yield, quality, technology, digitalization
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DownloadWATER CONSERVATION, CHERRY ORCHARDS, IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, PRECISION FARMING pag. 465-472
Ș. ZOICAN (BAICU)1., C. ZOICAN1., R. GUI BACHNERR1., R. PAȘCALĂU1, L. ȘMULEAC1Water scarcity poses a significant threat to the sustainability and profitability of fruit production, particularly in water-intensive crops like sweet cherries. This research evaluated the effectiveness of a precision irrigation management strategy, integrating soil moisture sensors and evapotranspiration (Etc) data, on water conservation, tree physiology, and fruit quality in a mature “Bing” cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchard in a semi-arid region. Over two consecutive growing seasons, a randomized block design was implemented, comparing a sensor-based precision irrigation (PI) treatment against the orchard’s conventional irrigation (CI) practice, which followed a fixed calendar-based schedule. The PI treatment applied water only when soil moisture in the root zone (0-60 cm depth) fell below 65% of field capacity, with volumes adjusted weekly using local ETc and crop coefficient (Kc) values. Results demonstrated that the precision irrigation system achieved a 22.3% average reduction in seasonal irrigation water use compared to conventional practice, without inducing significant water stress. Midday stem water potential measurements confirmed similar plant water status between treatments. Importantly, fruit yield, average fruit size, and soluble solids content were not statistically compromised. Furthermore, the PI trees exhibited a marginal, though not significant, increase in fruit firmness. The discussion highlights that the water savings were primarily attributed to the elimination of unnecessary irrigation events during periods of low evaporative demand or following rainfall. These findings underscore the potential of sensor-based precision irrigation as a critical tool for sustainable agriculture in cherry orchards. By maintaining productivity and fruit quality while substantially reducing water inputs, this approach offers a viable pathway for enhancing water conservation and ensuring the long-term economic and environmental resilience of cherry production systems.
more abstractcherry, orchards, irrigation management, sustainable agriculture, precision farming
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DownloadMOUNTAIN AREA CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON DEM AND SLOPE BY REMOTE SENSING pag. 473-482
Anda VUȘCAN1, M. AVĂDANEI1, I. VETO1, Florina ȚÂRLE BURESCU1, F. SALA2,3, M.V. HERBEI1,2Remote sensing is very useful in the study and characterization of terrestrial areas based on satellite images and specific indices. The present study aimed to characterize an area using remote sensing facilities. The study considered ATU Lupsa, Alba County, Romania, an area with mountainous area specificity. DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and SLOPE parameters were used to analyze and characterize the area considered in the study. Land areas with different soil types were identified in terms of texture, Clayey loam texture (CLt), Clay texture (Ct), Sandy clay texture (SCt), Sandy loam - clayey texture (SLCt), and Varied texture (Vt). The studied area was classified based on DEM and SLOPE parameters into ten classes. Multivariate analysis (PCA, CA) was used to explain the variance in the results set and the correlation of DEM and SLOPE classes with soil types. In the case of the DEM parameter, PC1 explained 57.044% of variance, and PC2 explained 25.803%. In the case of the SLOPE parameter, PC1 explained 41.406% of variance, and PC2 explained 37.572% of variance. Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the DEM (Coph.corr. = 0.982) and SLOPE (Coph.corr. =0.781) classes based on similarity. The highest level of similarity in the case of DEM was recorded between classes DC4 and DC5, with the SDI value = 60.28, and in the case of SLOPE it was recorded between classes SC4 and SC5, with the SDI value = 99.87. The recorded results provide important information for management decisions for the area considered.
more abstractcluster, DEM, PCA, remote sensing, SLOPE
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