Rjas

Vol 56, No 3 (2024)

TYPES OF GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION METHODS pag. 3-8

I . Abalaru, L. Dragomir, M.V. Herbei

Currently, we are surrounded by technology, and with a single click, we can find out the exact location where we are. This is possible thanks to a precise navigation system called GPS (Global Positioning System) which, through a network of 24 satellites and radio waves, can accurately determine where we are in real time. The position of an object, a target, or a reference point on the planet can be represented in several ways, the most well-known way is through the angular coordinate reference system, which is latitude and longitude. The geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a sphere to define locations on Earth, using angles measured in degrees from the center of the Earth to any point on the surface. These coordinates can be found in several formats, depending on the way of writing, the classical representation of latitude and longitude is in degrees, minutes and seconds (DMS), but in everyday life, through navigation applications we find them in another form, that is degrees and decimal places (DD) or decimal degrees and minutes (DDM). The relationship between the three ways of writing coordinates is simple, and through a few calculations we can transform in minutes, even seconds from one format to the other.

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Global Positioning System, geographic coordonate system , latitude, longitude, degrees

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SPECIES RICHNESS AND IMPACT OF GALL-FORMING INSECTS ON TURKEY OAK (QUERCUS CERRIS) IN HERNEACOVA FOREST pag. 9-16

Diana ARSINE, Laura VORNICU, Emil POPESCU, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU, Ioana GROZEA

Gall-forming insects are some of the most highly evolved herbivores in the world. Diptera and Hymenoptera are among the most dominant gall-forming groups, with estimated species ranging from 1300 (gall wasps) to 13000 (gall midges). The complex relationship between gall-forming midges and wasps and the host plant, Turkey oak, is considered to be a highly evolved association. Galls can contain multi-trophic, closed and complex communities with a variety of residents, including the gall inducer, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids and inquilines. The aim of the paper was to provide a list of gall-forming insects associated with Quercus cerris present in the Herneacova Forest (Timis County), under the climatic conditions of the year 2023. In autumn 2023, samples representing Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) and Ceciidomidae (Diptera) galls were collected from Quercus cerris trees. 2 observations were made in each cardinal direction, for a total of 8 points/observation. The visual inspection method was used, which consisted of visiting each observation point at a slow walking pace for a minimum of 30 minutes to 1 hour, with an interval of 10 to 14 days. In the Herneacova Forest, 9 species of gall - forming insects were collected and identified. The taxonomic structure revealed species belonging to orders Diptera and Hymenoptera, and families Ceciydomidae and Cynipidae. The following species are included in the list: Dryomyia circinans, Janetia cerris, Neuroterus numismalis, Neuroterus lanuginosus, Cynips quercusfolii, Andricus lignicola, Andricus kollari, Andricus quercus-salicis, Andricus caputmedusae.

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gall-forming insects, species richness, impact, Quercus cerris, forest.

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MONITORING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS ON THE ANTHROPOGENIC SOILS FROM THE STERILE DUMPS OF THE COAL OPEN PITS IN THE ROVINARI MINING BASIN pag. 17-24

Roxana, BÂRDEA, Izabela – Maria, APOSTU, Maria, LAZAR

Topsoil is a valuable resource, the only one capable of supporting vegetation development. The soil covering of the earth is called the pedosphere and is formed by the interaction between the other spheres: atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Human actions produce minor to major changes in soil balance and can even cause its irreversible loss. In mining areas, as a result of the discovery of the deposit and the construction of waste dumps, extensive areas of degraded land appear, on which only the waste materials from the cover and intercalations are found, which lack the essential property of soil, namely fertility. These materials constitute the anthropogenic protosols, undeveloped soils in terms of the physical, chemical, biological, and pedological properties that define them. On anthropogenic soils in the early stages of their formation as fertile soil, it is necessary to apply some amendments to support the growth and development of vegetation and, in addition, it is recommended to establish so-called green crops to be incorporated into the soil as green fertilizers. Several plants are recommended as green fertilizers, which also have an ameliorative role, such as clover, grass, alfalfa, peas, etc. The research aimed to follow the development of different plant species on soil substitutes consisting of sterile material from the dumps and mixtures of sterile material, compost, cow manure, and fertilizers. Experiments were carried out in vegetation pots and were closely monitored from seeding to harvesting. For the rapid estimation of the population size for herbaceous plants, the method of squares using the DAFOR scale was applied. Also, a new method was proposed to estimate the degree/index of coverage of land surfaces by plants that can be easily applied at any time during the experiments.

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sterile dumps, anthropogenic soils, plant development, monitoring, methods

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AIR QUALITY IN EUROPEAN METROPOLISES pag. 25-32

Roxana, BÂRDEA, Valentina, ZAHARIE, Izabela – Maria, APOSTU, Florin, FAUR

The atmosphere is a layer of gas that surrounds our planet. The sublayer in the immediate vicinity of the earth's surface, the troposphere, is in a continuous dynamic. Its composition is constantly changing, and substances from anthropogenic activities such as industry, agriculture, car traffic, urbanization, etc., many of which are not found naturally in the atmosphere composition, accelerate this process and can form by reaction pollutants that are dangerous to human health and the environment in general. In addition, in urbanized areas temperatures are higher, and heat usually acts as a catalyst that triggers, facilitates, or accelerates chemical reactions. In this paper, the authors were interested to study the air condition in five cities, with a similar population, from different countries in Europe. Each of the five cities studied, namely Bucharest, Vienna, Hamburg, Warsaw, and Barcelona (with a population between 1.7 and 2 million inhabitants), managed to create areas of influence around them, called metropolitan areas, through which cities manage to develop and urbanize the surroundings, thus reaching a number of inhabitants between 2.3 and 5.7 million spread over large areas of land, from 1800 to 26000 km2. Urban agglomerations are very sensitive to pollution, because people can be affected by air pollutants that easily spread various diseases or viruses; therefore the aim of the work is to determine the main pollution sources of these metropolises and to evaluate the air quality applying the global pollution index method.

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air quality index, pollution sources, Europe, metropolis

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IMPROVED AND RELIABLE METHODS FOR VIRAL DNA EXTRACTION FROM OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. MOENCH) LEAVES AND SEEDS pag. 33-39

Alice Chori Bege1*, Boniface D. Kashina1, Olalekan O. Banwo1, Sorina Popescu2

Molecular techniques require isolation of genomic DNA of suitable purity. High-quality genomic DNA is of the important requirements for sharp band amplicons in a Polymerase chain reaction for molecular detection of viruses on okra. The presence of mucilaginous acidic polysaccharides, polyphenols, and different secondary metabolites in okra leaves, flower, seeds, interferes with this process to a large extent as it makes DNA unmanageable in pipetting and inhibit Taq DNA polymerase activity. In this study, we reviewed improved and reliable extraction protocols which are efficient for highly purity DNA isolation from dried leaves and seeds. Several procedures have been adopted in recent years such as the modifications of conventional CTAB Doyle & Doyle (1987); increase the volume of DNA extracting buffer (1.5ml/sample), decrease sample volume (50-60mg), higher salt concentration (5M NaCl), use of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, omission of chloroform. Other procedure employed a high concentration of Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS and also Potassium chloride (KCl). The yield and quality of the isolated DNA was free of contaminants, suitable for further genomic analysis through PCR, RAPD, and high-throughput DNA isolation. These procedures do not necessarily require liquid nitrogen, easy and cost-effective laboratory materials and can be carried out within a short period of time.

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Molecular technique, DNA extraction, Okra, mucilage, CTAB, SDS.

Presentation: oral presentation

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STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING INDEPENDENT STUDY SKILLS THROUGH PERSONALIZED LEARNING AMONG STUDENTS IN HIGHER AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION pag. 40-45

Boacă Viorica & Gavrilă Codruța

Personalized learning involves a tailored approach to the educational process aimed at maximizing the potential of each student as an individual learner. It emerges as an active strategy that emphasizes the creation of a positive and meaningful learning experience within a democratic, social, and non-directive environment. By employing strategies for cultivating individual study skills, students learn to build their own knowledge through actively, reflectively, and personally practiced abilities and competencies. This paper aims to underscore the importance of developing and enhancing individual study skills to achieve both professional and transferable competencies among students in higher agricultural education. In personalized learning, the ability to study independently is fundamental to developing a unique learning style, which is cultivated through the implementation of various techniques and methods. This paper aims to highlight the importance of cultivating and enhancing individual study skills to achieve professional and transferable competencies among students in higher agricultural education. In the study carried out, the educational process emphasized not only the acquisition of knowledge and specific competencies related to the subject matter but also aimed at fostering attitudes and mechanisms for personalized, conscious, and efficient learning. This approach encouraged students to apply these skills in diverse life contexts, beyond the traditional classroom setting.

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learning strategies, learning styles, tailored learning, individual study skills

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MODERN DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES LIDAR - SPATIAL DATA PROCESSING pag. 46-51

Liliana-Florina BRATEIU, Mihai HERBEI, Adrian SMULEAC

The purpose of the project is to build a broadband infrastructure in disadvantaged areas, using structural funds, located in the counties of Caraș-Severin, Timiș, Arad, Bihor, Hunedoara, Sălaj, Satu-Mare.The objective of the project is the design of the distribution network, the construction of the distribution network and the operation of the distribution network. Topographic measurements and their processing. To carry out the topographic measurements, the Trimble MX2 device was used, with two sensors, which combined high-resolution laser scanning and precise positioning to collect a georeferenced point cloud, implemented on the platform of a car. For data processing, the corrections given by an own GNSS station are needed, for trajectory correction the APPLANIXMOBILE MEPPING program was used. The processing of the new points is done with the program TRIMBLE TRIDENT. Based on the collected data, the following topographical plan will be drawn up with the presentation of the relief through measured points of the long route of the road between the property limits, a plan drawn up in the 1970 Stereographic Projection System and the 1975 Black Sea Elevation Reference System and will contain elements of planimetry. The drawn parts will be developed with the help of the AUTOCAD 2006-2010 program.

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Infrastructure, Trimble MX2, GNSS, topographical measurements

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AN OVERVIEW OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CO2 EMISSIONS IN EU COUNTRIES pag. 52-59

Lavinia Maria CERNESCU, Ionela-Violeta BOLDIZSÀR, Fabian-Alexandru BOLDIZSÀR, Maria CIOBANU

Green gas emissions increased after the Industrial Revolution, which began in 1750. The industrial development of the last period, the high energy consumption, and the increase in the population's standard of living have determined the production of increasingly large amounts of greenhouse gases. Due to the natural disasters encountered in this period, reducing global warming has become the first priority of each country, especially in the European Union. Air pollution has many sources, mainly from industry, transport, energy production, and agriculture. Even though the population and companies use renewable energy sources to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the problem is still stringent. Population growth in urban cities is related to energy, distribution, health, education, and pollution. Air pollution results in various health hazards and also leads to global warming. It can cause cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as cancer, and is the leading environmental cause of premature death in the EU. The present study takes an empirical production-consumption approach and analyses factors like economic growth and renewable energy consumption influencing carbon emissions per capita in 27 European countries. The data covers the period 1990-2020. The limitations and managerial implications, especially for policy actors, are provided at the end of the paper.

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CO2 emissions per capita; renewable energies consumption; economic growth.

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GEOTECHNICAL STUDY AND DIMENSIONING FOR THE STRUCTURE OF THE AGRICULTURAL ROAD 122, FROM GODINEŞTI COMMUNE, GORJ COUNTY pag. 60-66

Cioaba Valentin

The modernization of roads in Poiana Lacului, a commune in Argeș County, is a crucial improvement for local residents, providing safer and more comfortable roads along a total length of 5.59 km. Known for its beautiful landscapes and active community, this commune is home to numerous households and adjacent properties that require swift and easy access to the county's road infrastructure. The upgraded roads will connect Poiana Lacului to the network of county and communal roads, thereby enhancing regional connectivity. Additionally, the asphalted roads will increase road safety by reducing the risk of accidents caused by potholes and uneven surfaces, while overall driving comfort will improve, offering passengers a more pleasant travel experience. By significantly reducing airborne dust and emitted pollutants, the paving will also positively impact residents' health and air quality. Moreover, the modernization reduces noise and vibrations experienced by homes located near the roads. Daily travel times will decrease, enabling faster access to local services, saving fuel, and lowering vehicle maintenance costs. In emergencies, the rapid intervention of rescue teams will be facilitated, a crucial advantage for protecting the lives and property of the Poiana Lacului community. Thus, this road modernization brings substantial benefits to residents and supports the sustainable development of the commune.

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Rural development, asphaltic structure, pollution reduction, reduced costs, accessibility, modernization

Presentation: oral presentation

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THE USE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE EXECUTION OF CIVIL AND INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION WORKS pag. 67-75

Alexandru Marian Gabriel COSTINAȘ, Iosefina L. ȘMULEAC, Adrian ȘMULEAC

The civil and industrial construction works, which include the topographic survey of the land and the staking of the construction elements, were carried out using modern equipment to ensure the necessary precision. In the case of the civil construction, which consists of three buildings with a basement, ground floor, and four stories, the topographic surveys were performed with the help of a Trimble R8 GNSS GPS, which allowed obtaining precise measurements due to its compatibility with several GNSS networks (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou). The staking of the construction elements was carried out with a robotic total station Trimble S7, ensuring efficiency and precision. For determining the elevations and performing the leveling, a Leica Sprinter 250M digital level was used. For the industrial constructions, the topographic survey of the land was also performed with the GNSS Trimble R8 GPS, and the staking of the prefabricated elements was done with the same robotic total station Trimble S7. The Leica Sprinter 250M digital level was used for establishing the elevations. All elevations were referenced to the project's elevation 0, which is defined by a specific value, tied to the level of the Black Sea, thus providing a well- established reference point. The obtained data was processed and organized in AutoCAD for a clear and detailed representation of the works. The coordinate system used was Stereographic 1970, and the final data processing was done in AutoCAD to ensure an accurate result.

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GNSS, Trimble R8, Trimble S7, Leica Sprinter 250M, AutoCAD, civil constructions, industrial constructions, Stereografic 1970

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DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES OF ALIMENTARY OIL pag. 76-81

Bogdan Cozma, Aurelia Mihuț, Casiana Mihuț, Mihaela Petcu, Antoanela Cozma*

Edible oils are vegetable fats, which are used in food in various forms: for frying, in salads, in doughts and cakes, etc. Among the many characteristics that are standardized for oils, some are particularly important for traders and especially for consumers, namely: colour, smell, density, viscosity, melting point, smoke point, the boiling point, flame behavior, light resistance, resistance to rancidity, etc. The purpose of this work is to determine some physico-chemical parameters of three varieties of domestic edible oil: sunflower, soybean and rapeseed oil. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: refractive index, density, viscosity, surface tension and acidity (as oleic acid). The analyzed physicochemical parameters shows different values, depending on the nature of the analyzed oil: 1.4713 (sunflower oil) – 1.4740 (soybean oil), for refractive index; 0.9114 (rapeseed oil) - 0.9132 (sunflower oil) g/cm3 – for density; 33.0399 (soybean oil) – 34.5011 (sunflower oil) cp – for viscosity; 24.31 (sunflower oil) - 28.71 (soybean oil) dyn/cm - for surface tension; 0.12 (soybean) - 0.26 (rapeseed oil) % oleic acid – for acidity. The values of the physico-chemical parameters of the analyzed vegetable oils show that they are suitable to be used in food. In addition, the analyzed parameters could be used to identify and differentiate oil varieties.

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alimentary oil, physico chemical parameters, edible oil varieties

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CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ALGERIA AND ROMANIA pag. 82-96

Dahbi Maroua, P. Florin Prunar

Algeria and Romania, despite their geographical differences, face significant challenges due to climate change. Both countries are experiencing rising temperatures, with Algeria facing a more pronounced increase. In Algeria, the temperature rose by 0.5 °C between 1931-1990 and is projected to increase by 2 °C by 2050. This will lead to less frequent but more intense rainfall events, resulting in increased droughts. The impacts of these changes include water scarcity, declining agricultural yields, desertification, planning challenges, and increased energy consumption. In Romania, the projected temperature increases of 1.5 to 2 °C by 2050 will lead to more frequent droughts, especially in the southern regions. These changes will result in declining agricultural yields, particularly for maize, and increased flooding, which will exacerbate water management challenges across the country. Both Algeria and Romania will need to integrate adaptive measures into their development strategies to mitigate the long-term negative impacts of climate change. Algeria’s minimal contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions contrasts sharply with its high vulnerability to climate impacts, which include exacerbated drought and potential desertification. Similarly, Romania, while experiencing a less extreme climate, faces unique challenges. For both nations, implementing effective adaptation and resilience strategies is essential, as these will safeguard critical sectors like agriculture and water resources while ensuring sustainable development in a warming world.

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key words: Climate change, Rising temperatures, Projected increase, Intense rainfall events, Droughts, Water scarcity, Agricultural yields, Water management, Adaptation strategies, Vulnerability, Global warming

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STUDIES ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF MECHANISM FOR CORN CULTIVATION pag. 97-107

M.A., DRĂGAN, S. MOHACS, L. BERES, Anișoara, DUMA COPCEA, Casiana, MIHUȚ

The paper focuses on a detailed analysis of the consumptions and costs associated with the mechanized work and materials used in corn cultivation, with the aim of optimizing the agricultural technology used. The studies were carried out in the specific conditions of the Arad Plain, part of the large geographical unit Câmpia de Vest. The analyzed territory is representative for this region and belongs to a locality in Câmpia Aradului, which makes the conclusions faithfully reflect the agricultural realities in this area. Carrying out mechanized work at the optimal time and under suitable soil moisture conditions has a significant impact on agricultural production. Well-drained and lump-free soil facilitates uniform emergence and proper plant development. In this context, carrying out soil preparation work in a correct way contributes to creating a favorable environment for the growth of maize, ensuring optimal conditions for the absorption of water and essential nutrients. The intensive use of agricultural machinery contributes significantly to the increase of labor productivity in agriculture. This allows not only the optimization of agricultural work, but also the expansion of mechanization, which makes it possible for each agricultural producer to achieve a higher output per unit of time. Thus, with the increase in the efficiency in the use of resources and the reduction of the execution time of the works, farmers can feed an increasing number of people with the products obtained, thus contributing to ensuring food security and increasing the sustainability of the agricultural sector.

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soil, corn, agricultural machines, economic efficiency

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STUDIES REGARDING WORKING TECHNOLOGY FOR CORN CULTIVATION WITHIN THE FARM CARMEN LAND ACTIVITIES S.R.L. FROM INEU CITY, ARAD COUNTY pag. 108-115

Casiana, MIHUȚ, S., CILAN, M.A., DRĂGAN, Anișoara, DUMA COPCEA, V., MIRCOV

The aim of the paper is to optimize the organization of mechanical work in agriculture, addressing several essential aspects for improving production: -Choosing and using the best methods: This includes the identification of agricultural processes and technologies that ensure high yields with minimal expenses. By choosing the right technologies, production efficiency can be maximized and resources consumed can be reduced. -.Succession of works in the cycle of agricultural production: All works and operations must be coordinated in an optimal way to ensure increased efficiency. This means that the stages of production must be chained in such a way as to optimize the use of available equipment and resources. -Impact of modern technologies: The emergence of advanced agricultural machinery allows a significant increase in agricultural production and reduces production costs. The use of these modern machines contributes to a better management of resources, optimizing both the quantity and quality of agricultural production. This holistic approach aims to increase efficiency in agriculture, while reducing costs and resources. One of the fundamental objectives of modern agriculture is the intensive development of agricultural production, with the aim of obtaining high yields per unit of area, but with minimal costs per unit of product. This is an essential condition for increasing sustainability and economic efficiency in agriculture. The experimental studies carried out at the farm Carmen Land Activities S.R.L. from Ineu, Arad county, had as their main objective the optimization of the work technology for corn culture. During the experimental period, several factors influenced crop productivity, including: -Climatic conditions: Variables such as temperature, rainfall and soil moisture have played an essential role in the evolution of maize cultivation. - Sowing time: Choosing the optimal time for sowing was essential for obtaining the highest harvests. -Plant nutrition: Ensuring the necessary elements for good development and rooting of the corn contributed to the health and resistance of the crop. -Crop rotation: It was important to maintain soil fertility and prevent specific diseases or pests. -Quality of mechanical work: The correct and precise execution of mechanical work (plowing, harrowing, cultivating) had a major impact -on the quality and quantity of corn production. A high-performing and productive agriculture requires modern machinery and work techniques well adapted to the specific conditions. These studies demonstrate how important the integration of several technical and natural factors is to ensure successful agriculture based on efficiency and high productivity.

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technology, culture, cultivation, agricultural production

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TEACHING COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENTS pag. 116-121

Alina DRAGOESCU, Iasmina IOSIM, Alexandra IBRIC, Alina MARGHITAN, Marius Robert LUNGU

The acquisition of soft skills, such as interpersonal relationships and collaborative communication in a foreign language, are key aspects which should be taken into consideration in any career guidance project. English for Specific Purposes within the Life Sciences (in this case, English for Agricultural Engineers, English for Horticultural Engineers, English for Biotechnology / Genetic Engineering and English for Food Engineering) requires consistent interdisciplinary partnership seeking knowledge transfer and the creation of professional networks across various socio-humanistic disciplines. Therefore, our transdisciplinary cooperation ranges on an institutional level within the ULS “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, including the contribution of members from the languages and teacher training/counselling department for the purpose of enhancing higher quality educational practices and learning attitudes. The major aim of our on-going interdisciplinary project promotes opportunities for students in natural science engineering and related areas, where communication remains an important issue. For this purpose, the specific aims which are targeted in the educational and English courses consist in the design of a set of didactic strategies informed by shared practices and the development of communicational learning materials. The course English for Life Sciences employs content-based resources from specialty disciplines, providing accessibility to recent research in English. Insights on teaching strategies and textbook development have been shared by colleagues from the teacher training department within our university. We also wish to bring a contribution to the mission put forth by our university, i.e. investing in human capital at all levels, enabling students to achieve applied entrepreneurial training for all areas of life and natural sciences (agriculture and farm management, horticulture, silviculture, genetic engineering, biology, food science, etc.), which would be conducive to a greater relevance of our educational programs for the community at large. Finally, from a joint perspective, the English courses, along with the pedagogical module provided for our undergraduates, highlight the quality of training students how to think and learn on a lifelong basis.

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communication, foreign languages, English for Specific Purposes (ESP), communication, interdisciplinary, collaborative learning

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CADASTRAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY FOR CHAPEL REGISTRATION IN THE LAND REGISTRY pag. 122-130

A.-G. FILIȘANU1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, A. ȘMULEAC1

The topo-cadastral survey detailed in this paper was carried out for the purpose of registering the mortuary chapel building within the cemetery of Bucovăț commune, Timiș County. The property is located near the main road, DJ 595D, which passes through the locality, with access to the cemetery from the south via a gravel road, Salcâmilor Street, DS 10. The property boundary is marked by a wire fence and has two access points. This boundary is already registered in the land registry with established geometry and was not delineated for this project. The northern, northeastern, and western borders adjoin agricultural land. The building covers an area of 84 m² and contains a single-story structure built in 2024. Land registration is the legal act by which a property right or other real rights over a property are entered into the land registry. This provides certainty regarding the rights to the real estate, with the aim of protecting the holders' rights and ensuring their public disclosure. The registration is carried out in accordance with cadastral legislation and is governed by the Law on Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity. Field measurements were conducted using the HTS 420R total station and the Hi-Target V60 dual-frequency GPS receiver, thus determining coordinates and topographic points in the Stereografic 1970 projection system and the Marea Neagră 1975 level system. The station points were determined using RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) satellite measurements, employing real-time corrections from the permanent GNSS station TIM.1 in the National Geodetic Network. This data is available thanks to the Romanian Position Determination System (ROMPOS®), developed and provided by the National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration of Romania (ANCPI). The results obtained are stored in digital formats (such as .csv, .gsi) and later accessed and printed in digital or analog form using AutoCAD software along with the auxiliary program TopoLT.

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Survey, Sporadic Cadastre, Documentation, Mortuary Chapel, Bucovăț, Timiș

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE VALORIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE LUGOJ AREA (TIMIS COUNTY) pag. 131-137

Mariana HANCZIG, Alina Georgeta NEACȘU, Ilinca Merima IMBREA

The use of spontaneous plants for food or therapeutic purposes has been carried out since ancient times, with humans coming to know the beneficial or toxic properties of plants through personal experience. This knowledge has been passed down from generation to generation, although much has been lost over time. The research aimed to identify the main medicinal and aromatic plants of interest from the areas surrounding Lugoj, to establish the main species used by the local population, and to determine how these plants are utilized. Knowing all the species of interest could open perspectives for the inhabitants of the area in the sense of the possibilities of capitalization. Based on floristic studies, a summary of medicinal species was compiled according to taxonomic criteria. The irrational exploitation of medicinal plants, without taking into account the need to restore plant material, has negative consequences, potentially favoring the spread of invasive species, leading to ecological imbalances. The main medicinal and aromatic plants used by the inhabitants of the analyzed area are discussed in terms of their importance and methods of use. The analyzed area has favorable climatic conditions for a large number of medicinal and aromatic species, increasing the value of the region, with the largest share being species used in popular tradition.

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medicinal plants, economical potential, traditional use

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EVALUATION OF THE AGRONOMIC POTENTIAL OF FODDER BEET GENOTYPES ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS pag. 138-145

Christianna-Maria ISTRATE-SCHILLER, N.M. HORABLAGA, Luminița COJOCARIU

Fodder beet is an important crop for animal nutrition, and improving it can help achieve higher yields and genotypes that are better adapted to climate change. The aim of the research was to evaluate and compare the main agronomic traits of some fodder beet genotypes in the breeding process, in order to identify those with superior performance. The biological material included seven fodder beet genotypes and one control variety (CV), analyzed for four traits: root weight, leaf weight, maximum root length and maximum root diameter. The genotypes were followed in a comparative culture at SCDA Lovrin. Biometric measurements were statistically analyzed using boxplots, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicate that genotypes V104, V106 and V108 showed higher root weights compared to the control, while the leaf weight was higher in V106 and V108. Genotype V106 stood out for its root length and diameter, having clear advantages to all the characteristics analyzed, suggesting a high agronomic potential. ANOVA analysis indicated significant differences between varieties for root weight (p < 0.001), leaf weight (p = 0.035) and maximum root diameter (p < 0.001), but not for root length (p = 0.054). Correlations between the analyzed traits indicate positive associations between root weight and leaf weight, as well as between root weight and length. The PCA analysis highlighted the differences and similarities between genotypes, highlighting groups of varieties with similar characteristics and outlining directions for genotype selection in breeding programs. Research has shown that there are differentiations between the genotypes of fodder beet analysed that can be exploited in breeding, and high-performance genotypes, such as V106, have a high potential for improving production. The results support the importance of detailed evaluation of morphological characteristics in the selection and breeding process

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fodder beet, genotypes, comparisons, breeding, agronomic traits

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USING MODERN TECHNIQUES THROUGH AERIAL SCANNING pag. 146-153

Cristiana-Maria NICULESCU, Patricia-Ioana LĂCĂTUȘ, G. POPESCU, R. BERTICI

Real estate 3D modeling has revolutionized the fields of architecture, engineering, and construction by providing an advanced and accurate method for designing, visualizing, and managing buildings and other structures. This technology involves the use of specialized software to create detailed three-dimensional digital representations of buildings that can be interactively analyzed and modified. In the contemporary digital age, modern measurement technologies have become indispensable in the process of building modernization, playing a very important role in ensuring the accuracy, efficiency and sustainability of construction and renovation projects. Technologies such as global positioning systems, total stations, laser scanning, digital photogrammetry and building information modeling have revolutionized the way real estate surveying and planning is done. These technologies enable fast and accurate data collection, providing detailed information on land topography, building structure and urban infrastructure, thus facilitating informed decision-making and optimizing construction processes.Building modernization involves not only adapting to current safety and comfort standards but also integrating innovative solutions to meet energy efficiency and sustainability requirements. Advanced measurement technologies play a key role in this context, enabling accurate assessment of the existing condition of buildings and real-time monitoring of the progress of renovation works. Thus, errors are much lower and resources are used more efficiently, helping to reduce costs and execution time. This topic was chosen due to the significant impact that modern measurement technologies have on the construction industry and the need to understand and capitalize on these technologies in the current context of building modernization.

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3D Modeling, Agisoft Metashape, Lidar, Pix4D

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ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT YIELD USING NDVI IN THE DOBROGEA REGION pag. 154-165

Oana MIHAI-FLOREA, S. MIHAI, C. T. STROE, Simona NIȚĂ, Liliana PANAITESCU, Nicoleta LOLOȚ

The increasing need for efficient crop monitoring and management in agriculture has driven the adoption of precision farming techniques, such as the use of vegetation indices. Among these, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has gained widespread recognition for its ability to assess crop health and predict yield outcomes. This study focuses on the relationship between NDVI values and wheat yield in the Dobrogea region, an area characterized by its dry climate and variable precipitation patterns. By utilizing satellite imagery collected at multiple stages of the crop growth cycle, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of NDVI in predicting wheat yield and identifying areas of crop stress. Data collected over several agricultural seasons (2019-2023) were analyzed to examine the correlation between NDVI values from key growth stages and the corresponding wheat yield. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between NDVI during the late vegetative stages and yield outcomes. Additionally, NDVI proved to be a reliable indicator for assessing crop performance in response to varying precipitation levels. This study provides valuable insights into the application of NDVI as a practical tool for precision agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Our findings suggest that NDVI-based monitoring can enhance decision-making processes related to irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting, ultimately leading to more sustainable farming practices.

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NDVI, Vegetation Indices, Wheat Yield, Precision Agriculture, Crop Monitoring, Satellite Imagery, Dobrogea Region, Semi-Arid Regions

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY STUDY REGARDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROHYDROPOWER PLANT ON THE GALBENA RIVER IN THE CONTEXT OF CONCERNS REGARDING ENSURING ENERGY INDEPENDENCE FOR ISOLATED FARMING COMMUNITIES pag. 166-172

Mihaiescu Elena

Micro-hydropower plants are renewable energy sources that have a significant impact on rural communities and isolated areas. These are small installations, producing up to a few hundred kilowatts, that harness the energy of flowing water to generate electricity without the need for large dams or extensive environmental interventions. Thus, micro-hydropower plants provide an eco-friendly solution, with minimal effects on natural habitats and biodiversity.Another advantage of micro-hydropower plants is that they can supply electricity to isolated communities not connected to the national grid, contributing to their development. With simpler infrastructure and lower operating costs, these plants are affordable and easy to maintain. They can provide energy for household use, agriculture, and local businesses, thereby improving quality of life.Therefore, these installations offer a viable solution for communities, reducing reliance on the national grid. The micro-hydropower plant to be constructed will be located on the Galbena River, which runs through Hațeg. This plant will be built next to a privately owned guesthouse and will supply electricity to the guesthouse, with the project funded by the owner. These plants also encourage sustainable tourism and local business growth by providing reliable and green energy sources for remote accommodations and services. By utilizing local water resources, micro-hydropower projects support energy independence and promote eco-friendly practices within communities that prioritize sustainability.

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Micro-hydropower, isolated communities, energy, natural prezervation, lower costs.

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STUDIES ON SOIL RESOURCES IN GIULVĂZ, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 173-181

Casiana MIHUȚ, Bogdan COZMA, Ion HARCĂU, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA, Antoanela COZMA

The paper presents a case study from a farm located in Giulvăz, where the main activity is represented by the cultivation of agricultural plants. This describes the soil resources and the yields obtained from three of the basic crops, namely: corn, rapeseed and sunflower. The following objectives were aimed at this study: to provide a fund of information on pedoclimatic resources, respectively to describe the soil cover; to establish the quality class of the soils; to identify the factors that limit their production potential; to take improvement measures; the yields obtained in the three basic crops. Giulvăz is located in the south-western part of Timiș County, in the interfluvium of the Bega and Timiș rivers. Due to this settlement, two different sectors were formed, each being represented by a different pedoclimatic distribution, namely: the central sector, better evolved from a pedological and morphological point of view, where soils such as: chernozems and faeozems were formed and the southern sector, represented by the area between the Timiș river to the south and the area formed by a series of meanders to the north, which is a higher altitudinal sector (over 90 m) and where eutricambosols, pelosols and vertosols were formed and only accidentally, the other types of soil. The type of soil on which corn for grains and sunflowers was grown was identified in the field as chernozem. On this soil, 190 ha were cultivated with corn for grains and 46 ha with sunflower. The yields obtained were different from one year to another depending on the crop and soil type, as follows: in 2023, the average production for corn was 8600 kg/ha, for sunflower, 3900 kg/ha and for rapeseed 3200 kg/ha. The most productive proved to be chernozems, where the yields obtained were 3600 kg/ha for rapeseed, followed by eutricambosols and phaeosems, on which close productions of 3000 kg/ha were obtained on eutricambosol and 2900 kg/ha on phaeozom.

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soil resources, maize, rapeseed, sunflower

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THE INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN SÂNANDREI, TIMIȘ COUNTY pag. 182-189

Casiana MIHUȚ, Delia Sorina DRĂGOI, Aurelia MIHUȚ, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA, Daniel POPA

The studies were carried out outside the built-up area of Sânandrei commune, during 2022 and 2023. This paper addresses a pressing problem, namely the influence that agricultural works have on the soil and especially on its physical properties. Two of the most representative types of soil are chosen in terms of the occupied areas on the territory of Sânandrei commune, soils that have in the middle of the soil profile, a layer richer in clay (Bt), a layer of soil that is harder to work and that is impermeable to water and air and to the roots of plants. The depth at which this horizon appears, however, is different, in the preluvosol it is found in the first 20-30 cm, but the clay content is lower compared to the phaeosem, at which it appears below 75 cm, but whose clay content is much more significant and the roots of the plants can have problems. These researches were oriented towards determining and knowing the physical properties of two types of soils taken in the study, namely, Preluvosol and Faeoziom, soils on which corn for grains and wheat were grown. Knowing the physical properties of these soils will help us to look for solutions for the use of high-performance tractors and agricultural machinery in the future that do not lead to soil compaction and degradation of important physical, physical-mechanical and water properties, such as the degradation of the soil structure, the decrease of total porosity and soil aeration, cutting the capillarity of the soil, that is, to try to take the necessary measures to increase the production capacity of these soils and therefore to obtain higher and good quality productions.

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agricultural works, soil, physical properties, Sânandrei

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INFLUENCE OF NPK FERTILIZER ON YIELD OF ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) IN THE SAVANNA ECOLOGY OF NIGERIA pag. 190-195

Luqman Musa, Abubakar Ahmed and Georgeta Pop

Field trials were conducted during the 2022 and 2023 wet seasons at the research farms of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru; Agricultural research station, Minjibir; and Agricultural research station, Mokwa; in the northern Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna and southern Guinea savanna agro-ecological zones of Nigeria respectively, to evaluate the productivity of roselle as influenced by NPK fertilizer application. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three (3) rates of NPK fertilizer (30:15:15, 60:30:30, and 90:45:45 kg NPK ha-1), and two times of fertilizer application (1 = full dose at planting and 2 = split-application) and control (0:0:0). The treatments were laid in RCBD and replicated three times. The gross plot size was 13.5 m2 (6 ridges, 4.5 m × 3 m) while the net plot was 6 m2. Seeds were sown at 30 cm intra-row spacing with 3-4 seeds per hole and later thinned to one plant per stand. Fertilizer treatment was applied using NPK 20:10:10. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS software and means were separated using DMRT at 5% level of probability. The results highlight the significant influence of fertilizer management on roselle productivity, with increasing NPK fertilizer application leading to increase in yields. Split application of fertilizer emerged as a superior strategy compared to full-dose application at sowing, enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency and resulting in higher yields of capsules, calyces, and seeds. In conclusion, split-application of 90:45:45 kg NPK ha-1 gave the highest capsule number (35-45), calyx yield (288-650 kg ha-1) and seed yield (202-496 kg ha-1) across the three locations in both years.

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Roselle, NPK fertilizer, Savanna, Yield, Nutrient management

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GIS TOOLS FOR CAMPUS MAP - CASE STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCE „KING MIHAI I” FROM TIMIȘOARA pag. 196-199

I. OLTEANU, A. BORCA, L. DRAGOMIR, C. POPESCU, M.V. HERBEI

This project presents the development of an interactive model of the campus of the University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" of Timișoara, created using the ArcGIS Story Maps platform. The aim of this model is to provide a comprehensive and accessible visual representation of the university’s facilities and structures, integrating detailed geographic information and relevant imagery. Users can virtually explore the campus, view the locations of buildings, laboratories, green spaces, and other points of interest. Through interactive maps and multimedia stories, this project enhances the orientation and information experience for students, faculty, and visitors. The model also has the potential to facilitate the strategic planning and development of the university’s infrastructure. StoryMaps is an application created by the company ESRI and has become a popular environment for virtual tours of universities and university campuses around the world. Some apps created with StoryMaps provide an overview of campus facilities, while others focus on themes including trees, sustainability, history and diversity. An interactive map created with StoryMaps can serve a wide variety of purposes such as providing an engaging and easy-to-create way to present your university campus in an interactive tour. Such maps and interactive applications can help students and professors to navigate in campus or serve as ways for prospective students and employees to tour the campus. These types of interactive maps can help students to think spatially and to use technology in meaningful ways. It can give them a sense of pride to be authors of their campus maps.

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GIS, StoryMaps, ArcGIS, Campus Maps, Interactive

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TOPOGRAPHIC AND TOPOBATHYMETRIC SURVEY ANALYSIS: CASE STUDY OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION IN CĂTĂMĂREȘTI, BOTOȘANI COUNTY pag. 200-203

I. OLTEANU, A. BORCA, L. ILINCA, A. HORABLAGA, C. POPESCU, M.V. HERBEI

This technical report outlines the methodology and results of topographic and topobathymetric surveys conducted at the Cătămărești reservoir in Botoșani County, undertaken by SysCAD Solutions S.R.L. in collaboration with the Prut-Bârlad Water Administration. Utilizing GNSS receivers, mobile and static scanners, aerial drones, and bathymetric equipment, the survey aimed to obtain high-resolution data for the reservoir, dam body, and surrounding areas. Data processing was performed using Sierrasoft ProST software, resulting in a comprehensive 3D model, orthophotoplan, cross-sectional profiles, and volume-capacity curve calculations for the reservoir. These outputs serve as critical resources for hydraulic studies, maintenance planning, and area protection strategies. Using the Sensefly eBeeX drone, a flight was made of the entire study area, in order to obtain an orthophoto plane and a digital model of the surrounding terrain in the form of a cloud of points. This model can be used at any time in the hydraulic or systematization studies of the Cătămărăști accumulation protection area. With the help of the static scanner, 15 terrestrial scans of the dam body were performed in order to obtain its 3D model with high accuracy and precision. With the help of the G4 receiver, the coordinates of the specific points of the dam body, the coordinates of the rapiers mounted on it and the piezometers were determined. The measurement method was the RTK method, averaging the measured points for 30 seconds at an interval of 1 second.

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Topobathymetric, 3D Model, Scanning, GNSS, CAD

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THE INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH IN BITTER CUCUMBER (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA) pag. 204-209

Ștefănica Ostaci and Carmenica Doina Jităreanu

Momordica charantia, popularly known as bitter melon, bitter gourd or balsamic pear is a tropical and subtropical climbing plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. The high content of bioactive compounds has given the species a special importance in traditional medicine, being used in the fight against diabetes, cancer and also as a powerful antioxidant. The continuous growth of the global population requires an intensification of plant food production to meet the ever-expanding demand. Biostimulants are substances or microorganisms that, when applied in small amounts, stimulate natural plant processes such as nutrient uptake, growth and stress resistance. The present work aims to identify the role of an algae-based biostimulator in the germination and growth of bitter cucumber. To carry out the experiment, five genotypes of Momordica charantia were used, of which two Romanian varieties (Brâncusi and Rodeo) and three experimental lines (Line 1, Line 3 and Line 4) were treated with the Algevit biostimulator during the germination period and until the emergence the first two true leaves (Phenophase 102 BBCH). It was found that the germination rate increased in the treated variants by up to 15% in the genotype Line 4 and in the case of the vitamin C content it had very significant increases of over 50% in the case of Line 3 and Line 1.

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Momordica charantia, biostimulator, germination, vitamin C

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THE IMPORTANCE OF TOPOGRAPHY IN THE EXECUTION OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION WORKS pag. 210-219

Mihai Alexandru Pădeanu, Raul PASCALAU, Adrian ȘMULEAC

The civil construction works, which include topographic surveying of the land and marking out the structural elements, were carried out using modern equipment to ensure the required precision. The civil construction project in question involves an apartment building, consisting of an underground parking lot with over 50 spaces and a height regime of P+9 (ground floor plus 9 floors). The topographic surveys were conducted using a Stonex S10 GNSS GPS, which provided precise measurements thanks to its compatibility with multiple GNSS networks (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou). The marking of the structural elements was performed with a Stonex R35 total station, ensuring efficiency and accuracy. For determining levels and leveling, a Leica NA720 digital level was used, starting from the project's 0 level, which is defined by a specific value related to the Black Sea level, providing a well-established reference point. The obtained data were stored, processed, and organized in AutoCAD for a detailed and clear representation of the work performed on-site. The coordinate system used was Stereographic 1970, and the final data processing was carried out using the software suite provided by AutoCAD to ensure precise results. The results obtained are stored in digital formats (such as .csv, .gsi) and later accessed and printed in digital or analog form using AutoCAD software along with the auxiliary program TopoLT.

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GNSS, Stonex S10, Stonex R35, Leica NA720, AutoCAD, civil construction, industrial construction, Stereographic 1970

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AN OVERVIEW OF THE RANA ESCULENTA LIFE CYCLE IN WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 220-227

Puia Emil, Tomuta Rebeca, Nita Liana, Cozma Lucian, Banatean-Dunea Ioan, Liana Mihaela Fericean

This study highlights the ecological significance of Rana esculenta as a key bioindicator species, essential for assessing environmental health and understanding the impacts of habitat degradation. The research examines the developmental stages of Rana esculenta tadpoles under controlled laboratory conditions, with a specific focus on crucial environmental factors such as temperature, water quality, and food availability. Eggs were collected from two sites in Romania and maintained in environments that closely simulated natural conditions. Over a seven-week observation period, important milestones were recorded in limb formation, organ maturation, and behavioral changes, providing detailed insights into the influence of environmental conditions on tadpole development. Results indicate that optimal temperature, between 20 and 23°C, along with high water quality, were vital for successful metamorphosis. By day 53, the majority of tadpoles had fully transitioned into juvenile frogs, displaying characteristic adult morphology of Rana esculenta. The findings underscore the critical role of maintaining healthy aquatic habitats, as poor water quality or limited food availability can negatively impact the survival and growth of tadpoles. This research contributes valuable data for conservation efforts, shedding light on the specific ecological requirements for Rana esculenta and emphasizing the species' sensitivity to environmental changes. Moreover, the study reinforces the broader role of amphibians as bioindicators, with their developmental success serving as an indicator of ecosystem health. As amphibians respond acutely to pollution, climate shifts, and habitat alterations, monitoring species like Rana esculenta can aid in detecting environmental stressors early. Ultimately, these findings support informed conservation strategies and the sustainable management of natural habitats, helping to preserve biodiversity and the overall health of ecosystems.

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frog development stages, tadpole, Rana esculenta

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REVIEW OF TRAPS USED TO CAPTURE ADULTS OF DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA IN CORN CROPS pag. 228-235

Diana Maria PURICE, Ioana GROZEA

Diabrotica virgifera is one of the threats to maize crops worldwide. The damage caused by this pest is significant, impacting both the yield and quality of maize crops, causing substantial economic losses to farmers. Monitoring Diabrotica virgifera populations is essential in the management and control of this beetle. An effective and also non-invasive method of monitoring populations is the use of traps. More and more approaches in the specialized literature bring attention to the use of traps as an alternative to the use of pesticides, because biopesticides are considered expensive and inapplicable to all pests. This method is easy and can be applied by any farmer without the necessary qualification. That's why we set out to analyze the types of traps available on the market, their applicability and costs. It was found from those consulted that traps with pheromonal capacity are more expensive but much more effective than those whose attractive element is color or other characteristics. Also, the sex ratio was taken into account in our advisory study and it was found that both females and males are attracted to available traps. At the same time, we wanted to summarize available solutions for monitoring and determining the dynamics of adult populations and highlight the essential points from which any farmer can start the action of population evaluation of adults in their corn crops.

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trap type, adults, Diabrotica, corn crops, market.

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THE SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION DURING THE GROWING SEASON OF 2018-2019. pag. 236-245

Roland Hudák, Béla Gombos

When it comes to climate change, the very first thing comes to most of our mind is the rising temperature, even though climate change is having a significant impact on the water cycle. Agriculture, including crop cultivation, is the most weather- and climate-dependent economic activity. With the help of various weather-plant models and statistical correlation studies, it can be established that the average yield-increasing and yield-reducing effect of weather reaches or exceeds 20% for most economic plants. Precipitation is a climatic element which is showing extreme variability in space and time and the spatial distribution of precipitation is becoming more and more extreme year after year. Our research focused on the spatial distribution of precipitation on horizontal scale up to 1-2 km. We established a low-cost rain gauge network in Csabacsűd located on the Great Hungarian Plain where we did daily measurements (N46.49°, E20.39°, 85 m above sea level) with 18 plastic rain gauges which is widely used in the Hungarian private sphere. We examined the qualitative and quantitative correlations of the data with the help of the ESRI ArcGIS software. Spatial variance, deviation, an CV values of precipitation were calculated using Microsoft Office Excel. The results show significant areal differences in daily amount of precipitation within the small (1.5 km x 0.8 km) study area. The largest absolute difference in the small settlement reached 17 mm on 12.07.2018. The smallest value was 25 mm, the largest value was 42 mm and the distance between these stations is 1.4 km. Precipitation shows a large spatial inhomogeneity especially in daily or shorter timescales. It was clearly visible in 2019 that the standard deviation and the CV value showed a decrease compared to the 2018 research year. However, larger differences were also detected this year with a difference of 8.8 mm in the case of a distance of 1400 meters. On 22.06.2019, a difference in the amount of precipitation of 3.7 mm was detected between two gauges located 220 meters apart. This value represents a difference of 1.68 mm/100 m. These data show that on-site measurements are needed in the growing season for practical agrometeorological purposes such as irrigation scheduling.

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precipitation, spatial distribution, rain gauge network

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ASAFOETIDA: A VITAL MEDICINAL PLANT OF UZBEKISTAN – CULTIVATION AND EXPANDING ROLE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES pag. 246-250

Ozodbek Shirinboev, Dee Anan

Abstract: Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida), valued for its potent aroma and medicinal properties, has been integral to traditional medicinal practices in Uzbekistan and Central Asia for centuries. This study examines the cultivation techniques and medicinal applications of asafoetida in Uzbekistan’s mountainous regions, where specific climatic and soil conditions can highly contribute to high-quality resin production. Traditional, sustainable agricultural practices are employed by local farmers, who cultivate this drought-resistant plant and harvest its resinous compounds, used widely to treat digestive, respiratory, and inflammatory conditions. Recently, asafoetida has gained recognition beyond Central Asia, especially in Western countries, where its anti-inflammatory and digestive benefits are valued in both medicinal and culinary contexts. The global rise in demand for plant-based health products positions Uzbekistan as a potential leader in the international wellness market. This study underscores the economic opportunities available through asafoetida cultivation, while emphasizing the importance of maintaining sustainable practices rooted in Uzbekistan’s agricultural heritage. By preserving local knowledge and focusing on sustainable production methods, Uzbekistan has the capacity to meet growing market demands, establishing itself as a primary supplier of high-quality asafoetida resin. The findings highlight the significance of asafoetida within natural health sciences and its role in promoting economic development in Uzbekistan.

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Keywords: asafoetida, ferula species, Uzbekistan, Central Asia, traditional medicine, cultivation, pharmacology.

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CLIMATE CHANGES' IMPACT ON IRRIGATION OF CROPS pag. 251-258

Laura ȘMULEAC1, A. ȘMULEAC1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, Mahfoud BAKLI 2, Rauf3JURAKHON

Abstract. Irrigation of crops is one of the oldest measures applied in agriculture to increase agricultural production. The need to increase agricultural production is an increasingly pressing issue, not only to increase their incomes and households' food supply, but also to contribute to overall food security and poverty reduction. As agriculture is increasingly at risk from climate change and a growing population demanding aquatic resources, farmers need to adopt smarter practices for sustainable water use in agriculture. Climate shifting present a very big jeopardy to global farm work, impacting many parts of crop grow, include water sprinkle practice. Changes to these practices become very important in coping with these obstacles, focus on need for farm techs that smart with climate. Picking techs to adapt in farming must give importance to variety and long-lasting methods for better output amidst unsure climate future scenes. It is stresses on climate-smart farm methods in small farm set-ups, pushing for good rules and institution back up to put and copy these methods with success. The focus on tech, services, skill building and rules in climate-smart farm plans show the urgent need to mix changeable measures in farm methods, where farm work crucial to living means and food secure. With deep knowledge of climate changing impacts and taking right change steps, farm sector can aim for being tough and productive lasting amidst shifting environmental situation.

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irrigation, climate change, food security, smart agriculture, sustainable water use, adaptation, resilience

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MODERN IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR WESTERN ROMANIAN FARMERS pag. 259-265

Laura ȘMULEAC 1, A. ȘMULEAC1, R. PAȘCALĂU1, Mahfoud BAKLI 2, Rauf JURAKHON 3

Agriculture in the western parts of Romania can be considered as crucial for the economy sector, employing many people and contributing to the well-being of the area. However, farmers there have to face problems such as extreme weather events and lack of sufficient water, which can affect the amount of harvest and the income. To deal with these problems, nowadays there are promising practices, as a solution can help to increase crops and sustainably exploit agriculture. By trying new ways of providing water, such as drip irrigation and precision agriculture, farmers in western Romania can use water better, saving and growing more plants. This study aims to analyse the positive aspects and application possibilities of new irrigation methods in western Romania, focusing on the future financial security, ecological balance and the effect on the human community that come from such technologies in choosing local agricultural practices. Adopting modern irrigation can significantly increase agricultural yields, increase incomes and improve the socio-economic condition of the rural population. Also, integrating renewable irrigation fits with policies such as economy and sustainable resource management. State-of-the-art irrigated farmland in western Romania solves water scarcity, climate change adaptation and confirms long-term agricultural sustainability. Modern irrigation techniques embrace the necessity for prosperity and resilience of Romanian agriculture, which reduces poverty and leads to inclusive development. By using new technologies and smart farming methods, farmers in western Romania can solve these problems and make the soil strong and richer for agricultural activities.

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modern irrigation, sustainable agriculture, agricultural policies, climate change, resilience

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EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L. ESSENTIAL OIL pag. 266-272

Laurențiu STĂNCIOI, Aurica BOROZAN, Ilinca IMBREA

The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Juniperus communis L. essential oil against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi, offering new insights into potential approaches to combat infectious diseases, particularly in light of the growing global issue of antibiotic resistance. The microorganisms included in this study were Aspergillus niger, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus (syn. Sarcina lutea), and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion method, with juniper essential oil (lot 232413, purchased from doTerra International) as the test substance. Ampicillin was used as the control for bacterial strains, while nystatin served as the control for fungal strains. The effectiveness of the treatments was determined by measuring the diameters of the inhibition zones, reported in millimeters. The findings revealed that juniper essential oil exhibited a strong antifungal effect on Aspergillus niger (20.33 mm) and notable antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus (22.66 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (17.33 mm). However, it was less effective against gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli (7 mm), which also showed resistance to ampicillin. Additionally, Candida albicans demonstrated complete resistance to both the essential oil and the antifungal nystatin (0 mm). In conclusion, juniper essential oil shows promising antibacterial and antifungal potential, although its efficacy depends on the specific microorganisms tested.

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essential oil, Juniperus communis, antibacterial effect, antifungal effect, antibiotic resistance

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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALLERGENIC WEEDS: PREVENTION AND COSTS OF THEIR SUPPRESSION IN VUKOVAR-SYRMIA COUNTY pag. 273-280

Stefanic, F., Radojcic, N., Lukacevic, M., Stefanic, E.

The incidence of pollen-induced allergy diseases increased globally over the last decades. The impact of allergenic diseases was studied in 2019 based on aero-palynological monitoring performed in Vukovar with a distributed anonymous questionnaire assessing patients during their visit to a general practitioner’s office. During the study period, the month with the highest pollen concentration was August with significant domination of all weed pollen types, followed by April where the pollen of trees dominated over the grass and weed pollen spectrum. The predominant plants found in the air of Vukovar (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Urtica, Betula, and Poaceae) account for two-thirds of the total pollen sum. Patients with the symptoms of pollen allergies peak in the 25-64-year-old age group, equally both male and female, but reside predominantly in urban areas. Symptoms related to pollen allergy are a runny nose or sneezing, affecting roughly 95% of patients, followed by swollen eyes (47%) and coughing or wheezing (34%). For the treatment of symptoms, they were prescribed antihistamines (90,14%), corticosteroids (67,61%) and other drugs (14,44%). The price of weed control to suppress or eradicate unwanted allergenic weeds from urban areas is almost 30% higher than annual medical treatments. However, the long-term effect of continuous mowing will be beneficial for improving the quality of life for allergic people.

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allergenic weeds, pollen season, health risk assessment, economic impact

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TOPO-CADASTRAL WORKS FOR THE EXECUTION OF A ZONAL URBAN PLAN pag. 281-290

Ion Daniel STEPANESCU, Iosefina Laura ȘMULEAC, Adrian ȘMULEAC

The topo-cadastral works conducted for the preparation of a Zonal Urban Plan for the development of a residential area with complementary functions, facilities, and public services were carried out in the village of Urseni, Moșnita Noua Commune, Timiș County. The property is bounded to the north by arable land, to the south by a communal road, to the west by a European road, and again to the east by arable land. The Zonal Urban Plan (PUZ) is the urban planning document that regulates land use and the organization of space for a specific area, serving to complement the General Urban Plan (PUG). For field measurements, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveying was employed, using a GPS receiver capable of receiving real-time corrections from the TIM1 station in Timisoara, equipped with a GPRS connection module. The receiver is a dual-frequency Trimble R6 Receiver, model TRM_R6, which is compatible with multiple GNSS networks, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, allowing for extensive coverage and increased precision. The TRM_R6 is an advanced piece of equipment designed for precision measurements in the fields of geodesy, topography, and mapping applications. The coordinates of the boundary points were obtained from the eTerra application database, using the Stereographic 1970 coordinate system, while the leveling reference system is based on the Black Sea 1974. The processing of the measured points was carried out using the Trimble Total Control v.2.73 topographic calculation software

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eTerra, GNSS, Topography., Mosnita Noua, PUZ, Stereographic 1970

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CADASTRAL WORKS TO UPDATE TECHNICAL INFORMATION IN THE LAND REGISTER AND APARTMENT BUILDINGS WITH THE DESTINATION SOCIAL HOUSES pag. 291-301

Iasmina-Patricia TODOR, Iosefina Laura ȘMULEAC, Adrian ȘMULEAC

The building that is the subject of cadastral works is located in the city of Deta, 1 Mai Street, number 32 A, Timiș County, is the property of the City of Deta - public domain and represents land with intended industrial buildings. Through the project of "Rehabilitation, consolidation, building arrangement" and change destination in Social Housing, the constructions were converted into social housing, project based on the building authorization issued by Deta City Hall. The cadastral works are carried out in two stages: Stage 1 : Update Of Technical Information - Cadastral work carried out on integrated cadastre and land register workflow. It consists in drawing up the graphic form of the building, land and constructions with registration in the integrated cadastre and land register system, based on the documents provided by the owner and the topographic survey carried out in the field. For the cadastral work, a topographic survey was carried out using G.P.S. equipment, Stonex S9 II with precision in RTK (Real Time Kinematic) mode and the Stonex R60 Total Station by routing combined with erasures. Data processing of the G.P.S. measurements was carried out with the Stonex SurvCE 2.54 and TopoLT program. Since the standard deviation of the newly determined points fell within the maximum admissible tolerance, the situation plans were computerized and edited on magnetic media and on paper, operations performed in the AutoCAD LT 2010 program together with the TopoLT auxiliary program. Stage 2: Apartment Of Buildings - Cadastral work carried out on the interrupted flow of cadastre and land register: It consists in: a) technical reception (cadastre operations); b) registration of the apartment in the land register (land register operations). For this stage, measurements were carried out inside the building, the component of each I.U. (Individual Unit) proposed to be created according to the project of "Rehabilitation, consolidation, building arrangement" and change of destination in Social Housing the useful area of each room of the building was determined, then the useful area / I.U. (Individual Unit), the general undivided common parts - p.c.i. (undivided common parts) and the corresponding % / I.U. (Individual Unit), were identified, as well as the related land share. A Survey Plan with the initial situation and a Survey Plan for each UI (Individual Unit - apartment) was drawn up. The apartment proposal can be found in the Collective Sheet.

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Social Housing, Survey, Documentation, Cadastral Works, City of Deta, Timiș

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SALINITY STRESS EFFECTS ON TEN WHEAT VARIETIES MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES pag. 302-309

Mădălina TRUȘCĂ1, Valentina STOIAN1*, Ștefania GÂDEA1, S.VÂTCĂ1

Frequent periods of drought and salt stress are a major threat to agriculture, reducing yields of key crops. Salinity stress affects the physiological and biochemical processes in plants, influencing their growth and development. The representative within cereals, wheat, shows a large variance in salinity tolerance, depending on variety and environmental conditions. In this context, an experiment was conducted in order to test the morphological response of ten wheat varieties under salinity stress. Were assessed agronomical important morphological parameters like plant height, spike length and awns length with calliper method. Salinity doses and exposure duration influenced the evaluated parameters. The most vigorous and tolerant wheat plants were Pădureni, with the significant highest mean values for plant height of 66.23±4.92 cm and awns length of 5.97±0.32, both values at the same salinity dose of 60 mM NaCl. Spike length feature registered significant higher mean value of 10.27±0.37 cm for Transilvania wheat at 15 mM NaCl. High salinity sensitivity were observed at Ciprian wheat variety regarding plant height and Bezostaia regarding spike and awns length. Further studied should be focused on testing spring varieties sown in autumn to follow this study finding and to establish if spring wheat varieties treated as winter wheat are more tolerant to salinity or other stress types.

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Abiotic stress, awns, height, spike, vigor, salinity

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MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCES OF ESENȚIAL WHEAT VARIETY IN SALINE CONDITIONS pag. 310-320

Mădălina TRUȘCĂ1, Valentina STOIAN1*, Ștefania GÂDEA1, S. VÂTCĂ1

Romania's significant wheat production capacity, ranking among the top European and global producers, underscores its crucial role in contributing to food security. Addressing the challenge of soil salinization is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity in Romania, and testing wheat varieties for salinity tolerance represents a promising strategy to mitigate the negative impact of this abiotic stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to test the tolerance and adaptability of the Esențial wheat variety to six gradually increasing saline doses under field conditions. The observed trends were unexpectedly indicative of the growth and development parameters, including plant height and spike length, which recorded the best performance at 75 mM NaCl, while the greatest increase in awn length occurred at 45 mM NaCl. Chlorophyll content varied throughout the experiment, initially peaking at 45 mM NaCl but ultimately being highest at 75 mM NaCl. Moreover, productivity parameters, except for water percentage, also demonstrated their peak performance at 75 mM NaCl. The highest water percentage was observed in plats tested with 30 mM NaCl. Additional research should explore the salinity tolerance of different wheat varieties under a range of saline levels to enhance the understanding of their adaptive responses and to pinpoint the most resilient varieties for cultivation in saline-affected areas.

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Leaf greenness, saline dosage, stress adaptation, threshold effect, wheat growth

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THE EFFECT OF SOILAERATION ON THE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SOIL pag. 321-326

Vanda Veres, Patrik Krizsán, Erzsébet Csengeri

In Hungary, climate change has brought about an extreme increase in temperatures in the summer months and a decrease in the amount and intensity of precipitation. An indirect consequence of climate change is soil degradation. The increasingly intensive use of agricultural techniques also promotes the soil degradation process. The physical deterioration and compaction of the soil impedes the permeability of air and water. Soil compaction also reduces the biological activity of the soil. With the soil aeration process, the harmful processes that occur can be stopped and reversed.We have previously reported on the effect of soil aeration on the physical parameters of the soil (compaction, permeability). This study presents the results of soil biological tests of a soil aeration intervention carried out in the spring of 2024. Our studies follow the change in soil moisture, which was carried out using in situ and ex situ methods. Furthermore, biological activity tests (FDA, glomalin BCA) were carried out using ex situ methods. The tests were carried out twice before aeration and once after. The results obtained are presented alongside the current meteorological results. The results obtained do not show significant differences, which could have been influenced by weather extremes. The tests will be performed again next year.

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soil aeration, soil moisture, measure of soil moisture, in situ, ex situ methods, activity tests (FDA, glomalin BCA)

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS OF RECOGNITION AND SIZE OF HELICOVERPA AND OSTRINIA POPULATIONS IN CORN CROPS IN BIHOR COUNTY pag. 327-333

Jozsef-Zsolt VERES, Anca RADU, Liana MOCUTA ISPRAVNIC, Simona TOMA, Ana Maria VIRTEIU, Ioana GROZEA

Lately, 2 species of lepidopteran insects, Ostrinia nubilalis and Helicoverpa armigera, are very common in corn crops in the west of the country. They have the status of a pest in the larval stage and are a big problem for the phases after the formation of the cob when the attack itself is manifested. Recent studies as well as the opinions of farmers speak of an increase in the size of the adult populations and implicitly of the reproductive capacity and the number of harmful larvae in the crops. The present work comes with recognition information and comparison between the 2 species, both at the adult and larval levels, but also at other important stages in identification (pupa and egg). Among others already known, the identification of adults is easier because those of Helicoverpa are larger, with a more pronounced coloration than those of Ostrinia which are thinner in body, small in wingspan and lighter in color, more uniform. Our studies of corn crops in Palota locality (Bihor County) showed that the larvae are also differentiated by size and coloration in the same trend as the adult. The damage phenophases are somewhat staggered but concentrated especially during the cob formation period. While Ostrinia is specific to corn, Helicoverpa can attack various plants. The analysis of the size of the populations from the last 2 years highlighted a preponderance of the Helicoverpa species at the expense of Ostrinia. These differences are useful in identifying the species more quickly and taking appropriate measures for effective control.

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corn, Ostrinia, Helicoverpa, identification, populationsize

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REGENERATION OF SOIL HEALTH THROUGH AGRICULTURE IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA pag. 334-346

Cynthia WANJIKU, Chisanga MWELWA, Samuel CHIAJI, I. LAṬO

Soil health is at the core of agricultural productivity and ecological balance but has been highly compromised in Eastern and Central Africa through unsustainable land management practices, deforestation, and over-exploitation with chemical fertilizers. This study critically explores the current levels of soil degradation in these regions and the effectiveness of conservative agriculture in mitigating its impacts. Drawing on case studies from Kenya and Zambia- both countries that are highly representative of the varied agro-ecological landscapes of Africa-this paper discusses organic fertilization, agroforestry, and conservation tillage, which are some practices that show promise for soil fertility restoration, crop yield improvement, and the well-being of rural livelihoods. Others include such sustainable practices that have been underpinned by recent empirical studies reviewing their efficacy in improving the indicators of soil health, which include organic matter content, microbial activity, and soil structure. They have also contributed broadly to food security and climate resilience. The findings emphasize the need to promote such regenerative methods through targeted policy intervention and community-based initiatives. The focus of this paper is on the interface between soil health and sustainable agriculture through an in-depth framework that tries to enhance agricultural resilience and ecological sustainability amidst current environmental and socio-economic challenges in Eastern and Central Africa.

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Soil health, Sustainable agricultural practices, Zambia, Kenya, Soil regeneration

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CHEMICAL CONTROL IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS FROM DIFFERENT STATES-CURRENT STAGE pag. 347-352

Aline YANGBANDA, Paula BULZ, Ana Maria MATEI, Monica BUTNARIU, Ioana GROZEA

Chemical products are more and more frequently discussed worldwide, there are big differences between continents but also between the states of the same continent. In the present work, we have proposed to analyze their use in various agricultural systems from different countries with an emphasis on one European and one African country. The situation obtained based on the specialized literature offers a wide range of opinions about the most used types of pesticides, the percentage of application in practice, about their toxicity and last but not least about the national or continental legislation. The subsidiary purpose of the action is actually to see the tendency of reduction or increase and implicitly the harmful actions on the environment. From those analyzed, it was found that the progress in reducing the use of pesticides is uneven between the member states, depending on the socio-economic conditions and the development of sustainable agriculture. Thus, at the European level there is a clear tendency to reduce the use of pesticides (by 50%) through the European Directive on the sustainable use of pesticides, this being a target provided until 2030. In Romania in recent years, the use of pesticides has experienced fluctuations, if some pesticides were withdrawn for a while, in 2023 they were reapproved through exemptions, a fact that attracted a new increase in chemical residues, especially in vegetables and fruits. However, the reduction progress is evident despite the challenges caused by the emergence of new pests and the pressure to increase productivity. By comparison, in African countries unsustainable legislation and the lack of biological alternatives have led to an increase in the use of pesticides and exposure to toxic substances. Regardless of the agricultural system, country or status, the implementation of safer agricultural practices remains essential priorities for reducing the negative impact of pesticides.

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Pesticides, agricultural systems, pest, state of art

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